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词汇部分练习

词汇部分练习
词汇部分练习

词汇(一)

一、填空题

1.词汇是语言的__________________,是______________________________的总汇。

2.词汇包括词和语两部分,其中“语”是指______,它主要包括______、______、______、______等。

3.词汇学是____________的科学,狭义的词汇学研究____________、____________、

____________、____________等;广义的词汇学还包括了____________、____________、____________、____________等。

4.研究语言词汇的一般理论的学科叫____________,研究词汇的起源和发展演变的学科叫____________,研究某一时期词汇系统现象和特点的学科叫____________,研究某一具体语言或方言的词汇现象和规律的学科叫____________。

5.词汇大致可以分为______、______、____________三个层级。

6.词和词汇是________________________的关系。

7.按词在词汇系统中的地位和作用,可以把词汇分成____________和____________两类。8.基本词汇具有______性、______性、______性三个主要特点。

9.一般词汇具有很强的______性特点,几乎处在经常的变动之中。

10.现代汉语一般词汇的构成成分,从来源上看可包括____________、____________、

____________、____________等。

11.新造词是__________________________________________,它有一个相对的时间界限,就是____________以来的______多年时间内根据汉语原有的语言材料创造出来的和由短语简缩而来的一般用词。

12.古语词包括____________和____________两类。

13.方言词的地方性限制很强,它是________________________________________________。

14.外来词是________________________,现代汉语中外来词的类型有:①______,如______;

②____________,如______;③____________,如______;④____________,如______;⑤___________,如______。

15.借形外来词是指____________________________________________________________。16.行业词是__________________________________________________________________。

17.熟语是汉语中的特殊词汇,它是__________________________________________。它主要包括______、______、______、______等。

18.成语是________________________,它具有____________、____________、____________等主要特点。

19.从来源上看,成语主要有以下几种类型:①____________;②____________;③

____________;④____________;⑤____________。

20.惯用语是__________________________________________________________________。

21.谚语是_____________________________________________________________________。

22.歇后语是______________________________________________________,它有______和______两种类型。

23.任何词都包括______和______两个方面,其中______是词的形式,______是词的内容。

24.词义具有______性、______性、______等基本特性。

25.严格而言,词义除词汇意义外,还包括______意义和______意义。

26.造成词义变化的外部原因主要是__________________,内部原因是

___________________。

27.词义的变化通常有词义的______、______和______三种类型。

28.“观礼”一词原义为“参加典礼”,现在指______________________________,从词义发展的角度看,属于词义的______。

29.“领袖”一词曾经有以下意义:①衣领和衣袖;②为人表率的人;③某种行为的带头人。现在“领袖”的意义是_________________________。从词义发展的角度看,“领袖”现在的意义与意义①属词义的______,与意义②、③属于词义的______。

30.“腿”原指脚上至膝盖下一截肢体,现在指

_________________________________________,从词义变化的角度看,属于词义的______。

31.成语“明目张胆”原义是“敢说敢干,有胆有识,不畏权势”的意思,现在的意思是____________________________________,从词义发展的角度看,属于词义的______。

32.单义词是指__________________;多义词是指

______________________________________的词。

33.多义词的几个意义主要是在______义或______义的基础上,通过______方式产生出来的。

34.词的本义一般是一个词____________意义。

35.多义词的几个意义并不都是并列存在的,其中有一个最常用最基本的意义称______。

36.在本义或基本义的基础上引申发展出来的意义称______。

37.词的修辞义是指____________________________________。常见的修辞义有______、______和______等。

38.“红”的基本义是“像鲜血或石榴花那样的颜色”,后来又发展出了象征______等意义,其中后边的意义都是在基本义的基础上通过____________方式而产生的,属于修辞义中的______义。

