中英文资料对照外文翻译
Discuss tourist guide's cultivating of synthetical ability It is a systematic learning that tourist guide works really , also is an artistic it with artificial , is said to work behaving in certain meaning . No matter being in the travel service , all negative having the special duty in tour round and the society to hold in both hands by man of letters therefore enjoying the special position rivers and mountains , the beautiful scenery will blow by tourist guide . Like that travel service gives rise to surely chiefly product _ tour circuit , and chiefly cause tourist guide accomplishes its sale course , does not have the tour corps of tourist guide not to have soul vividly deciding by role circle yet , the duty by the expectation decision conducts a sightseeing tour work Ren Daoer weight far away
The synthetical character and the ability of tourist guide person self are to the factor that can directly influence the service quality of belt round conducting a sightseeing tour , and whethe r it can also be at the same time being the key tourist guide personnel that good tourist guide received work over a long period of time excluded taking charge of a department , and the thousands of strands and loose ends will be monoplized , and the square aspect face will be dealed with , and the unexpected affair will be decided quickly , and the special requirement will be tried satisfiedly . Facing this does not all sorts ofly has good synthetical character and ability why can deal with free again Only constantly make perfect selfhood , and cultivates the outstanding synthetical ability , and can open up the tourist industry that our homeland is fine and magnificent
One tourist guide personnel should have synthetical character and ability : Tourist guide is praised the face and mirror of nation , and does not have crown ambassador and minister of foreign affairs , and tourist guide should be it enjoying popular confidence visitor of visitor places on the great expectations to tourist guide , and the at the same time also is the ridge beam of travel service . The service concentration of travel service embodies in the action conducting a sightseeing tour , and the image of travel service firstly will be modeled by tourist guide .
Is not that but to be better than manager is not that the promoting sales person but is better than the promoting sales person to manager . The great expectations is placed on in the society , and exchanges to help to bring about by tourist guide because the propagation will be conducted a sightseeing tour to civilization economy . The image conducting a sightseeing tour is that the image of enterprise also is the image of nation . It goes without saying to the important meaning that tourist guide works . Spirit that the conduct a sightseeing tour work will embody " with artificial " only has the making a good job of conducting a sightseeing tour serving of high quality of good entire
character ability . Therefore , since modern times one kind of service tourist guide is agai n a specialty and art .
Qualified a tourist guide personnel firstly should have the consciousness serving , serve technical ability and also should possess at the same time the standard and the ability of preformer directed . Therefore should have good synthetical character and ability
The 1 thought advance , the moral character noble in any times any nation , the moral character of person always is in the most important position , and firstly ardently loves the homeland as the tourist guide person . The basic content conducted a sightseeing tour to explain is the beautiful rivers and mountains introduce the homeland to tour person , the civilization of long history and magnificent . The tourist guide person not only will be explained , and real situat ion true feeling will work hard for with self is gone to influence visitor and is made his give rise to and cry altogether , when speech a row leaveeing the fine impression tourist guide person all is closely linked with the honour or disgrace of homeland , and the image of tourist industry that it is fought is closely linked , if therefore the tourist guide person is not ardently loved the homeland , the political consciousness of support socialism system can not do good tourist guide and work Conduct a sightseeing tour work also is at the same time a window of nation open policy , and conducting a sightseeing tour that it is strong to translate work policy , the influence face is big , therefore must set up the legal system concept highly as tourist guide person , strictly abiding by the discipline abiding by the law , political position is firm , and observes strictly the state secret , and keeps firmly in mind the principle " keeping inside information from outsiders " .
Tourist guide works the propagation civilization , and promoting the friendship , the tourist guide person will be ardently loved job work , pours into enthusiasm , the service that the person who spares no pains provided the high quality for coming from the friends of all corners of the land genuinely is accomplished " within the four seas bosom friend deposits , the end of the world if near "
2 do desultory reading extensively , and that overall modern times tour activity of knowledge is not merely amuse self and view and admire . A person travelling still needs to procure information at pastime surplus and haves a taste of the foreign country sentiment to increase knowledge and enlarges experience . The practice proves , and to explain colloquizeing with day-to-day is the major source of the person's travelling capturing knowledge to tourist guide person . For this kind of needs that suit visitor , the tourist guide personnel knowledge face is to be wide and will have the real ability and learning , and takes broad and profound knowledge as the backing , and do to the content enriching and speech the has thing
The knowledge of tourist guide person chiefly includes : The journey common sense of language and history ground civilization and policy regulations , psychology , aesthetics , society knowledge and basic . Can be spoken , tourist guide is " Eclectics " album various kind of knowledge in digesing , one set of formation possesses self tourist guide's style of characteristic , and the form that is not fixed admittedly is nimble changeable .Eloquence conducting a sightseeing tour be the
humour , and sharp , the reaction is alert and resourceful nimble .
