英语语言学练习----语用学
一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ( )
2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ( )
3.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language. ( )
4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ( )
5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ( )
6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. ()
7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ( )
8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ( )
9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. ( )
10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ( )
11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ( )
12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ( )
13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ( )
14.Austin thought that stating was also a kind of act, and that we can perform with language. ( )
15.According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic communication consists of
a sequence of acts. ( )
16.All the acts that belong to the same category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force. ( )
17.All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form. ( )
人教版初中七年级上英语易错题归纳 1、-_______is the TV ? -It’s 2000 yuan. A. How many B. How much C. How about D. How big 注意：（How many后+可数名词 how much 后+不可数名词） 2、I can spell that.(改为一般疑问句) _____ _____ spell that ? 注意：有can/must句子变成一般疑问句，就是把can/must提前，第一人称变成第二人称。 3、This is my uncle.(改为否定句) This ________ my uncle. 注意：there be句型变否定句：在be后+not 4、她是你的女儿吗？（汉译英） ___________________________________ 注意：名词前可以有物主代词（单数my/your/his/her/its；复数our/your/their）；名词前可以有指示代词（that/this/these/those）或冠词 a /an/the，但他们不能同时出现。 5、-Is this your sister? -___________ A.Yes,she is B.Yes, he is. C.No, she isn’t. D.Yes, it is. 注意：this/that作主语时，回答用代词it。 6、Tom is n___ here. He is there.(根据句意及首字母提示冠成句子) 7、这是一个苹果吗？不，不是。（汉译英） -____ _____ an apple? -____,____ ____. 8、失物招领箱里的书包是你的吗？ Is that your bag in the _______ ______ _______case? 9、Mr对应词______ father对应词__________
英语语用学教程 English Pragmatics: A Coursebook 1. Background and definitions Warming up activity What does the boy still need to learn about using language? A little boy comes in the front door. Mother: Wipe your feet, please. He removes his muddy shoes and socks and carefully wipes his clean feeton the doormat. 1.1Background of pragmatics 1.1Definitions of pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of how the speaker produces and how the hearerunderstands the peculiar uses of language. 1.2Component vs. perspective分相论与综观论 1.2.1Component view of pragmatics Davis points out in his book Pragmatics: A Reader(1991) that pragmatics,likephonetics,phonology,morphology,syntaxandsemantics,isacomponent of linguistics. 1.2.2Perspective view of pragmatics Verschueren(1999) proposes that pragmatics is not a component oflinguistics, but a new way of looking at language. Pragmaticsisspecifiedas“ageneralcognitive,social,andculturalperspective on linguistic phenomena in relation to their usage in forms ofbehavior”(Verschueren,1999)
The Cooperative Principle of Pragmatics: An Analysis of the Verbal Humour in the Sitcom Home with Kids Since the language was born, the research of it has never interrupted. Humor is the spice of our lives, leave it the life will be boring. Pragmatics is a main branch of Linguistics, with the development of pragmatic theory, linguists and hobbyists from many angles analysis on verbal humor and achieved fruitful results.While cooperative principle, as one of the most important pragmatic principle, makes a systemic study about language use and lays a solid foundation for later development of pragmatics. The violation of cooperative principle can often generate conversational implicature or achieve certain communicative effects. On the basis of previous humour and pragmatic theory research, I will analysis from the point of the cooperative principle of those verbal humour dialogue in the sitcom "Home with Kids", which reflects the daily life of a rebuilt family and attracts many Chinese audiences by its creating writing, good acting as well as its wonderful transcripts. 1. Four Maxims of the Cooperative Principle In 1975, the language philosopher H. P. Grice published a seminal article entitled “The Cooperative Principle” which created quite a stir in the linguis tic world and generated a large number of linguistic publications that are built on Grice's postulates. According to Grice, in conversational exchange, people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation develop in the direction of their expectation. To achieve this, people need to cooperate with each other. Grice' theory of the cooperative principle explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than what is literally said and foe the hearer to understand. The four maxims of CP are Quantity Maxim, Quality Maxim, Manner Maxim and Relation Maxim. The maxim of quantity has two sub-maxims that require the cooperative
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编14 一、简答题 0 Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学2007研) 1 Jane showed her baby pictures. 2 The old man is drinking in the air. 3 We need more realistic officials to handle the economy. 4 We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street. 5 Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner. 6 What is Halliday's idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures? 7 What are deep and surface structures? 8 In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle? (1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond. (2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond. (3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学2010研) 9 What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外2008研) 10 Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外2008研) 11 How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学2004研) (a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.
