外文资料译文：
A Study of Strategies forChina’s International
Tourism
1. Introduction
Roughly speaking, China’s international tourism industry is the outcome of the implementation of economic reform and opening to the outside world. Along with the changes in Chinese political and economic systems, it has grown out of nothing, and experienced progress from small to large, from rapid growth to steady development, heading toward its maturity. This industry is playing an increasingly significant role in the country’s national economy.Go with the entry of the WTO, it is confronted with much opportunities and challenges.
2. Main stages of development
China’s tourism business since 1949 has undergone, in general, the following four major stages of development.
2.11949-1966: tourism as a part of foreign affairs of the state
From 1949 to 1966,tourism was only a form of special political activity. Travel services (similar to tour operators or travel agents) were set up right after the new government formed, but only provided services for visiting overseas Chinese nationals and for foreigners with special permission to visit the country. And outbound travel was limited almost exclusively to diplomats and government officials at public expense.
2.21966-1978: a standstill period
The Great Cultural Revolution started from early 1966 and lasted for a decade through to 1976 and forced the infant travel business to be almost entirely suspended. During this period, China shut her doors and was busy with internal political struggles; hardly any overseas tourists in the proper sense were allowed to visit the country.
2.31978-1985: tourism as an important economic activity
1978 was a year of great significance for China. In that year, an epoch-making decision was made by the CPC Central Committee to shift its emphasis from political struggle to economic construction of four modernizations Encouraged by the governmental political and economic policy, tourism developed rapidly during this period.
2.41986 onwards: tourism as a significant contribution to the national economy
In 1986, China put the tourist industry into the national plan for social and economic development for the first time. With the deepening reform, tourism has been placed among service industries enjoying priority in the national industrial policy, and by the end of 1998, the governments of 24 out of all 31 municipalities, provinces and autonomous regions in China had made the tourist industry one of the leading or pillar industries in their locality. The CPC Central Committee at its conference on the economy in late 1998 identified the tourist industry as one of the new growth points of the national economy in the years to come.The tourist industry has been drawing much more attention from various governments, industries and the general public as well.
3. Opportunities and Challenges
During the past 20 years, China’s tourism has witnessed a quick increase, with an annual growth rate surpassing the world average. Looking to the future,China’s international tourism will encounter both opportunities and challenges.
3.1 Opportunities
The opportunities that China’s international tourism may encounter are various, and include at least the following:
3.1.1Great potential of an international market
For all destination countries the international tourism markets are beyond their own boundaries. Therefore, the real and potential tourism demand outside relies not only on the social and economic development of the tourist generating countries, on
the entire world political and economic situation, but also on the political and economic relationship between the tourist generating and receiving countries.
3.1.2Steady growth of China’s economy
The reform has promo ted China’s economic development, and changed the way of thinking of the Chinese people. There might be a host of knotty problems to deal with in the long course of reform, though sufficient supply and low inflation may further stabilize the country’s poli tical and economic situation. And political and economic stabilization may not only provide good conditions for tourism development, but also create a new attractiveness for outsiders.
3.1.3 Joined World Trade Organizations
China has joined the WTO and become a member of it.The two-way openness will reduce entry-exit barriers for international visitors, and make the tourist flow much easier. As a result, the flow of commodities, people, capital etc, will be more frequent and smooth. China will obtain more technology and know-how from the developed countries, easy access to the international distribution channels and information network, and compete freely in the world market. The introduction of international competition will help improve the efficiencyof service industry, upgrade servicequality, and cut service costs, then further lower the prices of various tourist services, expand tourist markets, and promote the development of international tourism.
3.1.4 Capability of holding many great activities
China is drawing on more and more visions of the whole world. Now China has many large activities to hold every. The “99 wealth forum” the forum of APCE of 2001, the Asia forum in Bo Ao, The Trade Fair in Guangzhou every year, the 2008 Beijing Olympic and the 2010 EXPO in Shanghai. All of these show the image of China to the world and also draw on the large quantity of tourists interested in Chinese culture. We should make use of these large opportunities, letting the world know the new China and to develop the Chinese tourism.
3.2Challenges
China’s international tourism development may also meet thefollowing serious challenges in the future.
3.2.1Increasingly fierce international competition
Today,moreand more countries pay great attention to thedevelopment of international tourism, seeing it as an important way to earn tourist dollars and improve the international balance of payments. Therefore, they promote their countries by every possible means, resulting in an increasingly fierce competition among all destinations. In fact, nowadays, tourism competition is not competition among the tourist enterprises per se, but more importantly, the competition of national power among destination countries.