Conducting a sightseeing tour , personnel constantly make perfect selfhood in the course of belt round , open-minded studys , " to collect hundred long , mends self short " raising the service level kimono affair quality , and do to the service only starting point , the terminal point is not had in the satisfaction
3 are good at coordinating being rich in innovation tourist industry affair scope extensively , and the correlation vocational work that involves is fairly more complicated , and as for tourist guide personnel , the spirit to solve the ability of problem and innovation looks outstanding and attaches most importance to to wanting the autonomous working ability . Tourist guide person will stand alone make the decision after accepting the assignment , and the person who will take charge of a department organisation tour person visits that the sight-seeing moves about to the independent handle problem , will make that the whole tour round sight-seeing is good and lives well , so requirement tourist guide has stronger ability meeting an emergency , the organisation coordinates the ability , nimble adopts effective the measure , is good at watching a person's every mood understands the trends of tour person , so better for visitor serves.
It is very important that adept as for tourists guide the tourist guide's technical ability of spirit is realized and keeps forging ahead in the competition , and that broad and profound knowledge not represents has very high tourist guide's technical ability , and tourist guide's technical ability chiefly is intelligence technical ability , and namelys tourist guide person should arrange visits the ability of programme according to the true state of affairs science ingeniouslyly to 4 higher tourist guide's technical ability , the elegant tourist guide person of one famous-brand should possess the command man the standard , namely also will have the ability of preformer , and will have the ability to transfer the zeal of the person travelling at any time , delight that makes them gains travel together in perfect harmony good is enjoyed , and will have the rich knowledge of the control can skillfully used , humour the language , the fascinating explains the person travelling conquering to the intonation of cadence , makes they immerses appreciates beautiful in joyful .
Kimono affair technical ability is three basic essential factors of tourist guide service to knowledge to the language , integral , only three the harmonious combination is worthy to be called tourist guide's who is high quality service . The service technical ability of tourist guide person and knowledge grasped have the very big relation , and needing to cultivate and develops in the practice , the summary not breaking is perfect .
The mentality character of 5 healthy bodies and good is conducted a sightseeing tour , and the work is one high intelligent service work , since a mental work is a physical labor again . Its work load is big and the face is wide , and mobility and repeatability have strongly been put forward the higher requirement as for the condition of body , otherwise very hard suits .
The good mentality character works the necessity very to tourist guide to the characteristic because travelling to move about , and the tourist guide person is one full of vim and vigour forever , and the mood is fully , and the frame of mind is happy , and the brains is soberly , the quick-witted
nimble each side making a good job of of ability relation , the person of very strong certainly accuse ability possesses . Can point out that tourist guide person is it is quick-witted to collect specialty technical ability and knowledge , and is seasoned in smooth and evasive the person all over the body in tour expert's handkerchief of Canada is special .
Tourist guide is the nation , travel service and spokesman of enterprise , and the words and deeds bearings all will be judge travelling the whether successful key of service , and the reputation that the more important is good has only had the good character ability to the beneficial result that what brings far is incessantly , in working constantly the effort seeks , good tour worker who is really straight , does not have one states unchangeable the reason , develops in the change develops , it also is in constantly study and advance that tourist guide ability is had Two , the synthetical ability aspect of tourist guide exists the defect reaching and tourist guide explains the defect of ability aspect :
The language conducting a sightseeing tour is rated as second scenery traveled , and visitor is by way of brilliant tourist guide's language , can increase quality visiting , and deepen the impression going sightseeing , and lightens the tired and lonely that travels , and the strong human touch that many knowledge are affected by the where guests feel at home that the understanding in the area at scenery scenic spot can not seen . Thus leave the fine profoundly memory . To with tourist guide , speaking should be no problem , can in taking to roll into a ball the course explanation standard of tourist guide person and each other going very far . The linguistic description ability is strong and weak in the time of a lot , and what the various subject matter that has difference same of the method of tourist guide can appear differently even to the extent that can appear the contrary fruit .