精品文档 人教版七年级下册英语易错题 一、根据句意及首字母提示写出单词 1．--Can you s in the Yellow River? --No, I can't. 2. –-Why do you like giraffes? --Because they are b . 3. Let's see the koalas. They look f . 4. Elephants are my favorite animals. They are very i 5.The elephant is one of Thailand's s 6. Li Xiang e every day, but he always hurts his feet(脚受伤)． 7. Don't eat it. It t not good. 8. We know Liu Xiang r quickly and our students. 二、单项选择 1．Our radio show is from twelve o'clock night to six o'clock in the morning. A.in B.at C.to D.on 2. Can you me what time it is? A.tell B.say C.speak D.takl 3. My mother loves fruit and my father loves vegetales. A.eats, to eat B.eats,eats C.to eat, eat D.to eat,to eat 4. Please write me and tell me your new job. A.to, about B./, on C.to, in D.with, about 5. Elle hamburgers very much. A.have B.like C.likes D.has 6. Jim at a middle school. A study B.learn C.learns D.studies 7. is very difficult for us to learn English well because is a quite difficult language. A.it,it B.English, it C.That, it D.It,it 8. We don't work today. What about to play on the ropeway? A.go B.to go C.going D.goes 9. Ann's home is ten kilometers from school. A.between B.for C.about D.with 10.--Her car is new. --It's very large, and it can two hundred kilometers an hour! A.drive B.walk C.go D.take 11.She has four supermarkets and two million in the bank. A.dollars B.money C.price D.food 12. One of the students from France. He speaks . A.are, Japanese B.is, France C.is, French https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c12693501.html,e, French 13. Where the lions ? A.does, from B.do, come from C.is, from D.are, come from 14. --Can't you see a lion in the zoo? -- A.Yes, I can't B.No, I can't C.No, I can D.Yes, you can't see it. 15. The cats only go out . A.at the night B.in night C.on night D.at night 16. I am afraid tigers because they are scary. A.with B.of C.for D.in
“语用学”课程教学大纲 教研室主任：唐建萍执笔人：唐建萍 一、课程基本信息 开课单位：外国语学院 课程名称：语用学 课程编号：043103 英文名称：Pragmatics 课程类型：专业方向限选课 总学时：18 理论学时：18实验学时： 学分：1 开设专业：英语 先修课程：语言学导论 二、课程任务目标 （一）课程任务 语用学是英语专业语言学方向的一门专业限选课。本课程主要通过语用学中两个重要的概念，即“言语行为”和“语境”使学生掌握其相互作用和构成在话语交际中的核心作用，通过对语用学中指示、预设、言语行为理论、会话合作原则、话语逻辑等若干论题的研究，使学生可以从说话者和听话者的角度，知晓语言行为是受各种社会规约制约的行为，并可以运用社会规约结合语用知识去解释某些语言现象。让语言研究变成“语言—使用者—语境”这样一个三位一体的立体研究，对语言的认识从必然性跨越到自由性，从静态到动态，从单向分析向整体扩展，凝结出跨文化交际行为适合性的精髓。 （二）课程目标 在学完本课程之后，学生能够： 1. 区分语用学与语义学和其它相关学科在研究意义上的差别； 2. 在了解英语语言的基本特征以后，从语言使用的各种情况解释语言使用的意义、规 则和条件，从而以更高、更广的视角了解语言的特征； 3. 了解近二、三十年来语用学的发展、目前最新的研究动态及趋势，增强外语教学与
学习中的语用观念。 三、教学内容和要求 第一章引论 使学生了解语用学的起源和发展，并初步了解语用学中的几个基本概念及语用学同其它交叉学科的关系与学习意义 第一节语用学的起源及发展 第二节语用学的定义 第二章指示现象 使学生从语用角度了解指示词语的功能，脱离结构主义对指示词语的狭义理解，把话语和周围的世界联系起来。 第一节指示语的定义、分类和特点 第二节人称指示 第三节时间指示和空间指示 第四节语篇指示和社交指示 第三章语用预设 使学生了解预设、前提的定义及前提的反射问题。培养学生对话语命题进行逻辑切分的能力和逻辑推理能力 第一节前提的定义 第二节前提的种类 第三节前提的映射问题 第四节前提与蕴涵的关系 第四章会话含义(I):合作原则 要求学生掌握会话合作原则，并能应用到话语交际中，在话语轮回中动态的判断信息量，信息的真实性、相关性及谈话方式，发现话语的隐含意义 第一节合作原则的四项准则 第二节违反合作原则产生的语用效果 第三节隐含意义的定义及分类
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00) 1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数： 2.00）填空项1:__________________ 2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 5.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say. "（中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 6.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1.（中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ 7.Y"s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of 1.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 8.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the 1.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 9. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 10. 1 is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while 2is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 11. 