翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告）
文献作者：Peter Dransfield,
出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981
翻译页数：p139—144
英文译文：
对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告
【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸.
本文中所使用的符号如下：
s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量；
S el—滑台滑动摩擦力
R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数：
I1—滑台与油缸的质量
12—自调背压阀阀心质量
C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容；
C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度；
R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻，
R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻
S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力；
I4, I5—管路的等效液感
C5、C6—管路的等效液容：
R5, R7-管路的等效液阻；
V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积；
P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力
F—滑台承受负载，
V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
一、引言
在组合机床正常工作中，滑台运动速度的大小和它的方向以及所承受负载的变化都将以程度不同地影响其工作性能。特别是在工进过程中。滑台上负载的突然消失引起的前进以及负载的周期性变化而引起的运动不平稳性，都将影响被加工件的表面质量，在严重的情况下会使刀具折断掉。根据大连机床厂要求，作者采用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法建立组合机床滑台的新型液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。为了改善滑台的动态特性，有必要去分析找出滑台产生前冲和运动不平稳的原因以及主要的影响因素，但那必须通过计算机数字仿真和研究得出最后的结果。
二、动态数学模型
组合机床滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的工作原理图如图I所示。这个系统是用来完成"工进一停止一快退”的工作循环。当滑台在工进时，三位四通换向阀处于图示右位，油泵的供油压力在滥流阀的有效作用下近似地几乎保持恒定，该油液流经过换向阀和调速阀后进入油缸的无杆腔，以推动滑台向前移动；与此同时，从油缸有杆腔排出的压力油经自调背压阀和换向阀流回油箱了。在这个过程中，两个单向阀和溢流阀的工作状态始终都没有任何变化。对与象组合机床滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统这样的复杂非线性的系统，为了便于研究它的动态特性，建立一个仅着重考虑主要影响因素的合理简单的动态数学模型是尤其重要的[1][2]。从理论分析和试验研究的列举中可以得知：该系统的过程时间是远大于调速阀的过程时间的，当油缸无杆腔有效承压面积很大时，调速阀出口流量的瞬时的超调反映为滑台运动速度的变化是很小的[2]。为了更加拓宽和深入研究系统的动态特性，使研究工作能在微型计算机上有效地进行，本文章对原模型[2]做进一步简化处理，假定调速阀在系统的整个通过过程中输出时候恒定的流量，这被看作其为流源。这样，系统的动态模型的结构简图如图2所示，它是由油缸、滑台，自凋背压阀和联接管路等组成。。
功率键合图是一功效流图，它是按着系统的能量传递方式，以实际结构为基础，用集中参数把子系统之间的作用关系抽象地表示为阻性元R、容性元C和感性元I 的三种作用元。采用这种方法建模物理概念清晰，结合状态空间分析法可以较准确地描述和分析线性系统，该方法在时域中研究复杂非线性系统动态特性的一种有效的方法。
根据自调背压调速系统各元件的主要特性和建模规则[1]，得出了图3所示的系
统的功率键合图。图中每根键上的半箭头表示功率流向，构成功率的两个变量是力变量（油压P或作用力F）和流变量（流量q或速度v）。O结点表示在系统中属于并联连接，各键上的力变量相等而流变量之和为零；1结点表示在系统中属于串联连接，各键上流变量相等而力变量之和为零。TF表示不同能量形式间的变换器，TF 下标注的字母表示力变量或流变量的转换比值。键上的短横杠表示该键上两变量间的因果关系。全箭头表示控制关系。在三种作用元中容性元和感性元的力变量与流变量之间具有积分或微分关系，因此，根据图3可推导出具有九个状态变量的复杂非线性状态方程。本文对滑台动态特性的研究是从滑台的前冲和运动平稳性两方面入手，用四阶定步长Runge-Kutta法在IBM-PC微型计算机上进行数字仿真,仿真结果分别如图4和图5所示。