39.“标兵”一词的本义是“阅兵场上用来表示界限的士兵”,现在的意思是

_________________。其中现在的意思是在本义的基础上通过______方式产生出来的,属于______义中的______义。

40.“这段话还没有经过标点,请你给它加上标点”中的两个“标点”的意思分别是___________和______,其中基本义是______,转化义是在基本义的基础上通过______方式而产生出来的。

41.“我突然从睡梦中惊醒”和“你别惊醒了孩子”中两个“惊醒”的意思分别是____________和____________,其中本义是______,后起义是在本义的基础上通过______方式产生出来的。

42.“岗哨”有两个意思:①站岗放哨的处所;②站岗放哨的人。其中第二个意思是在本义的基础上通过①②方式而产生出来的,属于______义中的______义。

43.同音词是指__________________________________________________________的一组词。

44.同音词按书写形式一般分为____________和____________两类。

45.造成同音词的直接原因主要有:?____________;?____________;?____________;?____________。

46.同音词在语言表达中可以构成____________的修辞手法,增强表达效果。

47.在口语表达中,对容易混淆的同音词,可以采取____________、____________、

____________和____________等方法加以区分。

48.同义词是____________________________________的一组词,包括____________和

____________两类。

49.同义词产生的直接原因主要有:?____________________;?

________________________;?__________________;?__________________;?

__________________;?__________________。

50.同义词在意义上的不同主要表现为____________的不同、____________的不同及

____________的不同。

51.同义词在用法上的不同主要表现为____________的不同和____________的不同两种情况。

52.反义词是表示意义______或______的一组词。

53.从所表达的概念内容看,反义词主要有两种:一种是没有____________的,是

____________关系的,叫____________,如“死和“活”;另一种是有____________的,不是完全____________的,叫____________,如“黑”和“白”。

54.反义词的形成,是有其客观物质基础的,它是事物间_________、________的联系,在语言词汇中的反映。

二、改错题

1.这本词典大约收入现代汉语四万个词汇。

2.克拉玛依特大火灾成为解放后国内火灾史上伤亡最沉重的火灾之一。

3.王兵同学经常主动帮助他人,班主任老师在全班表彰了他。

4.一场大冰雹,使村里的庄稼受到程度不同的摧毁。

5.大气污染已地西方不少工业高度发展的城市产生严重的结果。

6.妹妹期望自己师大毕业后能当一名合格的人类灵魂工程师。

7.歌颂社会主义,诽谤资本主义。

8.但愿我们能成为您永远的朋友。

9.干部要深入群众,遇事要多跟群众协量。

10.信封上的字迹含糊不清,使邮递员无法辨认。

11.改正下列成语中的错别字。

面黄饥瘦甘败下风调以轻心无耻烂言直接了当既往不究不可思义相形见拙按步就班

变本加利病入膏盲鬼鬼崇崇如火如茶汗流夹背一愁莫展挺而走险

12.改正下列名子中运用不当的成语,并说明理由。

①看啊,祖国飞黄腾达,

听呀,“四化”急需人才,

让我们努力吧,

肩负着时代的重任,人民的希望,

去迎接新的战斗!

②那一天,我放飞了一个五彩缤纷的玫瑰色的梦。

③我云南、广西两省边防前线,早已森严壁垒,草木皆兵,全民动员,严阵以待。

④语文老师那举止端庄,道貌岸然的神情,给我留下了深刻的印象。

⑤总务科陈保管做事,永远都是四稳八平,不慌不忙。

⑥数学老师耐心指出我作业中的错误,我也向他表示要痛改前非。

⑦爸爸是乐队指挥,妈妈是歌唱家,平时耳闻目睹,所以他也爱好音乐。

⑧老李住在我们寝室对面的空中楼阁里。

⑨这个人自私自利,斤斤计较,对别人的疾苦漫不经心。

⑩张老师对我弟弟的关怀真是无所不至。

13.目前,我们经常看到一些广告乱改成语的现象,已经对我们的语言形成了很大影响,可以说其中的积极因素与消极作用并存,这不能不引起我们的重视,请你改正下面成语中的错别字,并且就这种现象加以分析发表自己的看法:

“随心所浴”(某热水器广告)

“衣表人才”(某服装广告)

“无胃不治”(某胃药广告)

“有杯无患”(某茶杯广告)

“一鸣警人”(南通II型手表式近电报警器广告)

“达克眼罩,一明惊人”(达克眼罩广告)

“快治人口”(某牙科医院广告)

“咳不容缓”(某止咳药广告)

“默默无蚊”(某蚊香广告)

“口蜜腹健”(某保健药品广告)

“金心金意”(某黄金饰品广告)

软硬兼施,外柔内钢——河南蓝梦床垫广告

洁净全能,百衣百顺——桂林奥森万事洁洗衣粉广告

烧胜一筹——河南讯达炉具广告

闲妻良母——台湾洗衣机广告

不命则已,一名惊人——上海易德礼命名有限公司开业广告

金狮牌自行车乐在骑中——常州金狮牌自行车工贸公司广告

得芯应手—INTEL奔腾处理器,给电脑八颗奔腾的“芯”——英特尔公司INTEL奔腾处理器广告

三、问答题

1.词汇学的主要研究对象是什么?

2.词汇有哪些主要性质?

3.你认为学习词汇有什么重要性?

4.你打算怎样学习词汇?

5.请你简述基本词汇和一般词汇的区别和联系?

6.新造词具有什么特点?请你举例说明。

7.古语词有哪些主要表达作用?

8.普通话词汇为什么要吸收方言词?

9.普通话吸收外来词应注意哪几点?

10.举例说明专业词有哪些特点。

11.成语有哪些主要表达作用?

12.运用成语应注意哪些问题?

13.惯用语同成语有什么区别?请你举例说明。

14.歇后语有哪些类型?使用歇后语和谚语各注意些什么?15.试举例说明词义的各种特征。

16.简要回答词义和概念的关系。

17.词义为什么会发展变化?

18.举例说明词义发展变化的类型。

19.为什么会产生多义词?

20.举例说明多义词各意义之间的关系。

21.举例说明多义词的作用。

22.同音词产生的原因有哪些?

23.同音词在语言运用中有什么作用?

24.怎样区分同形同音词与多义词?

25.举例说明怎样辨析同义词?

26.同义词在语言中有什么作用?

27.反义词在语言运用中有哪些作用?

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8、词是表示_________、__________的最小语言单位 9、从语音构成角度来看 语素可分为??????_________和___________ 10、从语法功能看 语素可分为___________和___________ 11、双音节单纯词可分为___________、________和__________、_________四种 12、附加式合成词分为_____________和________两种 13、复合式的合成词有___________、_________、_________、_______、_____五种结构类型 14、简称常见的简缩方式有三种:(1)__________(2)_________(3)________ 15、词义是______________________反映 它包含着人们_____________

16、词义具有_________、___________ 、_________三种性质 17、本义就是__________意义 18、基本义是__________的意义 19、引申义是__________的意义 20、比喻义是__________的意义 21、词义的发展变化主要有________、__________、________三种方式 _______的词叫单义词 22、多义词是指__________的词 23、同音词是指__________而________的词 24、同音词可分为两类:___________和_______________ 25、同音异形词产生的原因主要有两条:(1)

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穴:空、帘、窗、穿、穷、突、窜、窝、究 冫:冰、净、冷、凉、冻、冲、次、准、减 氵:沙、洗、洋、流、清、油、洒、池、海、湖、波、河、法、淡、活、汽、没、江、海、湖、游、流、漂、深、洞、澡、淋、滴、泼、准、激、潮、湿、消、温、渴、渐、沉、滩、溪、浇、滚、治、波 刂:到、别、刘、刚、划、刷、制、削、刻、剩 厂:压、原、历、厌、厚、雁、愿 囗:四、回、园、国、团、因、困、圆、图、圈 心:息、忘、怎、忽、想、念、急、总、恶、您、感

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