Now the problem that universally exists has : 1. Some tourist guide person knowledge standards are inadequate , can memorize mechanically that some tourist guides read item by item from the text by the word , seemingly Buddhist monk recites scriptures , prosaiclly , and " one side Bai Bing , no matter treating equally without discrimination " differing in thousands of ways , the word explaining of tourist guide is stereotyped 2. Some tourist guide persons only can be used the dry and dull dry insipid language , several inflexible numerals are introduced the tour sight spot . Other visitor is drowsy and has no new meaning and speech 3. But half solutions at the sight spot to introduce of some tourist guide persons often in a few words , being muddled through the work , and only having acted to lead and the simple effect explaind , and the enquirement to visitor also is saying "I don't know" to every question , and intimate awkward visitor is unhappily 4. Some items indulge in exaggeration , it is utter lack of substance , even to the extent that confuses one thing with antoher the historical facts fabricated , and being devoid of substance after letting person listen ( two ) and the tourist guide takes to roll into a ball the defect of ability aspect : Conducting a sightseeing tour the belt round technical ability of personnel , being guiding the whole according to the touring party of visitor person to need few needs with different visitors , the skilled application can raise product use value and method and skill and the ability travelling .
It is very wide to conduct a sightseeing tour in the course of the service of personnel provides
the contact for visitor , need to cultivate selfhood management ability reaching handle well and travel service , visitor the leade of a group , driver reaches other host organizations and the cooperation of personnel relation . But few a few individuals of a tour corps , but high and low in a belt round sight-seeing visiting and conducting a sightseeing tour work is taking to coordinate linking up many tens person tens person tourist guide person , inside and outside , the important effect about .
If tourist guide person lets things drift , lacking strength to drive the travelling round , and not only can not accomplish tourist guide's assignment , and occur easily to conduct a sightseeing tour that effect is wrongs , and leak the view , and visitor loses to wait for the accident , and how a tour round intersection takes the person being hospitable by tourist guide person commands the tourist guide person , and lets visitor obey the arrangement of self , and this involves the problem with technical ability of ability wisdom.