三、滑台前冲
滑台前冲现象是作用在滑台上的负载突然消失（如钻削工作的情况)引起的。在此过程中，滑台的负载F、运动速度V、油缸两腔压力P3和P4的变化可从图4仿真结果看出。当滑台在负载的作用下匀速运动时，油缸无杆腔油液压力较高．油液中聚集了大量的能量。当负载突然消失时，该腔油压随之迅速降低，油液从高压态转入低压态的过程中向系统释放很多能量，致使滑台高速向前冲击。然而，滑台的前冲使油缸有杆腔油液受压引起背压升高，从而消耗掉系统中的一部分能量，对滑台的前冲起到一定的抑制作用。应当看到，在所研究的系统中，自调背压阀的入口压力要受到油缸两腔油压的综合性作用。在负载消失的瞬间，自调背压阀的压力将会迅速地上升，并稳定地处在高于初始背压的数值以上。从图中可见，自调背压调速系统在负载消失瞬间油缸背压力升高的幅度大于传统的调速系统，所以，其油缸有杆腔中油液吸收的能量就多；结果，滑台的前冲量比传统调速系统要小大约20%。可见采用自调背庄调速系统作为驱动系统的滑台在抑制前冲方面具有良好的特性，其中自调背压阀起了很大作用。
四、滑台的运动平稳性
当作用于滑台上的负载作周期变化时（比如说铣削加工的情况），滑台的运动速度将要产生一定的波动。为于保证加工质量的要求，必须尽可能地减小其速度波动的范围。而从讨论问题的方便性出发来说，假设负载按正弦波的规律变化，从而得到的数字仿真结果如图5所示。由此可见这个系统与传统的调速系统有着相同的变化规律以及非常接近的数值数字。其中的原因是负载的变化幅度不大，油缸两腔的压力也就没有较大变化，从而最终导致自调背压阀的作用不够明显显示。
五、改善措施
通过研究的结果表明，以自调背压调速系统作为驱动系统的滑台，其动态特性要比传统的调速系统好的。要减少滑台的前冲量，就必需在负载消失的瞬间时候迅速提高油缸有杆腔的背压力；要提高滑台的运动平稳性就需增加系统的刚性，主要措施在于减小油液的体积。从系统的结构得知，油缸有杆腔与排油管之间有一很大的容积，如图6a所示。它的存在方面延迟和衰减了自调背压阀的作用，另一方面也降低了系统的刚性，它会限制了前冲特性和运动平稳性的进一步改善。因此，改善滑台动态特性可从两个方法进行处理：即改变油缸容积和改变自调背压阀结构尺寸。通过一系统结构性参数的仿真计算以及结果的比较可以得出这样的结果：当把油缸有杆腔与排油管间容积V4同无杆腔与进油管间容积V3之比由原来的5.5改为1时，如图6b所示，同时，把自调背压阀阀芯底端直径由原来的10mm增加为13mm,阻尼三角槽边长从原来的lmm减小到0.7mm时，可使滑台的前冲量减小30%,过渡过程时间明显缩短了，滑台的运动平稳性也将会得到很大的改善。
六、结论
通过理论上的分析和计算机仿真研究实验,很明显的是自调背压调速系统作为组合机床滑台的驱动系统是很有推广使用价值的。影响滑台动态特性的主要因素是油缸内部结构性和自调节背压阀的尺寸。假如能对其进行合理设计，可使滑台的动态特性得到显著地改善。同时，也说明了采用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法研究复杂非线性液压系统的动态特性是既方便又有效的方法。
【附】英文原文
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告）
文献作者：Peter Dransfield,
出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981
翻译页数：p139—144
INVESTIGA TION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL
Peter Dransfield
This paper deals with the investigation for slide unit's impact and motion stabil-ity in modular machine tool fay means of the method of power bond graph and state space analysis. The dynamic mathematical model of self-adjusting back pressure speed control system used to drive slide unit is established. Main reasons and affect-ing factors for slide unit impact and motion unstability are analysed through compu-ter digital simulation, It is concluded from those that, if the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinder and back pressure valve are designed rationally, the slide unit's dynamics will markedly be improved.