1represents what the utterance is about; 2is what is said about it.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 12."Linguistic relativity" was proposed by 1and 2.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c12693501.html,nguage varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, 1language.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ 14.A speech 1is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 15.A 1language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 16.A linguistic 1refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c12693501.html,nguage itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the 1attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.（分数：2.00）
Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
Unit3 易错题整理 一.单项选择：（每题1分，共15分） 1. —___, Alice. Is this your pen? —No, it isn’t.A.Excuse B. Sorry C. Excuse me D. I’m sorry 2. —____. What’s this? —____, I don’t know. A.Excuse me; Sorry B. Excuse me; Excuse me C. Sorry; Sorry D. Sorry; Excuse me B. a; an C. an; a D. an; an 3. This is ____ “h” and that’s _____ “q”. A.a; a 4.You can(能) call Gina _____ 234-5678. A. in B. at C. for 5. I ___a watch. Is it your watch, David? A. look B. spell C. lost D. found 6.--Is this your key, Jenny? --No. ____is in my handbag. A.His B.Hers C.Mine D.Yours ou left ______at school. 7.This isn’t _____football.Tom, y A.you, your B.your, yours C.yours, your D.your, you 8. --- _____ do you like Chinese? --- Very Much. A How B. how long C. What D. How many 9. –Miss Lin teaches _______ English this term.--You’re lucky. ______ is a very good teacher. A. our, She B. us, He C. us, She D. Ours, He 10.I can write with my ____. A.eraser B.pen C.schoolbag D.book 11.Kelly often helps ___ with my English. A.my B.I C.me D.mine ---Oh, yes, it is _______! 12.---Mike, is this Tom’s pencil? A.mine B.hers C.yours D.his 13. This is _____ watch. Can you spell ______?A.／; it B. his, this C. a; it D. an; it 14. I must _______ my keys.A. find B. found C. lost D. to lose It’s in your schoolbag. 15.—I can’t ____ my pen in the pencil box.— A. meet B. thank C. find D. ask 二.完形填空：每题1分，共10分） Hello! My 1 is David. I am in No. 12 Middle School. Here 2 a photo of a pen. Is it mine? 3 . It is 4 pen in the school library this morning. It is black. Now she not my pen. It is my good friend Anna’s. She lost can 5 it. I can e-mail her about it 6 anna808@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c12693501.html,. I found a 7 of keys in Classroom 7C this afternoon. 8 yours? My phone number is 798-5546. Please 9 me. You can 10 the teacher for them, too. Thank you! 1. A. name B. number C. game D. card 2. A. be B. is C. are D. am 3. A. Hello B. OK C. Yes D. No 4. A. your B. his C. her D. my 5. A. meet B. find C. spell D. say 6. A. to B. at C. in D. for 7. A. notebook B. computer C. set D. cup 8. A. That is B. Are they C. Is that D. They are 9. A. see B. help C. excuse D. call 10. A. ask B. have C. thank D. please 三.阅读理解：（每题2分，共30分） A Hello! My name is Paul Smith. My mother Cindy has (有) a daughter and a son. My sister is Jane. Who is guess (猜)? my mother’s son? Can you Here are two schoolbags. Is this my schoolbag? No. Mine is green. This is a purple schoolbag. It What are i n the schoolbag? A pencil box, a book, a dictionary, a baseball and a ring are in it. What about mine? A watch, a ruler, a notebook and a computer game are in it. Oh! Where (在哪里) is my pen? I lost it in the school library. 1. Paul Smith is ________. A. Jane’s father B. C indy’s uncle C. Cindy’s cousin D. Jane’s brother 2. What color is Jane’s schoolbag? A. Purple. B. Red. C. Green. D. Yellow. 3. What’s not in Paul’s schoolbag?