It is wrong that now some tourist guide persons universally exists the belt round ability , and can not obey manyly , and bring the loss to the travel service , or causes that visitor discontent chiefly has following several causes : 1. not setting up the good image , the tourist guide person first time and visitor contact , and the good or bad of first impression certainly will influence later on the belt round serving .Owing to the fact that modern tourist guide's newly emerging force is multitudinous .
One part source and society put on therefore can appear Nong Zhuanyan , and the occasion is indisposedly answered by the clothing , and noisy soldier takes by force the appearance such as owner etc should to have been appeared with the good looks appearance bearing as tourist guide person , and all will influence the mentality mood of visitor , so work on foundation is cer tainly will do well .
Harmonious surrounding feeling and tour person build partner's relation 2. can not create . The person travelling not only is the customer of tourist guide person , and also is the cooperation relation of tourist guide person , and only both sides make a concerted effort to travel , and the work can be in progress and achieve expected good effect smoothly . Sincerity is exchanged in the sincerity , and your support will exchange visitor is sincerely understood and is cooperated . Even the small interlude that because of all sorts of causes occurs in the journey , can be because of your true-hearted manner , what spends in the heart the solution visitor is unhappy to the thoughtful service of enthusiasm . Otherwise the result is you can imagine . All effortizations that you do are for the bubble , and also can influence the reputation of travel service at this point.
导游全方位能力的培养
导游是一门学问，也是一门艺术。它是以人为本的，在某种意义上说是做人的工作的。无论是在旅行社,旅游团和社会上都负有特殊的责任因此享有特殊的地位.江山要靠文人捧,美景要靠导游吹。那么旅行社所产生的确主要产品__旅游线路,它的销售过程主要是由导游来完成的,没有了导游的旅游团队也就没有了灵魂.形象由角色界定,责任由期待决定导游的工作任道而重远。
能够直接影响导游的带团的服务质量的因素便是导游员自身的综合素质和能力，它同时也是能否做好导游接待工作的关键。导游人员长期在外独当一面，千头万绪要包办，方方面面要周旋，意外的事情要当机立断，特殊的需求要设法满足。面对这种种没有良好的综合素质和能力又怎能应付自如？只有不断完善自我，培养优秀的综合能力，才能开拓我们祖国美好而灿烂的旅游业。
导游被誉为国家的面孔和镜子，无冕大使和外交部长，导游应该是客人之众望所归。游客对导游寄予厚望，同时也是旅行社之栋梁。旅行社的服务集中体现在导游的行为上，旅行社的形象首先要靠导游来塑造。不是经理却胜似经理不是推销员却胜似推销员。社会寄予厚望，因为文化经济要导游来传播，交流要由导游来促成。
导游的形象是企业的形象也是国家的形象。导游工作的重要意义不言而喻。因此哪有旅游活动哪就有导游服务，商业性导游的出现是现代旅游活动发展之必然，导游工作由此应运而生。
导游工作要体现“以人为本”的精神，只有具备良好的整体素质才能高质量的搞好导游服务。因此，现代导游既是一种服务又是一门专业和艺术。一名合格的导游人员首先应该有服务意识、服务技能、同时也应具有导演的水平和演员的本领。因此应具备良好的综合素质和能力。
1思想进步，品德高尚。在任何时代任何国家，人的道德品质总是处于最重要的地位，作为导游员首先是热爱祖国的。导游讲解的基本内容是向旅游者介绍祖国的大好河山，悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。导游员不仅要讲解，而且要力争用自己的真情实感去影响游客使其产生共鸣，留下美好的印象导游员的一言一行都与祖国的荣辱息息相关，与之奋斗的旅游业的形象息息相关，因此如果导游员没有热爱祖国，拥护社会主义制度的思想觉悟就无法作好导游工作。
导游工作同时也是国家对外开放的一个窗口，导游翻译工作政策性强，影响面大，因此作为导游员必须树立高度的法制观念，严格遵纪守法，政治立场坚定，严守国家机密，牢记“内外有别”的原则。导游工作传播文化，促进友谊，导游员们要热爱本职工作，注入热情，不遗余力的为来自五湖四海的朋友们提供优质的服务，真正做到“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”。
2涉猎广泛，知识全面现代旅游活动不是单纯的游乐和观赏。旅游者在消遣之余