NOMENCLATURE
Sf flow source
Sei sliding friction force in slide unit
R equivalent viscous friction coefficient in slide unit
Ii mass of slide unit and cylinder
h mass of SABP valve spool
Ci,C2hydraulic capacitances of rod chamber and non-rod chamber in cylinder re-spec-tively
C3spring compliance of SABP valve
R]r R2hydraulic resistances of damping holes
R9hydraulic resistance of orifice of SABP valve
Se2presetting force of spring in SABP valve
I4J5equivalent liquid inertia in pipe lines
C^Cg equivalent hydraulic capacitances in pipe lines
equivalent hydraulic resistances in pipe lines
V-j V^oil-containing volumes in non-rod chamber and rod chamber respectively
P,r:, P-i oil pressures in non-rod chamber and rod chamber respectively
F load acted on slide unit
V slide unit velocity
* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Ur.iversity of Technology, Dalian. China.
INTRODUCTION
During operation of modular machine tool, the changes of slid unit's speed and load acted on it in both magnitude and direction will affect working performar.ee to a different extent Particularly the impact caused by sudden vanishing of load and the motion unstability due to periodical change of load in operation will affect the surface quality of the workpiece machined, and the tool would be broken off under serious conditions, By using the method of power bond graph and state space analysis, the dynamic mathematical model of the system used to drive slide unit is established, that is called as self-adjusting back pressure speed control system and abbreviated to SABP system. In order to improve slide unit's dynamics, it is necessary to find out the main reasons and affecting factors, that must be based on computer digital simulation and study on the results.
DYNAMIC MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The schematic diagram of SABP system is shown in Fig.l, the system is used to perform the cycle of feeding, stopping and returning. Four way control valve works in the right position during slide unit's feeding. The supply pressure of the pump is approximately constant under the action of pressure relief valve, the oil through the control valve and pressure compensated flow control valve enters the non-rod chamber to put slide unit forward. At the same time, the oil from the rod chamber is discharged through SABP valve and directional control valve to tank. In this process, the state of two check valves and pressure relief valve is not changed, To establish the mathematical model as reasonably and simply as possible, consid-eration must be focused on main affecting factors for a complex non-linear system such as the SABP system. It is illustrated by theoretical analysis and test result ' , that the transient time of the system is much longer than that of the flow control valve, and the flowrate overshoot of the valve in transients affects very small to slide unit speed because of the ;large effective sectional area of non-rod chamber in cylinder. For investigating the system's dynamics widely and deeply, the initial mod-el tn is further simplified in this paper, and so the study can be efficiently made with microcomputer. It is assumed that the flowrate through the flow control valve is
constant in the whole transient process, and is denoted to a flow source.Fig.2 shows the structure diagram of the dynamic model of the system, it is composed of cylin-der, slide unit, SABP valve and pipe line; etc.
By using the method of power bond graph and state space analysis in this paper, the dynamic mathematical model of the system is to be established- The power bond graph is a power flow diagram, which expresses abstractly the actions among sub-systems as three effects, i.e. resistance effect, capacitive effect and inertia effect, according to the way of energy transform, on the basis of practical structure and by means of method of lumped parameters. The model is characterized by a clear con-ception in physics, and non-linear system can be accurately analysed in combination with method of state space analysis, thus it is a effective method used in the dyna-mic investigation of complex non-linear system in the'timedomain.
From main performances of components in SAEP system, the power bond graph of the system has been formed by means of the rule of model establishing ' and is shown in Fig.3. Half arrow in each bond indicates a direction of power How, two variahles of power are effort variable and flow variable. O-junction illustrates algebraic summation of flow variables at common effort, i.e. parallel connection, 1-junction does algebraic summation of effort variables at common flow, i.e. series connection. The symbol TF represents power transformer between two types of energy, and transforming modulus between efforts or flows is noted below the symbol TF. Short transverse bar across one end of each bond shows causality between two variables. A full arrow expresses a control action. Among three actions, there is an integration or differential form in capacitive effect and inertia effect between two variables. So state equation may be derived from Fig.3, there are nine state variables in this complex nonlinear equation. Studying on the slide unit's dynamics is started with impact and motion stability. The equation is simulated by using the method of 4th order Runge-Kutta integration procedure on IBM-PC computer. Fig.4 and Fig.5 illustrate the results respectively.