3.2.2Sharp contradictions between mature tourists and premature market mechanism
China’s international tourism still is not able to shake off the shackles of the old system in terms of organization and methods of operation and management, and it cannot but be restricted by the incomplete market economic system. On the contrary, China has to face mature international tourists, and to meet the challenges from the mature market economies. So the contradictions between the mature international tourist markets and the incomplete market economy system of China become obvious. The drawbacks of China’s present system include less effective state macro-control, lack of related laws and regulations, disorder in domestic market competition, unreliable product quality, lack of knowledge of international market demand, backward international marketing and promotion means and the manner in which rigid business operations are conducted. These contradictions may influence, to some extent, the image building of China in the international tourism market.
3.2.3Impacts of entry into the WTO
Entry into the World Trade Organization means that China has to release part of its markets, and to lead its competitors into its own territory, leaving trades that used to be protected to compete directly with their overseas counterparts. Some weak links of China’s tourist industry, such as travel agencies, may meet with great difficulties. On the whole, the trade of travel agents in China is not very strong, and most of the travel services are small in size, poor in management, and they cannot match their
counterparts in the developed tourism countries in terms of technology, capital, personnel, networking and service quality.
3.2.4Low ability of the reception
As is shown previously, every year China will hold many large activities which will bring many foreign guests from all over the world. The problem now is whether we have the ability to meet these guests. For example, Shanghai is a big city in China and its reception ability is comparatively all right as far as I know. But in 2001 when the F1 first was held in Shanghai, many foreign people couldn’t find room to stay and the place for entertainment. So as we are enjoying to have the chance to hold big activities, we should also prepare well for the reception.
4. Strategies for the coming years
Nowadays, the government-led pattern in tourism has been adopted in many developing countries the world over. So, it is essential for China now to set up or regulate its policies and strategies for the development of international tourism in line with the general goal of national social and economic development.
4.1Epistemic diversion and enhancement
China’s service trade is still small in size, unable to contend with the developed countries as a whole owing to restrictions of funds, technology, personnel and other factors. But China has an obvious superiority in international tourism development. On the one hand, China possesses rich tourist resources, among which many are monopolistic and can be developed into competitive products. On the other hand, the “export” of tourism service with low swap cost may avoid such numerous restrictions and barriers which commodity exports often encounter. Therefore, the state should reco nfirm that international tourism is the priority area of the country’s service trade, and recognize it as a key player in the country’s export trade. It should be made clear and definite in theory and practice that international tourism, at least, is entitled to enjoy the same position and preferential policies as the commodity trade has possessed or will possess.
4.2 Giving priority to the Chinese culture in product development
China is a large country, and has abundant tourism resources to develop. But as for the international visitors, especially the first comers to China, the Chinese cultural heritage holds the most attraction. Local operators may develop various products based on the local market and resources available to meet various market demands. Therefore, China, as a whole, should always give priority to Chinese culture in product development for the international tourism market. China has a plentiful supply of unique natural attractions. Since these tourist attractions are on the mainland of China, more cultural contents related to the attractions should be encouraged, making them more distinctive than their overseas counterparts.
4.3 Expanding the world international tourism markets
To open up the international tourism market, two important things should be done well. One is to know clearly the market demand, so as to determine the target markets and work out the corresponding marketing strategies. The other is to send information in time to the target markets. The former is the most important and, without correct understanding of market demand, marketing strategies are aimless; and the latter is the key to success, since the provision of timely information may help the market to make decisions on the destination. Of course, the tactics and techniques of marketing are equally important. Therefore, to expand the international market share in the long run, more input should be made, and more money should be spent on market study and effective promotions. To achieve the desired results, promotions should be focused at the target markets, and money should be used in a concentrated and effective way. 4.4 Expanding expenditure of overseas visitors
FromChina’s perspective, the mainobjective of developing international tourism at present is to increase foreign exchange. Indeed, there are many ways to earn more tourist dollars. However, the way of growth should be altered from quantity to quality. In addition to maintaining the proper growth in international arrivals, more active efforts should be made to p rolong the length of each visitor’s stay in China, expand opportunities for visitors to consume, and encourage them to spend more money in the country.
5. Conclusion
Some 20 years’ development has made China’s international tourism more mature and has laid down a good foundation for further development. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) has made an inspiring forecast of future international tourism development in the world. According to the report, by 2020 the world international tourist arrivals may reach 1.6 billion, and their average spending per day, excluding international fares, may reach US$5 billion. The WTO indicates also that, with 137 million international tourist arrivals and some 100 million outbound tourist departures, China will rank first among the top world destinations and fourth among the world top tourist generating countries respectively. Of course, the achievement of the forecast figures needs a supportive outside environment and, more importantly, depends on China’s own efforts. As the saying goes, “the future is bright, but the road ahead is tortuous”. Realization of the promised goal needs constant efforts, not only from the tourism sectors, but also from the whole of society.