还需要获取信息、领略异国情调来增长知识、扩大阅历。实践证明，导游员的讲解和日常的交谈是旅游者获取知识的主要来源。为了适应游客的这种需要，导游人员知识面要广、要有真才实学，以渊博的知识为后盾，作到内容丰富、言之有物。导游员的知识主要包括：语言、史地文化、政策法规、心理学、美学、社会知识、基本的旅行常识。可以说，导游是“杂家”集各类知识于融会贯通，形成一套具有自身特点的导游风格，不是固定的形式而是灵活多变。导游的口才应该是幽默，犀利的，反应机敏灵活。导游人员在带团的过程中不断完善自我，虚心学习，“集百家之长，补己之短”提高服务水平和服务质量，作到服务只有起点，满意没有终点。
3 善于协调富于创新。旅游业务范围广泛，涉及的相关业务比较复杂，对于导游人员来说，独立工作能力，解决问题的能力和创新的精神显得尤为重要。导游员接受任务后，要独立作出决定，独立处理问题，要独当一面的组织旅游者的参观游览活动，要使整个旅游团游览好、生活好，所以要求导游有较强的应变能力，组织协调能力，灵活的采取有效的措施，善于察言观色了解旅游者的动态，这样更好的为游客服务。
4较高的导游技能，竞争意识和进取精神。对于导游来说娴熟的导游技能十分重要，渊博的知识并不代表有很高的导游技能，导游技能主要是指智力技能，即导游员应根据实情科学巧妙地安排游览日程的能力，一名优秀的导游员应具有指挥家的水平，也要有演员的本领，即要有能力随时调动旅游者的的积极性，使他们获得旅游的乐趣和美好的享受，又要有能熟练地运用掌握的丰富知识，幽默的语言，抑
扬顿挫的语调，引人入胜的讲解来征服旅游者，使他们沉浸在欣赏美的愉悦中。语言，知识，和服务技能是导游服务的三个基本要素，缺一不可，只有三者的的和谐结合才称得上是高质量的导游服务。导游员的服务技能和掌握的知识有很大的关系，需要在实践中培养和发展，并不断的总结完善。
5健康的身体和良好的心理品质。导游工作是一项高智能的服务工作，既是一项脑力劳动又是一项体力劳动。它工作量大而面广，流动性和重复性强对于身体的状况提出了较高的要求，否则很难适应。由于旅游活动的特点，良好的心理品质对导游工作十分的必要，导游员永远是一个精力充沛，情绪饱满，心情愉快，并且头脑冷静，机智能灵活搞好各方面关系，具有很强的自控能力的人。加拿大的旅游专家帕特里克指出，导游员是集专业技能和知识机智，老练圆滑于一身的人。导游是国家、旅行社、企业的代言人，言行举止都将是评判旅游服务能否成功的关键，带来的远不止是效益，更重要的是好的声誉，只有具备了良好的素质品质能力，工作中不断的努力追求，才是真真正正的好的旅游工作者，没有一陈不变的道理，发展在变化中发展，导游能力的具备也是在不断的学习和进步。
二导游讲解能力方面的缺陷：
导游的语言堪称旅游的第二风景，游客通过精彩的导游语言，可以增加游览的性质，加深观光的印象，减轻旅游的疲劳和寂寞，了解在风景名胜区看不到的许多知识感受到宾至如归的浓郁的人情味。从而留下深刻美好的记忆。对与导游来说，说话应该没问题，可在带团过程中导游员的解说水平又相去甚远。很多时候语言表达
能力的强弱，导游的方法各有差异同样的题材会出现不同的甚至会出现相反的果。
现在普遍存在的问题有：1.有些导游员知识水平不足，只会死记硬背一些导游词照
本宣科，似和尚念经，平淡无奇，而且“白病一方，一视同仁”不管千差万别，导游
的讲解词千篇一律；2.有的导游员只会用枯燥的干干巴巴的语言，几个呆板的数字
介绍旅游景点。另游客昏昏欲睡毫无新意而言；3.有的导游员则对介绍的景点一枝
半解，常常三言两语，敷衍了事，只起到了引路和简单说明的作用，对游客的提问
也是一问三不知，自己尴尬游客不快；4.有的则夸夸其谈，空洞无物，甚至张冠李
戴杜撰史实，让人听后言之无物。
三导游带团能力方面的缺陷：
导游人员的带团技能，是指导游人员根据旅行团的整体需要和不同游客的个别
需要，熟练运用能提高旅游产品使用价值及方式方法和技巧及能力。导游人员在为
游客提供服务的过程中接触的面很广，需要培养自我管理能力及处理好与旅行社，
游客领队，司机及其他接待单位与人员的合作关系。一个旅游团队少则几个人，多
则十几人几十人导游员在带团游览参观和导游工作中起着协调沟通上下，内外，左
右的重要作用。如果导游员放任自流，无力驾御旅游团，不仅不能完成导游任务，
而且容易发生导游效果差，漏景，客人丢失等事故，一个旅游团交由导游员统率导
游员如何带好客人，让客人服从自己的安排，这涉及到能力智慧与技能的问题。
现在有些导游员普遍存在带团能力差，无法服众，给旅行社带来损失，或引起客人不满主要有以下几个原因：1.没树立良好的形象，导游员初次与游客接触，第一印象的好坏势必会影响以后带团服务。由于现代导游新生力量众多。一部分源与社会因此会出
现农妆艳抹，衣服不适应场合，喧兵夺主等现象作为导游员应以良好的仪容仪表风度出现，都将影响客人的心理情绪，，所以基础工作是一定要作好的。2.无法创造和谐的气氛与旅游者建立起伙伴关系。旅游者不仅是导游员的服务对象，也是导游员的合作关系，只有双方的通力合作旅游工作才能顺利进行并达到预期的良好效果。诚心换诚意，你的诚恳将换来游客的支持，理解和配合。即使旅途中因种种原因发生的小插曲，也会因你诚恳的态度，热情周到的服务，化解游客心中的不快。反之，结果可想而知。你所做的一切努力化为泡影，就此也会影响旅行社的声誉。
附录Ⅲ
The consideration that tourist guide personnel explained the art raises It is a job that the requirement is very high that introduction tourist guide works , conducting a sightseeing tour often to want body simultaneously many duties , and will have the good service to realize , and will have vocational work character that has a perfect mastery of He need to have extensive knowledge , and needing again to answer the problem , the propaganda is urged melting
the propagation civilization , and still needs to use the foreign language accurate and fluent and livelyly to explain .
Whole tourist guide's course is physical strength and intelligence and knowledge and the combination of art Is eloquence and the social intercourse and the quick-witted and rigorous amalgam . But explaining work at center that is rated as whole tourist guide's course in many work conducting a sightseeing tour , being baseds on in qualified all work of tourists guide one nimblely
but and possesses the work of degree of difficulty . The success explains ability and intension gentle nature that can embody an outstanding tourist guide the most most , and is an elegant art . Possessing the most superb tourist guide explains the art , ability the impression enjoying and leaves finely that makes visitor get beautifully . Therefore how to raise the artistic standard that tourist guide explained having become the subject that tourist guide worker is concerned about jointly with tour education worker
1 tourist guide personnel will have rich tourist guide's language glamour 1.1
to be good at driving the artistic standard of language that tourist guide's language
is conducted a sightseeing tour in explaining the course , the expressions of chiefly
上海中英文导游词 【篇一：上海景点导游词(英文)shanghai travel and tours guide】 shanghai travel and tours guide located at the center of the mainlands coastline, shanghai has long been a major hub of communications, transportation, and international exchange. the municipality covers an area of 6,341 square kilometers and has a population of more than 13.5 million. shanghai is chinas largest economic comprehensive industrial base, and a famous historical and cultural city. the city consistently attracts investment and is seen as an ideal venue for business gatherings. it is also a must on any agenda during a tour of china. shanghai has fostered a comprehensive transportation network that incorporates land, sea, and air travel, as well as a convenient urban transportation system. more than 300 airlines serve the city, proving direct flights to more than 20 countries and regions. the addition of the shanghai pudong international airport, which went into operation in 1999, is expected to increase the annual passenger volume to some 20 million. special tourist trains running between shanghai and the neighboring provinces of jiangsu and zhejiang, as well as tourist bus routes along newly-constructed expressways, offer great convenience for regional travel. shanghai has more than 400 travel agencies to assist visitors, and the 127 star-rated hotels offer a total of 40, 000 guest rooms. visitors to shanghai are not only dazzled by the modern metropolis and gateway to a developing china, but are also able to immerse themselves in the unique shanghai culture, a combination of chinese and western elements. colorful festivals and celebrations dot the yearly shanghai activities calendar, such as the shanghai nanhui peach blossoms festival, shanghai international tea culture festival and shanghai china international art festival. shanghai has also introduced special tour packages aimed at the different interests of visitors, such as bicycling tours,
Luoyang Travel Guide Located in the west of Henan Province in central China, Luoyang occupies quite an important geographic location. It is in the middle reaches of the Y ellow River and is encircled by mountains and plains. To its east and west are the Hu Lao Pass and Han Gu Pass which were essential domestic transportation junctions in ancient times. To its north, Mengjin County was an important ferry crossing of the Y ellow River. Thus, Luoyang was selected as the capital city by 13 dynasties starting from the Xia Dynasty (21st-16th century BC) in the 21st century BC. In the period following the Han Dynasty (206BC-220), and particularly during the Sui (581-618) and Tand (618-907) dynasties, the city experienced a period of growth and prosperity and ranked as one of the international metropolitans of the time. Its long history endows Luoyang with a profound sense of culture. The city is the cradle of Chinese civilization where many Chinese legends happened, such as Nvwa Patching the Sky, Dayu Controlling Flood and the Chinese ancestor Huangdi Establishing the Nation. The city is also famed as the 'Poets Capital' as poets and literates of ancient China often gathered there and left grand works, including 'Book of Wisdom' ('Daode Jing'), 'Han History' ('Han Shu') and 'Administrative Theory of Admonishing Official' ('Zi Zhi Tong Jian'). Religious culture once thrived here. Taoism originated there and the first Buddhist temple set up by the government was located there. Luoyang is also the hometown of many of the scientific inventions of ancient China, such as the seismograph, armillary sphere, paper making, printing and the compass. Luoyang has rich historical and cultural sites. The Longmen Grottoes are one of China's three most precious treasure houses of stone sculptures and inscriptions. The White Horse Temple is the first Buddhist temple and is honored as the 'Cradle of Buddhism in China'. Mt. Mangshan is where ancient tombs of emperors, nobles and literates in the past dynasties collected. The Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum is the world's first example of the kind and presents thousands of treasures discovered in the tombs. Shaolin Temple is the place of origin for Chinese Zen Buddhism and the cradle of Chinese Martial Art. Landscapes in Luoyang hold the same attraction as the cultural sites. White Cloud Mountain, Funiu Mountain, Long Yu Wan National Forest Park, Ji Guan Limestone Cave and the Y ellow River Xiaolangdi Scenic Area are all worth a visit. Additionally, Luoyang is particularly well known for its peonies. Every year in April, the flowers blossom and attract tourists from all over the world. Dining in Luoyang is quite an enjoyable experience. V arious kinds of local dishes, including Water Feast, Y an Cai and others which use the famous Y ellow River carps as an ingredient, together with the uniquely flavored soups, will greatly satisfy your taste buds. Luoyang's local specialties such as Palace Lanterns, bronze vessels and Tri-colored glazed potteries will no doubt delight your eyes and offer you ideal souvenirs. Being a modern city as well, Luoyang has hotels of all standards which provide you quite a broad choice for your stay. Most of the hotels have reasonable room prices and perfect services. Transportation is well developed in Luoyang. Beijiao Airport has many domestic flights extending to many large cities in other provinces. It's also very easy to get to Luoyang by train because one of China's most important railway lines Long Hai Railway traverses the city and connects most cities in east, west and central China. The convenient city buses and taxies can carry you around the city. Near the railway station, special tourist buses can take you to the tourist spots in the suburban areas of the city. Luoyang, a charming city filled with the fragrance of peonies and the primitive atmosphere of ancient civilization, is waiting and welcoming guests from all over the world. Putting the city into the list of your exploration in China, you will get far more than what you expect. The Longmen Grottos The Longmen Grottos are on the Y ihe River bank, some 12 kilometers from ancient Luoyang city, about 30 minutes' drive. It is one of the three most important Buddhist sculptures and carvings in China. The
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而，它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业，而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会，2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特，1990)，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993)。 因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关
的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔，2000)。 贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策，影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上，一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是，事实上，是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能，知识，创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面，为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口，一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家，它的经济更强大。因此，它更有能力在全球市场竞争，以吸引具有较高的知识，技能，水平人们去购买新技术等，
指纹识别方法的综述 摘 要: 对在指纹的预处理和特征提取、指纹分类、指纹的匹配过程中的方向图、滤波器、神经网络等关 键性原理和技术做了详细的说明,并对在各个过程中用到的方法做了进一步的比较,讨论了各种方法的优越性。 0 引 言 自动指纹识别是上世纪六十年代兴起的,利用计算机取代人工来进行指纹识别的一种方法。近年 来,随着计算机技术的飞速发展,低价位指纹采集仪的出现以及高可靠算法的实现,更使得自动指纹识 别技术越来越多地进入到人们的生活和工作中,自动指纹识别系统的研究和开发正在成为国内外学术 界和商业界的热点。相对于其他生物特征鉴别技术例如语音识别及虹膜识别,指纹识别具有许多独到 的优点,更重要的是它具有很高的实用性和可行性,已经被认为是一种理想的身份认证技术,有着十分 广泛的应用前景,是将来生物特征识别技术的主流。 1 指纹取像 图 1 是一个自动指纹识别系统AFIS(Automated Fingerprint Identification System) 的简单流程。 → → → ↓ ↑ ———— 将一个人的指纹采集下来输入计算机进行处理是指纹自动识别的首要步骤。指纹图像的获取主要利用设备取像,方便实用,比较适合AFIS 。利用设备取像的主要方法又利用光学设备、晶体传感器和超声波来进行。光学取像设备是根据光的全反射原理来设计的。晶体传感器取像是根据谷线和脊线皮肤与传感器之间距离不同而产生的电容不同来设计的。超声波设备取像也是采用光波来取像,但由于超声波波长较短,抗干扰能力较强,所以成像的质量非常好。 2 图像的预处理与特征提取 无论采取哪种方法提取指纹,总会给指纹图像带来各种噪声。预处理的目的就是去除图像中的噪 音,把它变成一幅清晰的点线图,以便于提取正确的指纹特征。预处理是指纹自动识别过程的第一步, 它的好坏直接影响着指纹识别的效果。常用的预处理与特征提取( Image Preprocessing and Feature Ex 2 t raction) 方法的主要步骤包括方向图计算、图像滤波、二值化、细化、提取特征和后处理。当然这些步骤 可以根据系统和应用的具体情况再进行适当变化。文献[ 1 ]提出了基于脊线跟踪的方法能够指纹取像 图像预处理 特征提取 指纹识别 数据库管理
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
Welcome to the beautiful city JiNan which is the capital of ShanDong Province. Now we are in the BaoTu spring park in the center of JiNan . In order to give you a general impression, let me make a brief introduction of the park. The park is located in the downtown area of the city, with Mt. Thousand Buddha to the south, Quancheng Square to the east, and Daming Lake to the north. There are altogether 34 springs in the park. Of course the main and most beautiful one is the Baotuquan Spring, which you will be watching in a moment. The park has two main gates, the east gate and the south ga te. Today we’ll enter from the south gate. Ok, this way please. Ladies and gentlemen, here we are in front of the south gate. The south gate of the park is at the middle of Luoyuan Avenue. It was built in 1995. With its unique outline integrating both traditional and local traits, it is claimed to be the number one gate of Chinese gardens. Isn’t it splendid! Shall we go in. Just in front of us is the most famous spring, Baotuquan. It was called Luoshui in ancient time and got its present name form the Song Dynasty. It has a long history and has been the source of the Luo River. The three major springs gush simultaneously from underground with thundering sound, which are described as fountains constantly pumping water. The pool of the water is 30 meters long and 20 meters wide. The spring water keeps its temperature around 18 degrees centigrade all year round. With clear deep water in the spring pool on one side visitors feel as if they were in a fairyland on earth. Many writers, philosophers and poets left poems and verses in praise of the wonderful scene. Look, that pavilion on the west side of the pool is called the Billow Observation Pavilion. It was built in the fifth year of Tianshun emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1461). There are stone tables and benches in it so that visitors can enjoy the scene while relaxing. Embedded on the west wall of the pavilion is the writing of billow observation by a calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty. The stone inscription of No.1 Spring was written by Wang Zhonglin, a famous calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty. Baotuquan Spring carved on a monument to the west of the pavilion was left by Hu Zanzong, governor of Shandong during the Qing Dynasty. On the north bank of the east pool at waterside is the renowned Penglai Tea House, which was visited respectively by Emperor Kangxi and Qianlong, who sat here by the window and enjoyed the colorful charms of the springs over a cup of fragrant tea. A common saying goes that if you don't drink the spring water when you come to JiNan. It is a pity! Now lets have a taste. En Wonderful ! 欢迎来到美丽的城市济南是山东省的省会。现在我们在其间公园在济南的中心。为了给你一个总体印象,让我做一个简短的介绍公园的。公园位于城市的市区,太千佛南,泉城广场东边,
https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf7907374.html, 专业的公文写作平台 英文导游词开场白三篇 英文导游词开场白(一) Good morning everyone: It's so nice to meet you here ! Fisrt of all , please allow me to introduce my team to you .my name is jim carrey ,your local guide from china international travel service henan.while our driver is mr.wang. on behalf of the travel service ,welcome to Zhengzhou,welcome to henan!During your stay in Henan,we would do our best to make your trip pleasant ! And your cooperation would be appreciated ! If you have anything we can do for you ,please tell us,we would be very happy to help you .At last ,wish you a wonderful stay in Henan .thank you ! 英文导游词开场白(二) Hubei province is situated in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and to the north of Dongting Lake. It is surrounded by Henan Province to the north, Jiangxi and Hunan to the south, Anhui to the east, Sichuan to the west and Shaanxi to the northwest. Hubei covers an area of 180,000 square kilometers (about 69,500 square miles) with a large population of 60,280,000. Its capital, Wuhan, is located in the southeastern part of the province.
文献出处：Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The mechanism of service trade liberalization Barattieri A Abstract In this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries. Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism design America is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,
虹膜识别外文翻译文献 虹膜识别外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 外文： The first chapter 1.1 The research background of iris recognition Biometrics is a technology for personal identification using physiological characteristics and behavior characteristics inherent in the human body. Can be used for the biological characteristics of biological recognition, fingerprint, hand type face, iris, retina, pulse, ear etc.. Behavior has the following characteristics: signature, voice, gait, etc.. Based on these characteristics, it has been the development of hand shape recognition, fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature recognition and other biometric technology, many techniques have been formed and mature to application of. Biological recognition technology in a , has a long history, the ancient Egyptians through identification of each part of the body size measure to carry out identity may be the earliest human based on the earliest history of biometrics. But the modern biological recognition technology began in twentieth Century 70 time metaphase, as biometric devices early is relatively expensive, so only a higher security level atomic test, production base.due to declining cost of microprocessor and various electronic components, precision gradually improve, control device of a biological recognition technology has been gradually applied to commerce authorized, such as access control, attendance management, management system, safety certification field etc.. All biometric technology, iris recognition is currently used as a convenient and accurate.
市场营销价格策略外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
DESIGNING PRICING STRATEGIES All for-profit organizations and many nonprofit organizations set prices on their goods or services. Whether the price is called rent (for an apartment), tuition (for education), fare (for travel), or interest (for borrowed money), the concept is the same. Throughout most of history, prices were set by negotiation between buyers and sellers. Setting one price for all buyers arose with the development of large-scale retailing at the en d of the nineteenth century, when Woolworth’s and other stores followed a “strictly one-price policy” because they carried so many items and had so many employees. Now, 100 years later, technology is taking us back to an era of negotiated pricing. The Internet, corporate networks, and wireless setups are linking people, machines, and companies around the globe, connecting sellers and buyers as never before. Web sites like https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf7907374.html, and https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf7907374.html, allow buyers to compare products and prices quickly and easily. On-line auction sites like https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf7907374.html, and https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf7907374.html, make it easy for buyers and sellers to negotiate prices on thousands of items. At the same time, new tech- nologies are allowing sellers to collect detailed data about customers’ buying habits, preferences—even spending limits—so they can tailor their products and prices. 1 In the entire marketing mix, price is the one element that produces revenue; the others produce costs. Price is also one of the most ?exible elements: It can be changed quickly, unlike product features and channel commitments. Although price competi- tion is a major problem facing companies, many do not handle pricing well. The most common mistakes are these: Pricing is too cost-oriented; price is not revised often