文献信息：
文献标题：Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems（理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础）
国外作者：Ulrike Gretzel, Hannes Werthner, Chulmo Koo, Carlos Lamsfus 文献出处：《Computers in Human Behavior》,2015,50(C):558-563
字数统计：英文2250单词，13270字符；中文4336汉字
外文文献：
Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism
ecosystems
Abstract Using digital ecosystems and smart business networks as conceptual building blocks, this paper defines, describes and illustrates the idea of a smart tourism ecosystem (STE). It further draws on conceptualizations of smart technologies, smart cities and smart tourism to envision new ways in which value is created, exchanged and consumed in the STE. Technologies essential to the functioning of an STE are described and it is argued that data emerging from these technologies are the driver for new business models, interaction paradigms and even new species. Critical questions regarding the need for regulatory intervention and innovative research are raised.
Key words:Smart tourism; Value creation; Smart technologies; Open innovation; Sharing economy; Tourism experience
Touristic Ecosystem
Ecosystems are generally defined as communities of interacting organisms and their environments (TheFreeDictionary, 2015), and are typically described as complex networks formed because of resource interdependencies. McCormack (2011) explains that ecosystems, like other kinds of systems, are comprised of elements,
interconnections and a function/purpose, but are special types of systems in that their elements are intelligent, autonomous, adaptive agents that often form communities and also because of the way they adapt to elements being added or removed. Boley and Chang (2007) list four critical elements of ecosystems: (1) interaction/engagement; (2) balance; (3) loosely coupled actors with shared goals; and, (4) self-organization. This means that in ecosystems individual agents or groups of agents proactively form symbiotic relationships to increase individual benefits and to achieve shared goals; that local interactions determine the global behavior or state of the system; and, that balance is needed to prevent system collapse. The relationships and interdependencies ensure that resources are consumed effectively and sustainably. Considering ecosystems in their entirety rather than centering on specific actors/elements allows for more holistic perspectives, recognizes that small changes can have substantial effects, encourages a focus on complex relationships, emphasizes dynamic change, and acknowledges the importance of the physical environment or infrastructure that supports the system.
Applied to the business world, the term ‘‘ecosystem’’ is used to describe the relationships among economic entities (producers, distributors, consumers, government agencies, etc.) that, through competition and/or cooperation, facilitate the creation and distribution of a product or service (Investopedia, 2015). There isa general understanding that the environment in which these entities operate, i.e. in and through which they produce, exchange and consume value, is rapidly changing and requires their relationships to co-evolve. Moore (1993) stressed that such an economic community often faces the arrival of new species, which requires realignment and redefinition of the relationshipsthatunderpin the system. While such new species can emerge out of nowhere through genetic mutations, it is more often the environmental changes that cause or at least facilitate dramatic shifts in power over resources.
The idea of a touristic ecosystem is nothing new as the production of these touristic experiences has always required extensive coordination and collaboration among different industry players and government agencies (Mill & Morrison, 2002). How loosely coupled these agents typically are can be exemplified by the difficulty in
defining what players actually belong to the tourism industry and in measuring the economic value contributed by tourism. The extensive reliance on digital infrastructure of such tourism systems has also been long acknowledged(Sheldon,1997). The both disruptive and creative power of technological innovation within tourism ecosystems has been discussed for both Web 1.0 (Werthner & Klein, 1999) and Web 2.0 (Benckendorff, Sheldon, & Fesenmaier, 2014). Information and communication technologies have been essential in tourism ecosystems for connecting the different players that add value to the experience. Werthner and Klein (1999) illustrated the fundamental technology-supported tourism value chain and its components (Fig. 1), with the Internet making it possible to completely circumvent traditional distribution channels.
Fig. 1. The tourism system as a technology-supported value chain (Werthner & Klein, 1999).
A special characteristic of a tourism ecosystem is the immense number of microorganisms (small or micro, often family owned and/or owner operated businesses). It is also often geographically defined but usually requires connections and interactions beyond the core area. Indeed,theterm ‘‘destination’’ pract ically refersto a tourism-based ecosystem. Destinations overlap with other ecosystems (e.g.
residential) and have connections to their feeder markets. Further, tourism businesses are often embedded incomplex franchise systems or chains and tourism distribution channels involve a multitude of actors residing at the destination, the origin markets or somewhere completely different, which can make it difficult to delineate the system boundaries. Tourism ecosystems are also especially dynamic and on a global scale have witnessed the emergence of several completely new species within just the last ten years, with online travel agencies such as https://www.doczj.com/doc/4a10955277.html, and Expedia, Google Flights, TripAdvisor (Sigala, 2015) and AirBnB being prominent examples. Changes are also occurring on the consumer side as new technologies change consumer behaviors, increase market transparency and facilitate social commerce. Tourism consumers have always been recognized as active contributors to the experience but are now formally conceptualized as value co-creators within tourism ecosystems (Vargo & Lusch, 2008). As such, Fig. 1 clearly shows a past generic tourism ecosystem based on the technology landscape at the turn of the millennium and it becomes very clear that it fails to mirror the complexities, nuances and blurred lines of contemporary tourism systems.