２０１０年第２期（总第７４期） 边疆经济与文化 ＴＨＥＢＯＲＤＥＲＥＣＯＮＯＭＹＡＮＤＣＵＬｒｌｌＪＲＥ Ｎｏ．２．２０ｌＯ ＧｅｎｅｒａｌＮｏ．７４ 【教育纵横】 语用学对英语教学的作用 于松 （哈尔滨师范大学西语学院，哈尔滨１５００８０） 摘要：长期以来，中国英语教学都采取传统模式，教师在教学过程中过分注重学生词汇、语法以及句子分析的能力，造成了学生的满腹理论而不知如何应用的结果。语用学作为一门新兴学科，主要研究语言的应用并已被应用到众多领域。在英语教学中结合语用学的理论不但可以教会学生学会基本的语言知识，更可以促使其掌握语用知识，正确的使用英语这一交际工具。 关键词：语用学；语用学理论；英语教学；教学启示 中图分类号：Ｇ４２４．１文献标志码：Ａ文章编号：１６７２－５４０９（２０１０）０２－０１５６－０２ 一、引言 当代英语教学大都将英语视为一种语言知识进行传授，只注重孤立地对学生进行英语单词、语法、句法、翻译、写作等方面的教学，却忽视了对学生实际运用英语语言知识的能力的培养。通过以上教学，学生可以在应试中取得很好的成绩，然而在用语言进行交流时却不能很好的运用所学知识进行有效的交流。语言是交际的工具，语言各方面的知识是相互联系的整体，只有掌握了具体的语言形式所具有的功能并结合一定的语境，才能真正掌握和使用一门语言，因此在英语教学中不仅应重视对英语听说读写等基础知识的教学，更应注重语用方面的教学，这是本文研究的目的。 二、语用学对英语教学的作用 英语教学实际上是一个动态的过程。是学生通过书面阅读等方式进行信息交流、理解，并在理解的过程中增长知识、提高能力的过程。因此英语教师应充分认识到英语教学并不仅仅是教授语音、词汇、语法等语言基础知识，还应对语言环境、语言知识、文化背景等进行语用分析。在实际教学中不仅要明确提出提高学生语用能力的教学目标，在实际教学的各个环节中都要贯彻执行这一目标。 １．语用学对词汇教学的作用 传统英语词汇教学往往注重词汇本身的意义和语法意义，孤立地讲词义而不是将词汇放人具体语境去教词义，然而在不同的语境中同一个词也会有不同的意义。学生在学习过程中能很好的记住某一单词的各种意义，但到了实际应用时却一头雾水，常常出现语用错误。由于同一单词在不同语境中会有不同的意义，学生在阅读文本时只知道该词的基本意义，因此在理解文本时产生障碍，不能有效的进行认知。例如ｇｏｏｄ一词，简单的定义为“好的”是不合适的，例如：“ｈｅｉｓａｇｏｏｄｂｏｙ”并不一定表示“他是个好男孩”。如果在前面加上“ｈｅｈａｓｓｔｏｌｅｎ１０，０００ｂｉｃｙｃｌｅｓ．”则表示“他是个坏男孩。”此外，在词汇教学过程中，教师还应让学生注意到某些词汇用法的局限。 例如，ｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ一词简单的定义为会议，但它往往不能与我们较熟悉的ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇ互换。原因是前者用法较正式通常指较大型的会议。后者指一般的、较小型的、常见的会议。例如我们在日常生活中常用“ｔＩｌｅｔｅａｃｈｅｒａｓｋｅｄＭａｒｙｔｏａｔｔｅｎｄｔｈｅｃＩａｓｓ．ｒｏｏｍｍｅｅｔｉｎｇａｔ１２０’ｃｌｏｃｋ．”而不是用“ｔｈｅｔｅａｃｈ．ｅｒａｓｋｅｄＭａｒｙｔｏａｔｔｅｎｄｔｈｅｃｌａｓｓｒｏｏｍｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ．” ２．语用学与语法教学 语法教学在传统的英语教学中也同样采用孤立的教学方式。语法教学的常规模式通常是教师以一本语法书为基础，在课堂上尽可能多的向学生罗列语法知识，而学生在课堂上主要的任务就是不停地记笔记，课后花费大力气记住老师所讲的语法要点。这种教学方法的后果往往是学生有着很好的理论基础，可是实际应用时却错误百出。另一种结果是学生为了应付考试进行大量的练习，考试时能够取得不错的成绩，可考完试后所学的语法知识便忘在脑后。教授语法知识的目的是为了让学生掌握语用能力，掌握语法知识和句型是正确运用英语的前提，但有了这一前提并不代表有了语用能力，如果把语法教学与语用知识结合起来无疑会收到更好的 收稿日期：２００９－０９．１５ 作者简介：于松（１９８５一），女，黑龙江尚志人，硕士研究生，从事外国语言学及应用语言学研究。围删一舢Ｊｗ哪蝴 万方数据