From：Wang Nannan.The Network of Network Education College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University[EB/OL]. http:// https://www.doczj.com/doc/d915437340.html,, 2006.5.12.
中国的国际旅游事业的策略研究
1. 介绍
总的讲来，中国国际旅游是中国改革开放的直接结果。伴随着中国政治经济方面改革的深入，旅游业经历了从无到有，从小到大的稳定发展过程，并逐渐向成熟过渡。这一行业在国民经济中的地位越来越重要。中国加入WTO，给中国旅游业带来了更大的机遇和挑战。
2. 主要发展阶段
从1949年开始，中国旅游经历了四个主要的发展阶段：
2.11949-1966:外交的附属阶段
从1949年到1966年，旅游业只是政治活动的特殊形式。旅行服务（例如旅行操作员和旅游代理商）只是在新政府建立后组建的，是为出国的中国人或被许可访问中国的外国人服务的机构。出境旅行几乎只限于外交人员和为公事的政府官员。
2.2 1966-1978:停滞阶段
文化大革命从1966年早期到1976年持续了近十年，致使处于萌芽阶段的旅游业几乎停止。在那段时期，中国对外关上了大门而忙于国际政治斗争，很少有外国人会被准许访问中国。
2.3 1978-1985:逐渐重要期
1978年对于中国来说是及其重要的一年，在这一年，党中央做出了一个划时代的决定，即将工作重心由政治斗争转移到经济建设上来。在政府政策和经济政策的鼓励下，旅游业快速发展起来。
2.4 1986 发展期，旅游成为国民经济的主要贡献者
在1986年，中国第一次把旅游业列入关于社会和经济发展的国家计划。随着改革的深入，旅游业已经在服务业中享有优越的地位，到1998年底，中国有24个省、市、自治区将旅游业列入本地区的首要或支柱产业。党中央在1998年
的工作报告中将旅游业列为今后几年的新兴经济增长点。旅游业开始受到政府、投资者、以及公众的关注。
3. 机遇和挑战
在过去的二十年间，中国旅游业经历了快速的增长，年度增长率超过了世界水平。展望未来，中国旅游将面临机遇和挑战并存的境况。
3.1 机遇
其面临的机遇很多，具体如下：
3.1.1 潜力巨大的国际市场
对于所有的国家，旅游业已经走出自己国家范围。因此，现实的和潜在的旅游事业要求不仅要依赖国内的旅游者，在全球化经济的今天，更需要国内外旅游者的参与。
3.1.2 持续增长的中国经济
改革已经促进中国的经济发展，而且正在改变中国人的思考方式。虽然充分的补给和低的通货膨胀可能更进一步稳定国家的政治局面和经济情势，但也存在许多有结的问题需要在改革的漫长过程中处理。政治和经济上的安定不但提供好情况给旅游事业发展，而且会对外国人产生新的吸引。
3.1.3 加入WTO
中国已经加入WTO成为其成员。双向开放将减少外国游客进出中国的壁垒，这使旅游更容易成为潮流。结果是，商业流、人流、资金流等都将更加顺畅。中国将会获得来自发达国家技术和方法，将更容易进入国际的分配渠道和信息，并在国际市场上自由竞争。引进国际竞争能更好的促进国内旅游服务的高效发展、提高服务质量、削减服务成本，继而降低大多服务项目的价格、扩大旅游市场，最终促进国际旅游事业的发展。
3.1.4 承办旅游活动的能力
中国正在吸引世界上越来越多的目光。现在中国已经承办和举办很多的活动。“99财富论坛”、2001年的APCE会议、博鳌亚洲论坛、每年的广交会、2008年北京奥运会、以及2010年的上海世博会。所有这些都向世界展示了中国独特的魅力，并吸引了大量的人关注中国文化。我们应该利用这些大的机会，让世界知道新的中国并大力发展中国旅游事业。
3.2 挑战
中国的国际旅游事业发展未来也可能遇见下列的严重挑战：
3.2.1日渐激烈的国际竞争
如今，越来越多的国家对国际旅游事业的发展给予极大的关注，视它为一个重要的赚钱和改善国际的贸易收支的方法。因此，他们运用任何可能的方法促进他们国家的旅游事业发展，造成所有的旅游目的地的竞争日趋激烈。事实上，时下，就旅游事业竞争本身而言，更重要不是在企业之间的竞争，而是在目的地国家之间的国家力量的竞争。
3.2.2 成熟的旅游者与不成熟的机制的强烈冲突