Smart City
‘‘Smart’’ is often applied as a pre fix to technological terms to indicate special capabilities, intelligence and/or connectivity, as in smart phone or smart card. Derzko (2006) identifies six aspects or levels of smartness for technology: (1) Adapting: modifying behavior to fit the environment; (2) Sensing: bringing awareness to everyday things;(3)Inferring: drawing conclusions from rules and observations;(4)Learning: using experience to improve performance;(5)Anticipating: thinking and reasoning about what to do next;(6)Self-organizing: self-generating and self-sustaining at the cellular or nano-technology level.
Smart is increasingly also used to signify resource optimization through the use of advanced technologies (Gretzel, Koo, Sigala & Xiang, 2015b). H?jer and Wangel (2015) argue that it is notso much the individual technological advances but rather the interconnection, synchronization and concerted use of different technologies that
constitutes smartness. The concept has been prominently applied to urban areas and summarized under the term ‘‘smart cities’’. A smart city then is a city that uses advanced information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize resource production and consumption.
Piro et al. (2014:169) defi ne smart city as ‘‘an urban environment which, supported by pervasive ICT systems, is able to offer advanced and innovative services to citizens in order to improve the overall quality of their life’’. According to Harrison et al. (2010), a smart city connects its physical infrastructure with its ICT, social and business infrastructures to leverage the collective intelligence of the city. A healthy digital ecosystem that includes information-centric ICT platforms, sensor networks and wireless communication systems forms the fundamental base for such integration and data exchange (Piro et al., 2014). Properinformation dissemination is the key to smart city success. Smart cities use ICTs to collect, integrate and exploit data to allow for optimal use of physical infrastructure and other resources (Koo, Gretzel, Hunter & Chung, 2015). Sensor technology plays a critical role in delivering the real-time data and big data analytics is essential for processing, modeling and visualizing data so that it can be used to inform operational decisions. A critical component of the smart city is also support of intelligent interactions between the city and its inhabitants (Harrison et al., 2010). In the context of cities, several sub-areas or application domains of smartness have emerged, such as smart living, smart mobility, smart governance and smart economy (H?jer & Wangel, 2015). These concepts canbe directly applied to touristic destinations that often are indeed urban areas. In parts of the smart city literature tourism is actually seen as a service provided by the smart city and smart tourism is thus conceptualized as a goal for the smart city(TuandLiu,2014; Guo, Liu & Chai, 2014).
Smart Tourism Ecosystem
Smart tourism then encompasses touristic activities that are informed and supported by smart technology (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang & Koo, 2015a). A smart tourism ecosystem (STE) consequently can be defined as a tourism system that takes
advantage of smart technology in creating, managing and delivering intelligent touristic services/experiences and is characterized by intensive information sharing and value co-creation. Collecting, processing and exchanging tourism-relevant data is a core function within the STE (Zhang, 2012). Guo et al. (2014) refer to this phenomenon as informatization of tourism as a result of smart technology integration. Rather than being a tourism business-centric ecosystem, the STE includes a variety of ‘‘species’’ such as touristic and res idential consumers, tourism suppliers, tourism intermediaries (travel operators and travel agents), support services (telecommunications, banking/payment services), platforms and media (Facebook, TripAdvisor, AirBnB, etc.), regulatory bodies and NGOs, transportation carriers, travel technology and data companies (Amadeus, Sabre, etc.), consulting services, touristic and residential infrastructure (pools, parks, museums, etc.) and companies typically assigned to other industries (medical services, retailing, etc.).
In the literature, STEs are typically thought about as smart destinations because of the conceptual roots in smart cities. Lopez de Avila (2015) defined the smart destination as ‘‘an innovative tourist destination, built on an infrastructure of state-of-the-art technology guaranteeing the sustainable development of tourist areas, accessible to everyone, which facilitates the visitor’s interaction with and integration into his or her surroundings, increases the quality of the experience at the destination, and improves residents’ quality of life.’’
Fig. 2 provides a schematic representation of an STE, although it is difficult to capture its complexity. What becomes very obvious is its stark contrast to Fig. 1 in which consumers, producers and intermediaries can be clearly distinguished and a hierarchical ‘‘food chain’’ is visible. It is also very different from previous conceptualizations of STEs (Zhu et al., 2014) that only identified tourists, attractions, government, businesses and IT infrastructure as clearly distinguishable players tapping in various ways into the information the system produces. In the STE portrayed in Fig. 2, touristic consumers (TC) have resources and because of their ability to tap into the digital ecosystem can organize among themselves or mingle with the closely related residential consumer species (RC) and act like producers (a
phenomenon often referred to as the sharing economy). Touristic and residential consumers produce data through social media activities or the use of location-based services and consume data produced by other species or the physical environment, often made palatable through mobile apps.
Fig. 2. Smart tourism ecosystem. Note: TC = touristic consumer; RC = resident consumer; TS = tourism supplier; OS = other industry supplier; DMO = Destination Marketing Organization.
Tourism suppliers (TS) or other business-focused species can connect through smart technology and create new service offerings. Data/information is the main food source for STE speciesand effectively and efficiently turning it into enriched tourismexperiences ensures longevity. Data aggregators are particularly supported by the digital ecosystem and process data to create resources of value to other species. New players such as Couchsurfing emerge, which represents a new species of a platform that supports interactions among touristic and residential consumers through reputation mechanisms and communication tools. It is also clear that the system is open, with players from other industries/ecosystems being able to tap into resources or form beneficial relationships (for instance in the case of medical tourism). Also, the roles different actors take on are fluid and might change depending on the experience or situation, with lines becoming increasingly blurred (e.g. touristic and resident
consumers marketing destinations through their social media entries, resident consumers acting as producers by renting out resources to tourists, or companies from other industries suddenly taking on core tourism services). Indeed, telecommunicationscompaniesand banking/payment support services represent suppliers from other industries (OS) and are important predators in the STE but also feed the system with critical information and offer opportunities for enhanced value creation. Government agencies play a role in the STE not only with respect to their typical tourism-related agendas but also in regards to ensuring data openness while atthe same time regulating data privacy (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014), although the shared-value economy proposed byPorterand Kramer (2011) hints at opportunities for STEs to be self-regulating in this respect. Traditional and non-traditionalmedia sources (e.g. bloggers) also serve as regulating agents and contribute valuable information to the STE. Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) fulfil traditional information brokerage, marketing and quality control functionswhileintermediaries of all kinds facilitate transactions through innovative usesofdata and devices.
It is important to recognize that an STE cannot be created but the necessary technological and regulatory foundations canbeand have to be available for the tourism ecosystem to become smart. The review of the literature has indicated that some technologies seem to be instrumental to STE success. Mobile and wireless technologies play an important role in an STE due to thehigh mobility of its consumer species (Lamsfus et al., 2015). Social media are also prominent (Xiang and Gretzel, 2010) in that consumer species are highly motivated to produce, share and consume social contents (Hunter, Chung, Gretzel & Koo, 2015). Intelligent systems are also needed to support the complex interactions in an STE which surpass human processing capacities (Gretzel, 2011) and location-based and sensor technology provide important data to make these systems context-aware (Lamsfus et al., 2013).
中文译文：
理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础
摘要本文以数字生态系统和智能商务网络为概念构建模块，定义、描述和阐述了智慧旅游生态系统（智慧旅游生态系统）的概念。它进一步借鉴智能技术、智慧城市和智慧旅游的概念，设想在智慧旅游生态系统中创造、交换和消费价值的新方法。本文描述了智慧旅游生态系统功能所必需的技术，并认为从这些技术中产生的数据是新业务模式、交互模式，甚至是新物种的驱动力。本文还提出了关于监管干预和创新研究的关键问题。
关键词：智慧旅游；创造价值；智能技术；开放式创新；共享经济；旅游体验
旅游生态系统
生态系统通常被定义为相互作用的有机体及其环境的群落（词库，2015），一般被描述为由于资源相互依赖而形成的复杂网络。麦考马克（2011）解释说，生态系统和其他类型的系统一样，是由元素、相互关系和功能/目的组成的，但它们是特殊类型的系统，因为其元素是智能的、自发的、自适应性的主体，也因为它们适应添加或删除的元素的方式。博利和张（2007）列出了生态系统的四个关键要素：（1）相互依赖/参与；（2）平衡；（3）具有共同目标的松散耦合的参与者；（4）自组织。这意味着在生态系统中，个体代理人或代理人群体主动形成共生关系，以增加个人利益和实现共同目标；本地交互决定了系统的全局行为或状态；此外，为了防止系统崩溃，需要平衡。这种关系和相互依赖确保了资源得到有效和可持续消费。考虑到整个生态系统，而不是以特定的行为者/元素为中心，这可以获得更全局观，认识到小的变化会产生实质性的影响，鼓励关注复杂的关系，强调动态变化，并承认支持系统的物理环境或基础设施的重要性。
应用到商业世界，“生态系统”一词被用来描述经济实体（生产者、分销商、消费者、政府机构等）之间的关系，通过竞争和/或合作，促进创造和分配产品或服务（投资百科，2015）。人们普遍认识到，这些实体所处的环境，即它们产生、交换和消费价值的环境正在迅速变化，并且需要它们的关系共同进化。摩尔
（1993）强调，这样一个经济共同体经常面临新物种的到来，这就需要重新调整和重新定义支撑该系统的关系。虽然这样的新物种可以通过基因突变而无处不在，但更常见的是环境变化导致或至少促进了资源权力的巨大转变。
旅游生态系统的概念并不是什么新鲜事物，因为这些旅游体验的生产一直需要不同行业参与者和政府机构之间的广泛协调和合作（米尔和莫里森，2002）。这些代理的松散耦合，可以通过难以界定究竟哪些参与者属于旅游业以及衡量旅游业所带来的经济价值，来加以举例说明。长期以来，这种旅游系统对数字基础设施的广泛依赖也得到了承认（谢尔登，1997）。Web1.0（维特和克莱因，1999）和Web2.0（本肯多夫、谢尔登和森迈尔，2014）讨论了旅游生态系统内技术创新的破坏性和创造力。信息和通信技术在旅游生态系统中至关重要，可以连接不同的参与者，增加经验的价值。维特和克莱因（1999）阐述了基础技术支持的旅游价值链及其组成部分（图1），互联网使其有可能完全绕开传统的分销渠道。
图1.旅游系统作为技术支持的价值链（维特和克莱因，1999）旅游生态系统的一个特点就是大量的微生物（小型或微型的，通常是家族拥有和/或业主经营的企业）。它也经常从地理上进行定义，但通常需要核心区域以外的连接和交互。事实上，“目的地”一词实际上是指以旅游为基础的生态系统。目的地与其他生态系统（如住宅）重叠，并与其支线市场有联系。此外，旅游企
Gee Journal 31.4457-465457?1993 (Dec) by Kluwer Academic Publishers Ecotoufism in the Small Island Caribbean Weave~ David B., Prof. Dl:, UniversiO, of Regina, Luther College, Regina, Saskatchewan $4S OA2, Canada ABSTRACT: Ecotourism-related strategies can serve to enhance the tourism industries of small Caribbean islands, which are presently dominated by a 3S (sea, sand, sun) product. In the first place, the principles of Alternative Tourism can be applied to 3S tourism in order to minimize negative environmental impacts. Secondly, diversionary ecotourism opportunities can be promoted to diversify the tourism product, thus providing a nature-oriented alternative to resort-based tourists. Thirdly, regional ecotourism, catering to ecotourists, can be fostered in mountainous interiors, peripheral islands, undeveloped coastlines, rural agricultural areas and in offshore reefs. A fourth strategy, exemplified by Dominica, entails a comprehensive ecotourism approach for destinations in which 3S tourism is undesired or unsuited. Introdactien The concept of ecotourism has attracted a considerable amount of interest among both academics and non-academics since the term was first introduced in the mid-1980s (see for example Boo t990; Goriup 1991; Lindberg 1991; Nelson, Butler and Wall 1993; Whelan 1991; Ziffer 1989). In a frequently cited definition, Ceballos-Lascurain (1988) characterizes ecotourism as Tourism that involves travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural aspects (both past and present) found in these areas. While this definition is useful in stressing the environmental orientation of ecotourism, it is clear that the term has also come to be associated with a range o f characteristics which collectively define an "alternative tourism" (AT) paradigm (Dernoi 1981; Krippendorf 1987; Singh, Theuns and Go 1989). This paradigm has emerged as an alternative to "conventional mass tourism" (CMT), which has been criticized as an often inappropriate form of tourism, especially for smaller destinations. CMT characteristics, outlined and contrasted in Tab 1 with the AT model, tend to appear during the middle and later stages of a destination's cycle of evolution (Butler 1980; Christaller 1963; Stansfield 1978). With respect to accommodations, attractions, market and economic impact, the argument can be made that ecotourism and AT are merely other names for the early "exploration" stage of the resort cycle, when relatively unspoiled areas are opened up to further tourist incursions by a few pioneer travellers. However, as pointed out by Weaver (1991), what distinguishes this "circumstantial" AT from "deliberate" AT is the lack of regulations and policies which attempt to ensure that the activity is maintained at environmentally, economically and socially sustainable levels. "Deliberate" ecotourism, the subject of this paper, is therefore very" much associated with intentions of identifying and working within the carrying capacities of a particular area, and o f discouraging the emergence of a CM T product where it is deeme d to be undesirable or inappropriate. The recent proliferation of ecotourism case studies, based largely in the underdeveloped world, is not surprising in light of deliberate ecotourism's status as the fastest growing form o f tourism (Whelan 1991). For example, Dearden (1989) and Zurick (1992) examined the p h e n o m e n o n of mountain trekking in Nepal and northern Thailand respectively, while Boo (1990), and Fennell and
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4a10955277.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/4a10955277.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
第一章 一、旅游经济学是以经济学的一般理论为指导，研究旅游经济活动中各种经济现象，经济关系和经济规律的学科。 二、经济学是研究人类社会在各种发展阶段上的各种经济活动、经济关系和经济规律的学科总称。 三、旅游学是以世界为整体，研究旅游活动产生、发展及其运行规律的学科，目的是揭示旅游活动的内在性质、特点及发展趋势。 四、旅游经济学特征：旅游经济学是一门应用学科，旅游经济学是一门产业经济学，旅游经济学是一门基础学科，旅游经济学是一门新兴的边缘学科。 五、旅游经济学研究的对象是旅游经济活动中旅游产品的需求与供给的矛盾。 旅游经济学的研究任务：第一，揭示影响和作用于旅游经济活动的基本经济因素和经济关系。第二，在研究旅游经济活动的基础上，寻觅和获取旅游业发展的最佳经济效益和社会效益的途径。第三，为制定旅游业发展方针、政策和法国提供理论基础。 六、旅游经济学研究的内容：1.旅游经济的形成及产业标志。2.旅游产品的开发及供求关系。3.旅游产品的市场开拓及销售。4.旅游产品的消费及合理化。5.旅游产品的经营成本及效益。6.旅游经济结构及发展。 七、旅游经济学的研究方法：1.理论与实际相结合的方法。2.定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法。3.静态分析与动态分析相结合的方法。
4.微观分析与宏观分析相结合的方法。 八、旅游经济学与其他学科的关系：1.旅游经济学与经济学的关系：旅游经济学是一门经济类的应用学科，经济学理论在旅游经济学中也是适用的。旅游经济学规律与一般的经济规律是高兴与共性的关系。 2.旅游经济学与旅游学的关系：旅游经济学是旅游学的一部分，它与旅游学的关系是特殊与一般的关系。旅游经济学是从经济这个角度研究旅游活动中所反映的诸关系中的经济关系，从经济学的角度加深对旅游学的研究。 3.旅游经济学与其他旅游学科的关系：第一类是与旅游经济学成平行关系的学科，旅游活动是它们相互联系的纽带。第二类是与旅游经济学成纵向关系的学科，旅游经济学同这些学科的关系是抽象与具体的关系，它们都是旅游经济学的基本理论在各具体领域中的应用和具体化。 第二章 一、旅游经济是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物，是视频生产发展的结果，是国民经济的重要组成部分。 二、旅行社是指依法成立并具有法人资格，在旅游经济活动中从事招徕、接待旅游者，组织旅游活动，获取经济收入，实行独立核算、自负盈亏的旅游企业。 三、旅游饭店是为旅游者提供住宿、餐饮、娱乐和其他服务的旅游企业。 四、旅游交通是旅游业的重要组成部分，没有发达的现代交通运输业，就不可能有发达的现代旅游业。
外文翻译 译文 标题：乡村旅游与可持续发展 资料来源: 亚诺什学院 - 布达佩斯经济科学大学 作者：塔玛拉拉茨 - 拉斯洛坡格左 引言 乡村旅游是旅游产业的一个部分，这在匈牙利显得尤为重要。在一个国家没有壮观的自然景观，没有海滨、高山、雨林、珍奇动物的情况下，迷人的村庄、温泉、河流和湖泊这些旅游资源可以利用起来。优美环境与当地人们传统的热情接待相结合，能够提供给游客愉快的体验，让游客在安静的环境中得到放松并且欣赏到文化景观。 一方面，乡村旅游业的发展使匈牙利旅游资源呈现多样化，使国家形象更加多姿多彩。另一方面，乡村旅游是刺激经济增长的一种手段，促进了欠发达地区的产业发展，并改善当地居民的生活水平。 如果乡村旅游要发挥其真正的作用，在某种程度上得到进一步的发展，那么在其自身发展的基础上，就要确保资源的长期可持续性发展。那么，什么是乡村旅游的可持续发展方式？如何对其可持续性进行监测来达到促进农村发展的目的？本文试图回答这些问题，并且通过提出匈牙利乡村旅游指标来了解被认为是这种类型的旅游的目前情况。 旅游业可持续发展 可持续发展的概念是由世界环境与发展委员会在1987年的布伦特兰报告中关提出来的，可持续发展定义为“发展，以满足当代人的需求又不损害子孙后代能满足自己的需要”。 旅游业是世界各地最重要的经济活动之一，1997年世界各地国际运送超过6.17亿人，年收益产生448亿美元（WTO，1998年），这是一个重要的经济力量。1996年产生生产总值3153.3亿美元，为255万人创造就业机会，参与生产应用程序。旅游业生产值占到世界10.7%的国内生产总值，766亿美元用于投资应用程序，每年都
数字电视外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Ginga Middleware and Digital TV in Latin America Gabriel Baum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Luiz Fernando G. Soares, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro In 2005, Brazil launched its digital TV (DTV) agenda. Its main premise was to reduce the digital divide present in the country, giving the lower social classes the right to access , produce, and distribute information . As a natural consequence, a second premise stressed the generation of local IT jobs and companies to support the entire effort. To bring the benefits of DTV to the masses, Brazil devised the Japanese-Brazilian terrestrial DTV(ISDB-T—the International Standard for Digital Broadcasting),taking the earlier ISDB Japanese standard as a base (with some video and audio coding updates) and introducing the innovative Brazilian middleware system, called Ginga. Argentina adopted ISDB-T in2009 with similar objectives to those of Brazil. Since then, Ginga has been adopted in 12 Latin-American countries. Several other countries in Central America and Africa are testing it as well.
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment
第一章 一、 二、四、旅游经济学特征：旅游经济学是一门应 用学科，旅游经济学是一门产业经济学，旅游经济学是一门基础学科，旅游经济学是一门新兴的边缘学科。 三、五、旅游经济学研究的对象是旅游经济活动中 旅游产品的需求与供给的矛盾。 四、旅游经济学的研究任务：第一，揭示影响和作 用于旅游经济活动的基本经济因素和经济关系。第二，在研究旅游经济活动的基础上，寻觅和获取旅游业发展的最佳经济效益和社会效益的途径。第三，为制定旅游业发展方针、政策和法国提供理论基础。 五、六、旅游经济学研究的内容：1.旅游经济的形 成及产业标志。2.旅游产品的开发及供求关系。3.旅游产品的市场开拓及销售。4.旅游产品的消费及合理化。5.旅游产品的经营成本及效益。6.旅游经济结构及发展。
六、七、旅游经济学的研究方法：1.理论与实际相 结合的方法。2.定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法。3.静态分析与动态分析相结合的方法。4. 微观分析与宏观分析相结合的方法。 七、八、旅游经济学与其他学科的关系：1.旅游经 济学与经济学的关系：旅游经济学是一门经济类的应用学科，经济学理论在旅游经济学中也是适用的。旅游经济学规律与一般的经济规律是高兴与共性的关系。2.旅游经济学与旅游学的关系：旅游经济学是旅游学的一部分，它与旅游学的关系是特殊与一般的关系。旅游经济学是从经济这个角度研究旅游活动中所反映的诸关系中的经济关系，从经济学的角度加深对旅游学的研究。3.旅游经济学与其他旅游学科的关系：第一类是与旅游经济学成平行关系的学科，旅游活动是它们相互联系的纽带。第二类是与旅游经济学成纵向关系的学科，旅游经济学同这些学科的关系是抽象与具体的关系，它们都是旅游经济学的基本理论在各具体领域中的应用和具体化。
关于生态旅游的文献综述 摘要:生态旅游作为一项以保护性、教育性和责任性为主要特征的旅游活动，在生态环境问题日趋严重的今天，显示出越来越大的生命力，目前生态旅游已成为世界各国旅游者的一种时尚和旅游业的热点。生态旅游迅速的发展，已成为当今旅游发展的重要方向。本文对生态旅游的产生背景，概念内涵以及特性、国内为发展概况等研究文献进行了综述。 关键词：生态旅游内涵特性国内外发展 一．引言 在全球人类面临生存的环境危机的背景下，随着人类环境意识的觉醒，绿色运动及绿色消费已席卷全球。生态旅游作为一种绿色旅游消费，一经提出便在全球引起巨大反响，短短几十年的今天，生态旅游的概念迅速普及到全球，其内涵也得到了不断地充实，针对目前生态环境的不断恶化的状况，旅游业从生态旅游的对象是自然景物出发，将生态旅游定义为“回归大自然旅游”和“绿色旅游” [1]。作为一个综合性的服务部门和第三产业的重要构成部分，旅游业以其强大的关联和带动作用，在区域乃至国家经济社会发展中的作用日记重要，促使诸多地区将旅游业作为支柱性产业或主导性产业加以培育和发展，致使区域间旅游发展竞争日趋激烈[2]。针对现在旅游业发展中出现的种种问题，旅游业从生态旅游的对象不应受到损害出发，将生态旅游定义为“保护旅游”和“可持续发展旅游”。同时，世界各国根据各自的国情开展生态旅游，形成各具特色的生态旅游[3]。 二.生态旅游概述 当今世界经济中，服务业是增长最快的产业，也是提供就业机会最多的产业，美国学者约翰·奈斯比特在他的《2000年大趋势和全球问题》中提出，21世纪世界服务经济的领导产业，主要是电信业，信息技术产业和旅游业三种主要的服务业。1992年里约热内卢会议后，生态旅游在全球得到迅速发展，它作为旅游业中一种宣传主题明确，生命力旺盛的旅游形式，日益深入人心，为了更好的发展生态旅游，先对生态旅游做一回顾。 1生态旅游产生的背景 生态旅游英名为Ecotourism是Ecological Tourism的缩写，由国际自然保护联盟专家H．ceballos Lascurain于1983首次提出的。它不仅被用来表征所有观光景物的旅游，而且强调观光的对象不应受到损害，是在可持续管理的思想指导下开展的旅游活动[4]。它的产生有以下几种原因： (1)有可靠的理论基础。生态学和可持续发展的思想为生态旅游的产生奠定了深厚的基础，现生态学已超过了传统生物生态学的范畴，成为一种人类普遍的思想和原则。在生态利益优先的趋势下，在可持续发展理论指导下，人们开始注重用生态学原理，设计良性运转的旅游系统，实施生态工程，促进了生态旅游的
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机简介中英对原文来源图书馆电子资源 Single chip brief introduction The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part. It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability,
生态旅游对环境的影响（节选） 原文来源：Environment Impacts of Ecotourism;Edited by Ralf Buckley International Centre for Ecotourism Research,Griffith University,Australia CAIB Publishing;Oct,2008 生态旅游由于其实际或潜在的积极影响受到社会和保护区以及公司和消费者广泛吹捧。例如，在讨论进入保护区方面，旅游说客和生态旅游经营者宣称他们不仅将会采取措施师环境影响减到最小,而且生态旅游还会产生利益。然而,保护区也为旅游业提供了非常重要的好处。 每年被人类消耗或污染的自然资源有很多。人类生存需要饮用水，可呼吸的空气和可用的生物多样性。自然生态系统是每个这些领域的主要的蓄水池。生态系统由于人类活动已被不同程度地广泛地修改了。近原始的荒野地区和其他小改造的地区的环境正在不断减少，像城市中心，垃圾堆放场，矿场和单一种植区几乎完全修改的环境在继续扩大。有很多没有完全修改而又很重要的地方，如农村住宅，布罗德埃克牧区和被采伐的原始森林在最少修改的地区也继续扩大。为制止和扭转这些趋势，只在人类的社会结构和人类行为发生大规模和深远的变化时才能成为可能。然而，如果在短期内没有这种变化，规模更大的混乱将逼近人类。 关于可持续能力和关乎人类生存的任何长期策略唯一最重要的组分，能够使世界各种各样的生态系统的代表性区域保持在一个合理的原封不动的和功能的状态。当然，这是保护区全局系统的主要目标，包括世界遗产地区、生物圈储备、国家公园和其他保护区域。然而，这些公园还不能独自地防止生物多样性持续损失：首先，因为他们是太小和不充分地代表性的；第二，因为他们不充分地被保护。目前，有公开和私有土地其他地区在被保护区系统之外的，它们对保护生物多样性和空气和水的质量有很大贡献。它们包括：像极地，高山，沙漠和海洋生态系一样很少人的地方；那些为木材和家畜产品使用的但其中很少使用牧场保留其原有的性质功能和生物多样性的森林地和牧场；人类的生活方式没有介入对自然环境的密集的修改的部族和社区土地。然后，随着人口和资源消耗量的继续增长，所有这些未保护的区域却受到越来越多的开发和修改，例如采伐，农业清除和类似的冲击加速。特别是，其中一些区域涉及保护和储备，而且逐渐增长的人口压力正在导致土地清除和移民直到储备界限，有时会在保护的过程中出现侵犯。在被保护区界限不是明确界定或没有发现的地区，这样侵犯也许一般包括偷猎，非法收获，小规模移民和时而的军事演习。然而，甚而在国家公园界限已建立和强制执行的区域，侵犯可能仍然发生。有时，相关的立法也许允许发展某些类在公园界限之外的可能在保护区的周长附近增加杂草、病原生物、野生动物、水污染和火来源的压力，并且这些能不再人类进一步的干涉下在保护区里得到传播。 因此，代表性的生态系统的保护不仅能够通过增加保护区财产，改进现存储备的有效保护率，而且通过减少对储备区以外土地的修改得到改进，以便改进它的保护价值。 用纯粹财政术语来说，以现在的市场价购买高保护价值所有剩余的区域，在更加富有的政府和公司看来是在世界范围内的，并且宣称他们作为保护区。然而，由于许多政治原因，这是不太可能发生得。许多保护区管理代办处没有足够的金钱来管理他们现有的财产，更不用说发展它。全世界国家公园和相似的储备总面积继续慢慢地增长，并且在最近几年里给保护区的管理代办处的一些资助增加显著。然而，在全球范围内，公共的保护区越来越资金短缺。同时，他们不断地受到人类的压力，这种压力同时来自于从在它们的边界之外的压力和游客的人数和期望增长的压力。结果，只有最大和最远的保
一、不定项选择10*1 二、填空10*2 三、作图10*2 四、简答5*3 五、计算10*2 六、论述15*1 第一章 1、什么是旅游经济学 是经济学概念在旅游方面的延伸，即以经济学的一般理论为指导，研究 旅游经济活动中各种经济现象、经济关系、经济规律及其应用的科学。 2、旅游经济学学科特点、属性 学科特点：新兴学科、应用学科、产业经济学科、边缘性学科 学科属性：应用型、部门性、边缘性、基础性 3、与其他学科间关系 4、什么是旅游、旅游活动、旅游经济活动 旅游：非定居者的旅行和暂时逗留而引起的现象和关系的总和。这些人不会导致长期定居且不牵涉任何赚钱活动。 旅游活动：狭义的旅游活动指游人以游览为主要目的所从事的“游览”型活动；广义的旅游既包括游览活动，又包括旅游开发活动、旅游 经营活动、旅游管理活动、旅游教育活动等，即指与旅游直接相关的各 种活动的总称。 旅游经济活动：是旅游活动的一个重要方面，是旅游需求者和旅游供给者之间通过市场交换形式所形成的各种经济现象和经济关系的总 和。 5、旅游经济活动的影响 在国民经济中的地位和作用：增加外汇收入；加快货币回笼；带动相关产业；积累建设资金；促进贫困地区脱贫 对社会的作用及影响：促进人类社会进步；促进接待国或地区社会
环境的改善；促进社会和平 对文化的作用及影响：加速各民族文化的交流和融合；促使民族优秀的文化传统得到发掘、振兴和光大；促使民族文化的个性更加突出； 促进整个人类精神文明的进步 对生态环境的作用及影响：环境是开展旅游活动的重要条件；旅游活动促使人们对环境进行美化和保护；旅游开发促使人们加强对环境的 保护 第二章 ※1、什么是旅游产品（旅游者、生产者、市场三个角度） 从旅游市场角度看：是指旅游者和旅游经营者在市场上交换的、主要用于旅游活动中所消费的各种物质产品和服务的总和。可分为：单项产品、组合产品、整体产品。 从旅游需求角度看：是指旅游者花费一定时间、精力和金钱所得到的一段旅游经历和感受。要求旅游产品具有：内容上的丰富性、组合上的配套性、质量上的均等性。 从旅游供给角度看：是指旅游经营者凭借一定的旅游资源、旅游设施和其他相关媒介，向旅游者提供其在旅游活动中各种需要的诸多产品和服务的总和。要求具有：综合性、有偿性、动态性。 ※2、旅游产品基本特征（区别于一般的工农业产品） 综合性：品种构成复杂、涉及的产业与部门众多、属性的综合性 无形性：取决于服务性 时空同一性：产地消费性 依赖性：旅游产品生产的共有资源依赖性；旅游产品生产的公共物品依赖性；旅游产品生产的社会依赖性 空间固定性 风险性（脆弱性）：旅游产品自身生产出现问题（如结构失衡）；国际经济、政治方面的变化（如贸易壁垒、汇率变化）；各种自然条件与自然环境的变化地区差异性
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：远程视频监控系统 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：电子信息工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文文献翻译 A System for Remote Video Surveillance and Monitoring The thrust of CMU research under the DARPA Video Surveillance and Monitoring (VSAM) project is cooperative multi-sensor surveillance to support battlefield awareness. Under our VSAM Integrated Feasibility Demonstration (IFD) contract, we have developed automated video understanding technology that enables a single human operator to monitor activities over a complex area using a distributed network of active video sensors. The goal is to automatically collect and disseminate real-time information from the battlefield to improve the situational awareness of commanders and staff. Other military and federal law enforcement applications include providing perimeter security for troops, monitoring peace treaties or refugee movements from unmanned air vehicles, providing security for embassies or airports, and staking out suspected drug or terrorist hide-outs by collecting time-stamped pictures of everyone entering and exiting the building. Automated video surveillance is an important research area in the commercial sector as well. Technology has reached a stage where mounting cameras to capture video imagery is cheap, but finding available human resources to sit and watch that imagery is expensive. Surveillance cameras are already prevalent in commercial establishments, with camera output being recorded to tapes that are either rewritten
文献出处：Cucculelli, Marco, and Gianluca Goffi. Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from the Italian Destinations of Excellence [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production (2015)：1-13. 原文 Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from Italian Destinations of Excellence Marco Cucculelli, Gianluca Goffib Abstract This paper extends the Richie, Crouch (2000) model on destination competitiveness by introducing a set of sustainability indicators and testing their role in explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of small Italian “Destinations of Excellence”, i.e., outstanding tourist destinations recognized by prestigious national and international awards. Both a principal component analysis and a regression analysis are applied to test the empirical validity of the model. Empirical results show that factors directly referring to sustainability have a positive impact on all the competitiveness indicators used as dependent variables. Furthermore, the impact of sustainability variables is larger in value than other variables, thus confirming the role of sustainability as a crucial determinant of the competitiveness of a tourist destination. Keywords: Sustainability; Tourism; Destination competitiveness; Italy Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in many countries around the