浅议语用学与外语教学 1.语用学相关定义 语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义为研究对象的新兴学科领域，是专门研究语言的理解和使用的学问，它研究在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。语用学因其本身的目的性和价值性而不同于语法研究，它是关于人类语言本身的研究。在语言的使用中，说话人往往并不是单纯地要表达语言成分和符号单位的静态意义，听话人通常要通过一系列心理推断，去理解说话人的实际意图。要做到真正理解和恰当使用一门语言，仅仅懂得构成这门语言的发音、词汇和语法是远远不够的。 近年来，越来越多的英语教师已认识到语言与语用学的密切关系，英语教学如果只停留在语音、词汇、语法等语言知识层面上，学生即使掌握了标准的语言、丰富的词汇、正确的语法，也不能很好地理解语言，更不能进行成功而有效的交际。因此，为了准确地理解和使用语言，学习者应在交际中运用语用策略消除歧义，提高跨文化交际的能力。 虽然迄今为止，语言学界对语用学的定义和范畴尚没有统一的见解，但却有一种共识，即“语境是语用学的核心概念之一”。是一门专门研究语境在交际过程中的作用的新学科。人们的正常语言交流总离不开特定的语境，“这里的语境包括交际的场合(时间、地点等)，交际的性质(话题)，交际的参与者(相互间的关系、对客观世界的认识和信念、过去的经验、当时的情绪等)以及上下文。语境直接影响着人们对话语的理解和使用”(金定元,1992:171)。换言之，要判断某些具体的言语行为是否得体须依据其使用的语境，离开了语境就使判断本身失真或失去意义。 语用学的另一核心概念就是意义。何兆熊先生(1987)在他的语用学概要一书中指出:“在众多的语用学定义中，有两个概念是十分基本的，一个是意义，另一个是语境。”从发展的观点看，语用学的崛起是语义研究的发展和延伸的结果，因此可以说语用学是一种对意义的研究。但语用学所研究的意义不同于形式语义学所研究的意义，它所研究的是语言在一定的语境中使用时体现出来的具体意义。由此可知，语境对意义的作用在语用学研究中十分重要。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编23 (总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、判断题(总题数：5，分数：10.00) 1.Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar. (对外经贸2005研) （分数：2.00） A.真√ B.假 解析：解析：转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。 2.The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. （分数：2.00） A.真√ B.假 解析：解析：话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c12693501.html,nguage acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language. （分数：2.00） A.真 B.假√ 解析：解析：语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。 4.Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances. （分数：2.00） A.真 B.假√ 解析：解析：实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。 5.Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level. （分数：2.00） A.真√ B.假 解析：解析：上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。 二、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00) 6.How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing? (对外经贸2005研) （分数：2.00） A.Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis. B.Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception. √ C.Top-down processing uses one's existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal. D.Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech comprehension. 解析：解析：在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。 7.______is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. （分数：2.00） https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c12693501.html,petence