SLIDE UNIT IMPACT
Slide unit's impact phenominon results from load's vanishing in the transients, ■ for example, the situation of drilling through workpiece, Fig.4 expounds the variations of the load and speed of slide unit, the pressures of chambers in cylinder. When slide unit motions evenly under the action of load, the oil pressure in non-rod chamber is very high, and there is a lot of hydraulic energy accumulated in side. The pressure decreases at once with load's discharging rapidly. During the process of oil pressure converting from high to low, the system absorbs some of the energy, so slide unit impacts forward with high speed. And then the oil in rod chamber is
141
compressed to increase back pressure, some of the energy is consumed, which plays a part of restraining the impact of the slide unit. It must be noted that inlet pressure of SABP valve telys on the interaction of pressures of two chambers, and increases rapidly at the instant of load's vanishing, and then stabilizes at some value greater than initial one. This pressure is also greater than one of traditional speed control system, therefore the energy can be absorbed much more in the rod chamber. In result, the impact of slide unit in SABP system is 20% lawer than in traditional's. It is thus clear that slide unit with SABP system for driving has a good performance in restraining the impact and SABP valve plays an important part in that,
MOTION STABILITY
When load acting on slide unit varies periodically, such as the situation of mill-ing, slide unit's speed will bring about some pulse. In order to meet the requirements of manufacturing quality, the magnitude of the speed pulse must be reduced as small as possible. The variation of the load is assumed to be of sine wave, in order to sim-plify discussion of the problem, The result of digital simulation is shown in Fig.5 It can be seen that, the response of the system is the sameas traditionl's and the differ-ences between them are very small. The reason for this is that the variation of the load is not targe, there the pressures in chambers vary very little that is, the effect of the SABP valve is not obvious.
IMPROVEMENT
It is shown by studying, that dynamics of slide unit which used SABP speed control system as driving system is better than that of traditional system. To reduce the slide unit's impact, the back pressure of rod chamber has to be increased rapidly in the transients of load's vanishing; on the other hand, to enhance the slide unit's motion stability, it is necessary to raise the system rigidity. However, main recom-mendation lies in decreasing the volume of oil. It is known from system structure that, there is a lot of oil-containing volume between the rod chamber and drain pipe as shown in Fig.6a. Because the volume exists, not only the effect of SABP valve is delayed and reduced, hut also the rigidity of the system is decreased. Therefore, it is hindered to further improve the impact and motion stability. To make the slide unit dynamics better, the structural dimensions of cylinder's chamber and the SABP valve must be designed suitably. Based on simulations under the various structural dimensions and comparison among the results, the following two measures can be taken for improvements:
the ratio between volumeV4 and V3 is changed from 5.5 to 1 approximately, as shown in Fig,6b;
142
the bottom diameter of spool of the SABP valve is increased from 10 mm to 13 mm and.the length of side of triangular damping slot is decreased from 1 mm to 0.7mm the slide unites impact quantity can be reduced by 30%, and the time of dynamic response is shortened. In addition, slide unit's motion stability may be improved obviously. It is thus evident that improvements are very effective.
CONCLUSIONS
By the way of theoretical analysis and computer simulating investigation, it is obvious that the SABP speed control system used as slide units driving system in modular machine tool is valuable for popularization and utilization, Main factors affecting the slide unit dynamics are the structural dimensions of the cylinder and the SABP valve. In the case of rationally designing, the slide unit dynamics may be obviously improved. Meanwhile, it is shown that the method of power bond graph and state space analysis is a very convenient and effective method in studying dynamics of complex non-linear hydraulic system.
REFERENCES
[1] Peter dransfield Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of Their
Dynamics Springer-Verlag, 1981
[2] Dong Bengang, Zhang Zhixiang, Investigation on impact property of
selfadjusting back pressure speed control system. Machine tool & Hydraulics No.2, 1987 GuangZhou, China, (in Chinese).
........忽略此处.......
外文资料 The aggregate machine-tool CAD system development and research Abstract aggregate machine-tool CAD is in Window 95/98, Wndows under the NT4.0 environment, designs personnel's special-purpose CAD system with VC5.0 and the AutoCAD R14 ADS/ARX technology development face the aggregate machine-tool.This software technological advance, performance reliable, function strong, convenient practical, has provided the modernized design tool for our country aggregate machine-tool profession. Key word: Aggregate machine-tool CAD jig CAD multi-axle-box CAD 1 uses the aggregate machine-tool CAD technology imperative The aggregate machine-tool is with according to serialized, the standardized design general part and the special purpose machine which composes according to the work piece shape and the processing technological requirement design special-purpose part, belongs to the disposable design, the disposable manufacture piecework product.Therefore, the design quantity is big, the design work is complex.In the
陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
附录1 RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade their operations and be integrated into the wider financial market? Under conducive policy conditions, some have spontaneously taken the opportunity of evolving into semiformal or formal microfinance institutions (MFIs). This has usually yielded great benefits in terms of financial deepening, sustainability and outreach. Donors may build on these indigenous foundations and provide support for various options of institutional development, among them: incentives-driven mainstreaming through networking; encouraging the establishment of new IFIs in areas devoid of financial services; linking IFIs/MFIs to banks; strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as promoters of good practices; and, in a nonrepressive policy environment, promoting appropriate legal forms, prudential regulation and delegated supervision. Key words: Microfinance, microcredit, microsavings。 1. informal finance, self-help groups In March 1967, on one of my first field trips in Liberia, I had the opportunity to observe a group of a dozen Mano peasants cutting trees in a field belonging to one of them. Before they started their work, they placed hoe-shaped masks in a small circle, chanted words and turned into animals. One turned into a lion, another one into a bush hog, and so on, and they continued to imitate those animals throughout the whole day, as they worked hard on their land. I realized I was onto something serious, and at the end of the day, when they had put the masks into a bag and changed back into humans,
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
The Aggregate Machine-tool The Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From. Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused. Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece and tool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing. Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams 共轭曲线conjugate curve 范成法generation method 定义域definitional domain 值域range 导数\\微分differential coefficient 求导derivation 定积分definite integral 不定积分indefinite integral 曲率curvature 偏微分partial differential 毛坯rough 游标卡尺slide caliper 千分尺micrometer calipers 攻丝tap 二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix 线性方程组linear equations 概率probability 随机变量random variable 排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas 动能kinetic energy 势能potential energy 机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum 桁架truss 轴线axes 余子式cofactor 逻辑电路logic circuit 触发器flip-flop 脉冲波形pulse shape 数模digital analogy 液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts 淬火冷却quench 淬火hardening 回火tempering 调质hardening and tempering 磨粒abrasive grain 结合剂bonding agent 砂轮grinding wheel 后角clearance angle 龙门刨削planing 主轴spindle
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文资料外文翻译 Fundamentals Of Machinery Design This introductory chapter is a general survey of machinery design．First it presents the definition and major role of machinery design，the relationship between machinery
and its components．Then it gives an overview of machinery design as a fundamental course and outlines a general procedure of machinery design followed by all the engineers．Finally, it lists the contents of the course and the primary goals to be achieved． 1．1 The role of machinery design Machinery design is to formulate all engineering plan．Engineering in essence is to utilize the existing resources and natural law to benefit humanity．As a major segment of engineerin，machinery design involves a range of disciplines in materials，mechanics，heat，flow，control，electronics and production．Although many high technologies are computerized and automated，and are rapidly merged into Our daily life，machines are indispensable for various special work that is difficult or impracticable to be carried out by human．Moreover，machinery can significantly improve efficiency and quality of production，which is crucial in current competitive global market． In the modern industrialized world，the wealth and living standards of a nation are closely linked with their capabilities to design and manufacture engineering products．It can be claimed that the advancement of machinery design and manufacturing can remarkable promote the overall level of a country’s industrialization．Those nations，who do not perform well in design and manufacture fields，are not competitive in world markets．It is evident that several countries that used to be leaders in the design and manufacturing sectors until the l 960s and the 1 970s had，by the l990s，slipped back and lost their leadership．On the contrary, our Country is rapidly picking up her position in manufacturing industry since the l 9 80s and is playing a more and more vital role in the global market．To accelerate such an industrializing process of our country, highly skilled design engineers having extensive knowledge and expertise are needed．That is why the course of machinery design is of great significance for students of engineering． The course of machinery design is considerable different from those background subjects in science and mathematics．For many students，it is perhaps one of their basic professional engineering courses concerned with obtaining solutions to practical problem s．Definitely these solutions must clearly represent an understanding of the underlying science，usually such an understanding may not be sufficient，empirical knowledge or engineering judgement has to be also involved．Furthermore，due to be professional nature of this subject，most design problems may not have one right solution．Nevertheless it is achievable to determine a better design from all feasible solutions． 1．2 Machinery and components A state-of-the-art machine may encompass all or part of mechanical，electrical，control，sensor，monitoring and lubricating sub—systems．In
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2006) 29: 178–183 DOI 10.1007/s00170-004-2493-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ferda C. C ? etinkaya
Unit sized transfer batch scheduling in an automated two-machine ?ow-line cell with one transport agent
Received: 26 July 2004 / Accepted: 22 November 2004 / Published online: 16 November 2005 ? Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 Abstract The process of splitting a job lot comprised of several identical units into transfer batches (some portion of the lot), and permitting the transfer of processed transfer batches to downstream machines, allows the operations of a job lot to be overlapped. The essence of this idea is to increase the movement of work in the manufacturing environment. In this paper, the scheduling of multiple job lots with unit sized transfer batches is studied for a two-machine ?ow-line cell in which a single transport agent picks a completed unit from the ?rst machine, delivers it to the second machine, and returns to the ?rst machine. A completed unit on the ?rst machine blocks the machine if the transport agent is in transit. We examine this problem for both unit dependent and independent setups on each machine, and propose an optimal solution procedure similar to Johnson’s rule for solving the basic two-machine ?owshop scheduling problem. Keywords Automated guided vehicle · Lot streaming · Scheduling · Sequencing · Transfer batches entire lot to ?nish its processing on the current machine, while downstream machines may be idle. It should be obvious that processing the entire lot as a single object can lead to large workin-process inventories between the machines, and to an increase in the maximum completion time (makespan), which is the total elapsed time to complete the processing of all job lots. However, the splitting of an entire lot into transfer batches to be moved to downstream machines permits the overlapping of different operations on the same product while work proceeds, to complete the lot on the upstream machine. There are many ways to split a lot: transfer batches may be equal or unequal, with the number of splits ranging from one to the number of units in the job lot. For instance, consider a job lot consisting of 100 identical items to be processed in a three-stage manufacturing environment in which the ?ow of its operations is unidirectional from stage 1 through stage 3. Assume that the unit processing time at stages 1, 2, and 3 are 1, 3, 2 min, respectively. If we do not allow transfer batches, the throughput time is (100)(1+3+2) = 600 min (see Fig. 1a). However, if we create two equal sized transfer batches through all stages, the throughput time decreases to 450 min, a reduction of 25% (see Fig. 1b). It is clear that the throughput time decreases as the number of transfer batches increases. Flowshop problems have been studied extensively and reported in the literature without explicitly considering transfer batches. Johnson [1], in his pioneering work, proposed a polynomial time algorithm for determining the optimal makespan when several jobs are processed on a two-machine (two-stage) ?owshop with unlimited buffer. With three or more machines, the problem has been proven to be NP-hard (Garey et al. [2]). Besides the extension of this problem to the m -stage ?owshop problem, optimal solutions to some variations of the basic two-stage problem have been suggested. Mitten [3] considered arbitrary time lags, and optimal scheduling with setup times separated from processing was developed by Yoshida and Hitomi [4]. Separation of the setup, processing and removal times for each job on each machine was considered by Sule and Huang [5]. On the other hand, ?owshop scheduling problems with transfer batches have been examined by various researchers. Vickson
1 Introduction
Most classical shop scheduling models disregard the fact that products are often produced in lots, each lot (process batch) consisting of identical parts (items) to be produced. The size of a job lot (i.e., the number of items it consists of) typically ranges from a few items to several hundred. In any case, job lots are assumed to be indivisible single entities, although an entire job lot consists of many identical items. That is, partial transfer of completed items in a lot between machines on the processing routing of the job lot is impossible. But it is quite unreasonable to wait for the
F.C. ?etinkaya (u) Department of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa-T.R.N.C., Mersin Turkey E-mail: ferda.cetinkaya@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4d2249855.html,.tr Tel.: +90-392-6301052 Fax: +90-392-3654029
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作