中国的国际旅游事业仍然无法脱离计划经济控制的阴影。中国必须面对成熟的国际旅游者，迎接成熟的国际市场的挑战。因此成熟的国际旅游者市场和中国的不完全市场经济制度之间的矛盾变成明显。中国的现有系统的不利，包括低效率的宏观控制、相关法律和规则的缺乏、国内市场无序竞争、不可靠的产品质量、国际市场要求的知识的缺乏、落后的国际行销和促销方法，这些矛盾在某些程度上可能影响中国在国际旅游市场中的形象。
3.2.3加入WTO的冲击
进入世界贸易组织意味着中国必须释放它的部份市场，而且带领它的竞争者进入它自己的范围，远离过去直接的贸易保护。一些和中国旅游业相关的因素，例如旅行社，可能会遇见较大的困难。整体上，中国的旅行社代理人竞争力并不是很强，而且大部份的旅游服务规模很小，管理方面很弱，而且在技术、资金、人员、服务网络和质量方面都不能与发达国家相比。
3.2.4可接受能力低
当前数据显示, 每年中国举行的大型活动将会带来大量外国的游客。问题是现在我们是否有能力接待这些客人。举例来说，上海在中国是第一的大城市，据我所知它的接待能力还是比较好的。但是在2001年，当F1第一次在上海举行的时候，许多外国的人无法找到住处和娱乐的地方。因此当我们正在得意于有机会举行大型活动的同时，我们也应该为接待来自四面八方的客人做好充分的准备。
4. 将来几年的策略
时下，政府引导的旅游事业的模式已经在许多发展中国家被采用。因此，为实现中国国际旅游业的总体目标和经济的发展，中国目前有必要设立和规范自己的政策和发展战略。
4.1 知识的转移和提高
中国的服务贸易规模依旧很小，由于基金、技术的限制，人员和其他的因素还不能和发达国家相抗衡。但是中国在国际旅游市场具有明显的优势：其一，中国具有丰富的旅游资源，这些旅游资源可以开发为具有竞争力的产品。其二，另一方面，旅游事业服务的“输出品”用低的以货易货费用可能避免很多的限制和日用品输出时常遇到的障碍。因此，国家应该确信国际旅游事业是国家的服务贸易的优先区域，而且要认识到它是和国家的输出商品一样的主要贸易。政府应清楚而明白地在理论与实际中实行国际旅游事业，至少赋予旅游业享受与商品输出相同的地位和政策。
4.2优先发展文化产业
中国是一个大国，拥有丰富的旅游资源。但是对于来中国的旅客，尤其是首次来的旅客，中国的文化更有魅力。本地人员可能发展以适宜各不同的市场要求可用的当地的市场和资源为基础的各种不同的产品。因此，就中国整体而言，应该为国际的旅游事业市场优先开发中国文化。中国拥有许多独特天然的旅游资源。对于那些游览圣地的外国旅游者，具有本地文化特征的产品更能吸引他们，所以应加以鼓励。
4.3 扩展国际市场
为扩展国际市场，必须做好两件事情。一是清楚地知道市场需求，以便确定目标市场并制定弹性的市场策略。二是，向目标市场及时传送信息。前者最重要，若没有正确的理解市场需求，市场策略是盲目的。后者则是通向成功的钥匙，及时传递信息有助于消费者做出合理的选择。当然，手法和行销的技术同等重要。因此，为了扩大市场，需要更多的投入。另外，还要投入资金做市场调查以及研究。为达到这一结果，促销应该集中于目标市场，资金也应该合理有效地使用。4.4 扩张外国游客的开支
中国期望近期发展国际旅游业的主要目的是增加外汇收入。事实上，有更多的渠道可以增加旅游收入。然而，增长的方法应该从量变到质变。除了维持国外来访者的数量适量增长之外，比较有效的方法是延长每个访客在中国的停留时间，为访客提供更多的消费机会，而且鼓励他们旅行中花费较多的钱。
5.结语
20年的发展已经使中国的国际旅游事业变成得更成熟，而且已经为进一步的发展打下一个好的基础。世界旅游事业组织针对国际旅游业做了详尽的调查。依照报告，2020年世界国际的游客可能抵达十六亿，而且他们的平均每天开支，排除国际的费用，可能达到US$五十亿。世界旅游组织还预测，一亿三千七百万的国际游客将进入中国，一亿离开。中国将位列世界旅游目的国之首。当然，预测的实现需要外部环境的支持，更大的是需要中国自身的努力。正如俗语所言，未来是光明的，道路是曲折的。实现已经在手的目标需要持续的努力，不仅仅是旅游部门，还包括社会上的其他部门。
资料来源：王楠楠.上海交通大学网络教育学院网[EB/OL].http:// https://www.doczj.com/doc/d915437340.html,,2006.5.12.
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
市场营销策略 1 市场细分和目标市场策略 具有需求，具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。然而，在大多数市场中，购买者的需求不一致。因此，对整个市场采用单一的营销计划可能不会成功。一个合理的营销计划应以区分市场中存在的差异为起点，这一过程被称为市场细分，它还包括将何种细分市场作为目标市场。 市场细分使公司能更加有效地利用其营销资源。而且，也使得小公司可以通过集中在一两个细分上场上有效地参与竞争。市场细分的明显缺点是，其导致了比单一产品、单一大市场策略更高的生产和营销成本。但是，如果市场细分得当的话，更加符合消费者的需求，实际上将生产更高的效率。 确定目标市场有三种可供选择的策略，它们是统一市场、单一细分市场和多重细分市场。统一市场策略即采取一种营销组合用到一个整体的、无差异的市场中去。采取单一细分市场策略，公司仍然仅有一种营销组合，但它只用在整个市场的一个细分市场中。多重细分市场策略需要选择两个或更多的细分市场，并且每个细分市场分别采用一种单独的营销组合。 2 产品定位 管理者将注意力集中于一种品牌，并以恰当的方式将其与类似的品牌相区分，但这并不意味着该品牌就一定能够最后赢利。因此，管理者需要进行定位，即塑造与竞争品牌和竞争对手的其他品牌相关的自我品牌形象。 市场营销人员可以从各种定位策略中加以选择。有时，他们决定对某一特定产品采用一种以上的策略。以下是几种主要的定位策略： 2.1与竞争者相关的定位 对一些产品来说，最佳的定位是直接针对竞争对手。该策略特别适用于已经具有固定的差别优势或试图强化这种优势的厂商。为排挤微处理器的竞争对手，Intel公司开展了一项活动使用户确信它的产品优于竞争对手的产品。公司甚至为电脑制造商出钱，让它们在自己的广告中带上“Intel Inside”标志。作为市场领导者，可口可乐公司推出新产品并实施其市场营销策略。同时，它密切注视百事可乐公司，以确保对主要竞争对手的任何一次巧妙、有效的营销举措采取相应的对策。 2.2 与产品类别和属性相关的定位 有时候，公司的定位策略有必要将自己的产品与其类别和属性相联系（或相区别）。一些公司尽力将其产品定位在期望的类别中，如“美国制造”。用一句某顾问的话来说，“当你说‘美国制造’的时候，有一种强烈的感情因素在吸引着你”。因此，一家名为Boston Preparatory的规模不大的运动服制造商正在运用这种定位策略，以期胜过那些并非所有产品都在美国制造的势力强大的竞争对手如Calvin Kiein和Tommy Hilfiger。 2.3 通过价格和质量定位 某些生产者和零售商因其高质量和高价格而闻名。在零售行业，Saks Fifth Avenue和Neiman Marcus公司正是定位于该价格—质量策略的。折扣店Target Kmart则是定位于该策略的反面。我们不是说折扣商店忽视质量，而是说它们更加强调低廉的价格。Penny's公司努力—并且大多获得了成功—通过升级高级服装线和强调设计者的名字将其商店定位于价格—质量策略上。 “品牌”一词是个综合性的概念，它包含其他更狭义的理解。品牌即一个名称和（或）标志，用以识别一个销售者或销售集团的产品，并将之与竞争产品相区别。 品牌名称由能够发音的单词、字母和(或)数字组成。品牌标志是品牌的一部分，它以符号、图案或醒目的颜色、字体的形式出现。品牌标志通过视觉识别，但当人们仅仅读出品牌名称的时候，品牌标志并不能够被表达出来。Crest、Coors、Gillette都是品牌名称。AT&T由醒目的线条构成的地球以及Ralph Lauren's Polo的马和骑手是品牌标志，而Green Giant（罐装冷冻菜蔬产品）和Arm&Hammer（面包苏打）既是品牌名称又是品牌标志。 商标是销售者已经采用并且受到法律保护的品牌。商标不仅包括品牌标志，如许多人所认为的那样，也包括品牌名称。1946年的The Lanham Art法案允许厂商向联邦政府注册商标，以保护它们免受其他厂商的使用或误
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies: