CHAPTER 9
Multiple Choice
11. The goal of ______ is to develop an efficient, high quality process for producing products or services.
a) conversion management
b) assembly-line control
c) flexible manufacturing
d) production management 生产管理
e) routing
12. A ______ represents代表a series of tasks in which resources are used to produce a product or service.
a) layout chart
b) Venn diagram
c) organization chart
d) production process生产流程
e) chain of command
13. A sequence of work stations一系列的工作in which each work station is designed to cover specific phases of the production process is called a(n):
a) assembly line.
b) hotelling.
c) deintegration.
d) product location.
e) Gantt chart.
14. The factors that affect a site decision include all of the following except:影响一个网站的决定的因素包括所有以下除外
a) cost of workplace space.
b) tax incentives.
c) source of demand.
d) access to transportation.
e) quality assurance.质量保证
15. Once a site for the manufacturing plant is chosen, the next step to be determined is:一旦选择制造工厂的网站,下一步有待确定
a) design and layout.设计与布置
b) production control.
c) hotelling.
d) deintegration.
e) inventory control.
16. All of the following characteristics influence design and layout decisions except the:所有以下特点影响,除了设计和布局决策
a) production process.
b) desired production capacity.
c) product line.
d) purchasing applications.
e) site.
17. Which of the following production processes is most commonly used for assembly-line production?
a) flexible manufacturing
b) fixed-position layout
c) product layout
d) capacity layout
e) cost-benefit layout
18. A production process where employees go to the position of the product, rather than waiting for the product to come to them, is a(n):生产过程中员工去产品的位置,而不是等待未来产品对他们来说,是一
个(n):
a) assembly line.
b) batch process.
c) fixed-position layout.定位布局
d) unit production process.
e) mass production process.
19. Firms are forced to search for new sites once demand for their product exceeds their:
a) quality control.
b) production capacity.
c) inspection requirements.
d) routing schedules.
e) purchase plans.
20. The development of temporary, shared office space for those employees who normally work at home is called:
a) flexible manufacturing.
b) deintegration.
c) production control.
d) hotelling.
e) quality control.
21. All of the following are key tasks in production control except:
a) layout and design.
b) inventory control.
c) routing.
d) scheduling.
e) quality control.
22. A company that makes use of a(n) ______ can detect the existing level of supplies物资and automatically reorder when supplies fall to a specific level.公司使用了一个(n)……可以检测现有的供应水平物资并自动重新排序时供应下降到一个特定的水平。
a) e-procurement system
b) e-inventory system
c) e-outsourcing system
d) e-purchasing system
e) e-business system
23. A strategy of delegating some production tasks to suppliers is referred to as:将一些生产任务委托给供应商的策略被称为
a) routing.
b) dispatching.
c) deintegration.
d) quality assurance.
e) hotelling.
24. A system that attempts to reduce material inventories to a bare minimum by frequently ordering small amounts of materials from suppliers is called:系统试图材料库存减少到最低限度,经常订购少量的材料从供应商被称为:a) routing.
b) just-in-time.
c) scheduling.
d) quality control.
e) deintegration.
25. The process of managing inventory at a level that minimizes costs is called:
a) scheduling.
b) routing.
c) dispatching.
d) production planning.
e) inventory control.
26. Firms attempt to minimize the amount of inventory they have in order to reduce their:
a) purchasing costs.
b) production costs.
c) carrying costs.
d) quality control.
e) human resources.
27. The sequence of tasks necessary to complete the production of a product is:
a) dispatching.
b) quality control.
c) purchasing.
d) routing. e) deintegration.
28. The act of setting time periods for each task in the production process is called:
a) routing.
b) scheduling.
c) inventory control.
d) dispatching.
e) quality control.
29. A method of scheduling tasks that illustrates the expected timing for each task within the production process is a(n):调度任务的方法,说明了预计时间为生产过程中的每个任务(n)
a) Venn diagram.
b) Gantt chart.
c) MRP system.
d) just-in-time system.
e) production plan.
30. To minimize delays, the tasks that are part of the ______ are reviewed.
a) purchasing applications
b) Gantt chart
c) critical path
d) raw material inventory
e) hotelling
31. Which of the following terms describes the process of monitoring the characteristics of a product to ensure that the firm’s standards are met?下列哪方面描述的过程监控产品的特点,以确保公司的标准得到满足?
a) expectation downsizing
b) quality control
c) critical path management
d) program evaluation and review technique
e) work-in-process control
32. A method of evaluating performance by comparison to some specified level, usually a level set by another company, is called:
a) cost control.
b) total quality management.
c) targeting.
d) benchmarking.
e) goal setting.
33. Through ______ firms achieve a lower average cost per unit by producing a larger volume.
a) inventory management
b) per unit expense control
c) economies of scale
d) deintegration
e) effective marketing
34. At the break-even point:
a) the number of units produced equals the number of units sold.
b) economies of scale fail.
c) the company begins to lose money.
d) fixed costs equal variable costs.
e) total revenue equals total cost.
35. The revision of the production process in an attempt to improve efficiency is called:
a) restructuring.
b) realignment.
c) reintegration.
d) downsizing.
e) reengineering.
36. The supply chain is:供应链是：
a) the flow of inventory from raw materials to finished goods.
b) the outsourcing process from supplier to firm.
c) the marketing process from concept to consumption.
d) the production process from beginning to consumer purchase.?生产过程从开始到消费者购买e) the conversion of resources to a product or service.
CHAPTER 11
True or False
1. Job analysis represents the forecasting of a firm’s employee needs.
2. One task of human resource planning is recruiting.
3. Firms tend to avoid hiring new full-time workers to meet temporary needs for higher production levels.
4. A job specification states the credentials necessary to qualify for the position.
5. Federal laws make it illegal to discriminate on the basis of factors not related to potential job performance.
6. Employee benefits such as health insurance and dental insurance are taxed.
7. Firms should offer the same compensation package to their workers in foreign countries that they offer to employees in their home country.
8. The overall performance evaluation of most employees is based on multiple criteria.
9. Employees perceive performance evaluation as a method for allocating wage increases.
10. Each of the performance criteria must be weighted equally to avoid unbalancing the performance appraisal.
Multiple Choice
11. The document that specifies credentials necessary to qualify for the job position is a:所需的文档指定证书工作位置
a) job specification.
b) job description.
c) job analysis.
d) job evaluation.
e) performance evaluation.
12. A major responsibility of a human resource manager is to:
a) help each specific department recruit candidates for its open positions.帮助每一个特定的部门招聘职位的候选人
b) conduct the performance evaluations for all employees.
c) establish the information system and local area network used by the firm’s employees.
d) help select the members of top management who will serve on the firm’s board of directors.
e) prevent the formation of labor unions.
13. The tasks and responsibilities of a job position are disclosed in a(n):
a) job specification.
b) indenture agreement.
c) job description.
d) organization chart.
e) staffing report.
14. The process used to determine the tasks and the necessary credentials for a particular position is referred to as:这个过程用于确定的任务和必要的凭证被称为一个特定的位置
a) job analysis.
b) job screening.
c) human resource planning.
d) human resource forecasting.
e) recruiting.
15. Human resource planning includes all of the following tasks except:
a) designing the appropriate compensation package.
b) performing job analysis.
c) forecasting employment needs.
d) recruiting.
16. If firms wish to avoid hiring during a temporary increase in production, they can offer _____
to existing workers.
a) overtime
b) vacations
c) training programs
d) affirmative action
e) orientation programs
17. When a firm attempts to fill job openings with persons it already employs, it is engaging in:
a) intrapreneurship.
b) internal recruiting.
c) entrenchment.
d) precruiting.
e) focused recruiting.
18. A(n) _____ is an assignment to a
higher-level job with more responsibility and greater pay.
a) transfer
b) lateral assignment
c) perquisite
d) upward appraisal
e) promotion
19. A firm’s human resource manager can obtain detailed information about the applicant’s past work experience through a(n):
a) employment test.
b) physical exam.
c) interview.
d) orientation program.
e) job analysis.
20. A step in the recruiting process that involves screening applicants is the:
a) training procedure.
b) orientation procedure.
c) upward appraisal.
d) interview. e) probation period.
21. All of the following are advantages of diversity in the workplace except:
a) increased innovation.
b) less chance of discrimination lawsuits.
c) enhanced ability to interact with customers.
d) better access to the pool of eligible employees.
e) a change in the production process.
22. A company gives employees the right to purchase its stock at a specified price when it provides them with:
a) presumptive rights.
b) an indenture agreement.
c) stock options.
d) a stock preference.
e) a closed-end agreement.
23. The use of stock options as a means of compensation:
a) legally can be provided only to top executives and members of the board of directors.
b) is declining in popularity since options reduce the firm’s profits.
c) is opposed by labor unions, since options are available only to nonunion employees.
d) may tempt managers to manipulate financial statements to boost stock prices.
e) has allowed workers in many firms to control who serves on the board of directors of their firm.
24. The case of Enron and other corporate scandals shows that managers who receive stock options may be tempted to do all of the following except:
a) magnify company expenses.
b) manipulate the stock price.
c) exaggerate company earnings.
d) issue overly optimistic reports.
e) withhold bad news.
25. An extra onetime payment at the end of a period in which performance was measured is a:
a) salary.
b) wage.
c) stock option.
d) piece rate.
e) bonus.
26. ______ normally represent compensation for
achieving specific sales objectives and often are part of the compensation received by people working in sales positions.
a) Pensions
b) Commissions
c) Perquisites
d) Stock options
e) Dividends
27. Additional privileges given to high-level employees, such as a company car or membership in an exclusive club, are known as:
a) professional privileges.
b) commissions.
c) executive options.
d) perquisites.
e) golden parachutes.
28. ______ are additional privileges, such as paid vacation time and health and dental insurance, given to most or all employees.
a) Employee benefits
b) Perquisites
c) Commissions
d) Implicit compensations
e) Kickbacks
29. Employees who are directly involved in the production process (such as assembly-line workers) tend to receive most of their compensation in the form of a:
a) bonus.
b) commission.
c) salary.
d) stock option.
e) perquisite.
30. If a manager is having difficulties managing his or her subordinates, _____ would be recommended.
a) human relations training
b) safety skills training
c) decision-making skill training
d) customer service training
e) technical training
31. A performance evaluation:
a) should avoid subjective criteria because they are impossible to measure with any accuracy. b) is only useful as a means of determining whether employees qualify for pay raises.
c) is typically based on multiple criteria, some of which are objective while others are subjective.
d) is only necessary for workers who are likely candidates for higher-level positions.
e) should be given only to workers who are experiencing job-related problems.
32. The following are objective criteria in performance evaluation except for:
a) parts produced per week.
b) number of days absent.
c) percentage of deadlines missed.
d) defective parts produced by employee errors.
e) willingness of an employee to help other employees.
33. If an employee receives a poor performance appraisal, the first action that should be taken is: a) communicating the performance criteria to the employee.
b) terminating the employee.
c) determining the reasons for poor performance.
d) suspending the employee.
e) reassigning the employee.
34. When firms allow employees to evaluate their supervisors, this process is known as a(n):
a) management audit.
b) upward appraisal.
c) forward appraisal.
d) peer review.
e) executive evaluation.
35. When employees evaluate their supervisors, the results are likely to be more meaningful if the appraisal is done:
a) verbally, with nothing put in writing.
b) without the supervi sor’s knowledge.
c) no more than once every two years.
d) anonymously.
e) only by employees who have known the supervisor for more than two years.
36. Lawsuits against firms by fired employees:
a) have become much less common in recent years.
b) allow the fired employees to collect compensatory damages, but not punitive damages.
c) are decided by a judge rather than a jury.
d) usually should be settled out of court as soon as possible to avoid negative publicity.
e) are usually settled in favor of the firm if supervisors followed proper procedures when firing the employees.
CHAPTER 12
Multiple Choice
11. A Rolex watch and a Jaguar automobile are considered:
a) convenience products.
b) shopping goods.
c) industrial products.
d) specialty products.
e) priority products.
12. When a hospital supply company offers a wide variety of products to its customers, the firm is:
a) offering quantity price discounts in order to attract price-conscious customers.
b) encouraging customers to pay their outstanding debts in order to take advantage of discounts.
c) practicing product differentiation.
d) diversifying its product mix.
e) responding to the needs of a diverse labor force.
13. All of the following are key factors that influence consumer preferences and the size of a target market except:
a) social values.
b) anthropology.
c) economic factors.
d) geography.
e) demographics.
14. Cameras, clothes, and household items are examples of products that exist in:
a) industrial markets.
b) business markets.
c) consumer markets.
d) government markets.
e) foreign industrial markets.
15. The size of a particular target market is most likely to change in response to a change in:
a) inflation.
b) consumer preferences. c) interest rates.
d) the number of competitors.
e) the size of the largest competitor.
16. When firms develop products, they assess the markets of their competitors to determine their:
a) financial plans.
b) marketing strategies.
c) industrial strategies.
d) geographic segmentation.
e) business segmentation.
17. Personal computers are subject to _____ because of the rapid changes in the development of computer hardware components.
a) product feasibility
b) penetration pricing
c) planned obsolescence
d) the development of generic brands
e) technological obsolesce nce
18. E-marketing supports marketing research in all the following ways except:
a) low cost of personal surveys.
b) speed of receiving marketing information.
c) customer openness with opinions.
d) access to customers of varied income levels.
e) face-to-face interviews.
19. To develop new ideas for expanding their product line, many firms have recently increased their investment in:
a) research and development.
b) production facilities.
c) distribution facilities.
d) overseas production and assembly operations.
e) inventory control.
20. Which of the following can be used by a firm to protect its investments in research and product development?
a) marketing research
b) patents
c) demographics
d) target market selection
e) product mix
21. The first step in creating a new product is to:
a) assess the feasibility of the product.
b) develop a product idea.
c) design the product.
d) test the product.
e) distribute and promote the product.
22. New and revised products may be tested through:
a) commercialization.
b) geographic sales.
c) product life cycle.
d) family brands.
e) marketing research.
23. All of the following are methods commonly used to differentiate products from those of competitors except:
a) quality.
b) design.
c) tax policies.
d) packaging.
e) branding.
24. The Coca-Cola Company sells Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Cherry Coke, and other soft drinks, which is an example of a(n):
a) family brand.
b) individual brand.
c) corporate brand.
d) trademark.
e) copyright.
25. Many _____ strategies are focused on convenience.
a) packaging
b) economic
c) partnership
d) obsolescence
e) finance
26. Products that are not branded by the producer or retail store are called:
a) manufacturer brands.
b) national brands.
c) store brands.
d) obsolete brands.
e) generic brands.
27. All of the following are benefits of product branding except:
a) greater company name recognition.
b) lower prices.
c) easier to introduce new products.
d) easier to enter new geographic markets.
e) easier to obtain retail store shelf space.
28. The process of combining two noncompeting products at a discounted price is called: a) complementary advertising.
b) multiple discounts.
c) co-branding.
d) sales promotion double.
e) quantity pricing.
29. Sales of the product increase rapidly during the _____ phase of the product life cycle.
a) maturity
b) introduction
c) saturation
d) growth
e) declining
30. Which of the following pricing strategies would likely be used in a market where no other competitive products are available?
a) cost-based pricing
b) penetration pricing
c) predatory pricing
d) price skimming
e) defensive pricing
31. Managers typically attempt to set a price that will maximize a firm’s:
a) value.
b) cost.
c) production.
d) advertising.
e) promotion.
32. When a firm lowers its price and total revenue increases, it tells us that:
a) the demand for the product is price-inelastic.
b) a penetration pricing strategy is being followed.
c) consumers are not very responsive to price changes.
d) the demand for the product is price-elastic.
e) the firm is using a price-skimming strategy.
33. Some pricing decisions are directly related to the supply of:
a) social values.
b) social norms.
c) maintenance operations.
d) creditors in the marketplace.
e) inventory.
34. Which of the following pricing strategies adds a profit markup to the per-unit cost of production?
a) prestige pricing
b) cost-based pricing
c) defensive pricing
d) profit pricing
e) penetration pricing
35. When a cost of production remains unchanged regardless of how many units are produced, it is referred to as:
a) variable.
b) semifinished.
c) fixed.
d) in process.
e) terminal.
36. (Fixed Cost) + (Quantity * Variable Cost per Unit) describes:
a) Total Cost.
b) Total Revenue.
c) Break-Even Point.
d) Profits.
e) Average Cost Per Unit.
37. The break-even point occurs when:
a) profits are maximized.
b) sales are at a minimum.
c) total revenue equals total cost.
d) contribution margin is highest.
e) sales discounts are minimized.
38. Discounts:
a) are considered predatory pricing.
b) work best in price-inelastic situations.
c) tend to erode profits.
d) attract consumers who are price conscious.
e) are an inefficient means of segmenting the market.
CHAPTER 13
Multiple Choice
11. The manner by which a firm’s products are made accessible to its customers is determined by its:
a) advertising strategies.
b) product decisions.
c) pricing strategies.
d) distribution decisions.
e) package designs.
12. A distribution channel通道represents the path of a product from producer to:
a) retailer.
b) wholesaler.
c) consumer.
d) manufacturer.
e) industrial distributor.
13. With a direct channel of distribution, the full difference between the manufacturer’s cost and the price paid by the consumer goes to the:
a) manufacturer.
b) wholesaler.
c) retailer.
d) intermediary.
e) merchant.
14. Wholesalers are marketing intermediaries who purchase products from manufacturers and sell
them to:
a) final users.
b) retailers.
c) other manufacturers.
d) primary customers.
e) secondary customers.
15. Marketing intermediaries that match buyers and sellers of products without becoming the owners of the products themselves are known as:
a) single-service marketers.
b) agents.
c) commission-based wholesalers.
d) stockers.
e) mediators.
16. Products that are standardized and easily transported are likely to:
a) be sold at a high markup.
b) have limited market areas.
c) use intermediaries in their distribution channels.
d) be sold at steep discounts.
e) use a direct channel of distribution.
17. _____ refers to the degree of product distribution among outlets.
a) The marketing mix
b) Demographic distribution
c) Market coverage
d) Channelization
e) The retail ratio
18. Firms that fill orders over the Internet tend to
use a(n) _____ channel of distribution.
a) one-level
b) unidirectional
c) multimodal
d) direct
e) intrinsic
19. _____ distribution is used when a producer distributes its products through certain chosen outlets while intentionally avoiding other possible outlets.
a) Restrictive
b) Exclusive
c) Intensive
d) Narrow
e) Selective
20. An advantage of exclusive distribution is that it:
a) makes the product widely available to consumers at a variety of outlets.
b) eliminates all market intermediaries.
c) allows the firm to avoid charging a sales tax on the goods.
d) may allow the firm to create and maintain an image of prestige.
e) provides the goods to consumers at the lowest possible cost.
21. Newspaper publishers have their papers available in grocery stores, convenience stores, and vending machines and at many other locations throughout a city. This is an example of a(n) _____ distribution of a product.
a) nonspecific
b) specialized
c) geographically dispersed
d) intensive
e) decentralized
22. Exclusive distribution can be viewed as an extreme form of:
a) intensive distribution.
b) the one-channel approach.
c) selective distribution.
d) price discrimination.
e) mass merchandising.
23. A(n) _____ is a retailer with only one outlet.
a) exclusive retailer
b) independent retail store
c) wholesaler d) franchise retailer
e) sole proprietorship
24. _____ are usually the best way to ship goods when the goods must be delivered quickly to several different locations in a local area.
a) Trucks
b) Barges
c) The railroads
d) Pipelines
e) Containerized modules
25. One way to accelerate the distribution process is to make sure that it is integrated with the _____ process.
a) marketing
b) financing
c) credit approval
d) advertising
e) production
26. Restructuring a distribution process commonly results in the elimination of:
a) production.
b) warehouses.
c) manufacturers.
d) product lines.
e) product mixes.
27. _____ allows a firm to check orders online, determine where future inventory shortages may occur, and increase its production accordingly.
a) E-marketing
b) Integrated production
c) Source-to-source coordination
d) Marketing logistics
e) Inventory management
28. Specialty stores in a shopping mall can offer the customer convenience while retaining their:
a) selectivity.
b) prestige.
c) price advantage.
d) wide customer appeal.
e) product variety.
29. A camera shop that has knowledgeable salespeople who can provide advice to purchasers and
also offers to service and repair the cameras it sells is an example of a(n):
a) mass merchandiser.
b) agent-seller.
c) one-stop shopping outlet.
d) distribution chain.
e) full-service retailer.
30. Stores that tend to focus on only one or a few types of products are:
a) specialty retailers.
b) variety department stores.
c) retail outlets.
d) discount stores.
e) cash-and-carry retailers.
31. When the wholesaler purchases the products from the manufacturer and sells them to retailers on credit, it normally assumes the:
a) package design.
b) credit risk.
c) promotional expenses of the manufacturer.
d) manufacturer’s guarantee.
e) producer’s risk.
32. A wholesaler provides all of the following services to manufacturers except:
a) production.
b) warehousing.
c) delivery to retailers.
d) sales expertise.
e) feedback from retailers.
33. A situation in which two or more levels of distribution are managed by a single firm is called:
a) vertical channel integration.
b) horizontal channel integration.
c) multilevel marketing.
d) wheel of retailing.
e) conglomeration.
34. When a _____ considers vertical integration, it must be concerned about whether it will lose its established business with retail firms.
a) retailer
b) producer
c) service provider
d) retailer
e) chain store
35. All of the following are distribution difficulties that firms may encounter when operating internationally except:
a) poorly organized distribution networks.
b) organized crime.
c) payoffs. d) lack of potential customers.
e) lack of intermediaries.
CHAPTER 14
Multiple Choice
11. Even if a firm’s product is properly produced, priced, and distributed, it still needs to be:
a) manufactured.
b) inspected.
c) graded.
d) promoted.
e) market tested.
12. All of the following are methods of promotion except:
a) target marketing.
b) personal selling.
c) advertising.
d) sales promotion.
e) public relations.
13. The act of informing or reminding consumers about a specific product or brand is referred to as:
a) personal selling.
b) production.
c) finance.
d) promotion.
e) research and development.
14. Which of the following promotion strategies is a nonpersonal sales promotion aimed at a large
number of consumers?
a) advertising
b) public relations
c) telemarketing
d) retail selling
e) mega-marketing
15. A nonpersonal sales presentation about a specific brand is:
a) institutional advertising.
b) personal selling.
c) brand advertising.
d) comparative advertising.
e) reminder advertising.
16. The type of advertising that is used for grocery products such as cereal, peanut butter, and dog
food is:
a) institutional advertising.
b) reminder advertising.
c) the push strategy.
d) industry advertising.
e) public relations advertising.
17. Ads that show consumers choosing between Pepsi and Coca-Cola are examples of
__________ advertising.
a) comparative
b) institutional
c) industry
d) reminder
e) generic
18. All of the following are forms of advertising except:
a) direct mail.
b) outdoor ads.
c) personal selling.
d) online banner ads.
e) transportation ads.
19. Ads that are televised separately rather than within a show are called:
a) commercials.
b) specialty ads.
c) infomercials.
d) institutional ads.
e) direct-mail ads.
20. All of the following are advantages of Internet advertising except:
a) direct, personal contact with the potential consumer.
b) low cost.
c) fees can be based on the number of customer orders.
d) generates high levels of response.
e) can create product awareness.
21. The use of the telephone for promoting and selling products is known as:
a) telepromotion.
b) telemarketing.
c) online sales promotion.
d) telecommunication mix.
e) annoying phone calls.
22. Salespeople generally perform all of the following steps except:
a) identify the target market.
b) follow up. c) contact potential customers.
d) make the sales presentation.
e) advertising.
23. A salesperson who has just completed an effective sales presentation should attempt to:
a) analyze the market.
b) win at all costs.
c) close the sale.
d) exploit the customer.
e) maximize sales returns and allowances.
24. A visual method that retail stores use in promoting particular products is a:
a) display.
b) rebate.
c) coupon.
d) premium.
e) market.
25. The promotion strategy of sampling is most often used to:
a) provide customers with a premium as an incentive to purchase more of the product.
b) introduce new products.
c) give customers a discount if a larger quantity is purchased.
d) serve as a reminder for former customers to buy the product again.
e) unload surplus inventory.
26. The main, immediate goal of public relations is to:
a) remind customers of the firm’s existence.
b) compare the firm’s brand to a competitor’s brand.
c) identify the firm’s target market.
d) enhance the image of the firm.
e) increase sales.
27. Which of the following sales promotion strategies provides a gift or prize to consumers who purchase a specific product?
a) pull
b) push
c) sampling
d) rebates
e) premiums
28. When firms promote products, they highlight the advantages over all other products. They emphasize the product’s:
a) publicity.
b) features.
c) sales promotion.
d) labeling.
e) life cycle.
29. Firms that hire __________ to promote products must consider the perceptions of the consumers in each country.
a) accountants
b) economists
c) suppliers
d) clients
e) celebrities
30. Which of the following is a public relations strategy in which an organization provides the media with a written announcement?
a) special events
b) press conference
c) concert sponsorship
d) direct mail
e) news release
31. If a firm’s target market is made up of a wide variety of customers throughout a specific region, it would likely use __________ to promote its product.
a) personal selling
b) advertising
c) door-to-door sales
d) one-on-one communication
e) target marketing
32. When producers promote their products to wholesalers or retailers, their promotion effort is called a:
a) push strategy.
b) premium price strategy.
c) sales promotion.
d) market segmentation.
e) pull strategy.
33. Which of the following is a strategy where firms focus their promotional messages on the target market customers, who in turn request the product from wholesalers or producers?
a) push
b) co-branding
c) product life cycle
d) sponsorship
e) pull
34. The promotion budget varies substantially across firms and may even vary for each firm’s product line over time. Its characteristics are influenced by all of the following except:
a) size of human resource department.
b) competition.
c) phase of the product life cycle.
d) economic conditions.
35. If marketing managers anticipate a larger demand for a product in response to new promotion strategies, they must inform their:
a) labor union.
b) stockholders.
c) creditors.
d) production department.
e) appropriate government agency. CHAPTER 15
Multiple Choice
12. Publicly owned firms are required to periodically report their financial condition for existing or potential:
a) suppliers.
b) customers.
c) employees.
d) shareholders.
e) unions.
13. The type of accounting performed for reporting purposes is referred to as:
a) ratio analysis.
b) financial accounting.
c) managerial accounting.
d) cost accounting.
e) payroll accounting.
14. Which of the following groups are primarily concerned with the risk of default on a loan?
a) owners
b) certified public accountants
c) creditors
d) auditors
e) stockholders
15. Firms use financial information developed by accountants to:
a) support financial data.
b) analyze job descriptions.
c) support decisions.
d) prepare job specifications.
e) analyze working conditions.
16. Individuals who provide accounting services to a variety of firms for a fee are:
a) master accountants.
b) managerial accountants.
c) internal auditors.
d) corporate controllers.
e) public accountants.
17. The type of accounting performed执行，表演to provide information to help managers of the firm make decisions is referred to as:
a) certified public accounting.
b) external auditing.
c) public accounting.
d) government accounting.
e) managerial accounting.
18. Which of the following financial statements summarizes a firm’s revenues, costs, and earnings for a specific period of time?
a) balance sheet.
b) income statement.
c) cash budget.
d) retained earnings statement.
e) sources and uses of funds statement.
19. The statement that reports the book value of all assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity of firms at a given point in time is the:
a) income statement.
b) cash budget.
c) profit and loss statement.
d) revenue statement.
e) balance sheet.
20. A firm’s operating expenses are subtracted from gross profit to determine its:
a) net sales.
b) cost of goods sold.
c) profit or loss.
d) balance sheet.
e) earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT).
21. The value of materials used in the production of goods that are then sold is called:
a) net sales.
b) cost of goods sold.
c) sales return and allowances.
d) gross profit. e) net income.
22. Which of the following represents funds provided by the owners of a business?
a) revenue.
b) cost of goods sold.
c) gross profit.
d) net income.
e) owner’s equity.
23. The firm’s assets are financed with its:
a) cost of goods sold.
b) earnings before interest and taxes.
c) liabilities and owner’s equity.
d) plant and equipment.
e) net sales.
24. If a firm has $1,000 in assets and $300 in liabilities, the owner’s equity must be:
a) $700.
b) $333.
c) $1,300.
d) $3,000.
e) $0.30.
25. Assets that will be converted into cash within one year are:
a) fixed assets.
b) current assets.
c) plant and equipment.
d) owner’s equity.
e) liabilities.
26. A reduction in the value of the assets to reflect deterioration in assets over time is:
a) cost of goods sold.
b) gross profit.
c) sales revenue.
d) depreciation.
e) owner’s equity.
27. In order to encourage board members to enforce proper financial disclosures:
a) all board members should be certified public accountants or financial analysts.
b) all board members should be outside members.
c) board members should not be allowed to own the firm’s stock.
d) all board members should be officers of the corporation.
e) board members should not be able to sell the firm’s stock while serving on the board.
28. An evaluation of the relationship between financial statement variables is called:
a) ratio analysis.
b) asset turnover.
c) cost of goods sold.
d) operating expenses.
e) gross profit.
29. All of the following are characteristics commonly used to classify financial ratios except for:
a) revenue.
b) liquidity.
c) efficiency.
d) leverage.
e) profitability.
30. Which of the following categories of financial ratios measures how well management uses its assets to generate sales?
a) liquidity.
b) profitability.
c) efficiency.
d) financial leverage.
e) sales leverage.
31. Long-term borrowing undertaken by a firm can be assessed through:
a) liquidity ratios.
b) profitability ratios.
c) current ratios.
d) efficiency ratios.
e) leverage ratios.
32. A ratio that measures net income as a percentage of sales is the:
a) net profit margin.
b) leverage ratio.
c) liquidity ratio.
d) activity ratio.
e) asset turnover.
33. A ratio that measures the firm’s dollar amount of profit relative to sales, assets, or equity is a(n):
a) current ratio.
b) liquidity ratio.
c) profitability ratio.
d) activity ratio.
e) leverage ratio.
34. All of the following are limitations of ratio analysis except: a) the identification of a comparable firm.
b) the firm operates in more than one industry.
c) accounting practices may vary between firms.
d) firms are too much alike.
e) firms may have large seasonal swings in sales.
35. Any firm with foreign subsidiaries must consolidate the financial data from all subsidiaries when preparing its:
a) mission statement.
b) foreign exchange.
c) balance of payment.
d) financial statements.
e) domestic policy.
36. A U.S. firm will report the earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in:
a) the currencies of the countries where the subsidiaries exist.
b) U.S. dollars.
c) units of the product sold.
d) the consolidated balance sheet of the firm.
e) the annual liquidity report.
专业导论课心得体会 历史学专业研究和阐述人类社会发展的过程和规律，主要研究人类发展演变的轨迹、不同地域社会时期的文化生活、不同民族的发展轨迹，以及先人所遗留下来的古籍、文献、历法、制度，通过分析研究，为今天的社会生活作借鉴。它会告诉我们从哪里来，要到哪里去，它使我们个人、社会、人类有所归依，为我们提供存在的理由与价值。历史是一种更高层次的人生追求。在学习过程中需要通过运用现代科学的理论和方法，搜集、整理、考证、分析历史资料，训练我们思维的灵活性、提高反思能力、时空想像能力和综合分析能力。历史学是立身的学问，不是谋生的技能。培育出高质量、多层面的史学人才，才能满足现代化社会不同领域对具有一定史学功底的专门人才的广泛需求。 近年来，随着本科生扩招导致毕业生人数直线上升，就业竞争日趋激烈，大学生就业率持续走低。很多人都认为历史学专业这类文史类的学科的为冷门学科，就业前景惨淡。但是，听完老师们关于历史专业就业前景的分析后，我认为其实也不竟然。像历史学这样的学科如果平时多关注企业对人才的需求状况，培养自己的职业素养，仍然能够找到不少的突破点，找到心仪的工作，历史学就业前景也是相当不错的。 现在，我所学习的历史主要是中国史和世界史。中国历史悠久，从女娲造人，盘古开天辟地等神话时代开始距今约有5000年，从三皇五帝算起约有4600年，自夏朝至今约有4000年，从中国历史上第一次实现大一统的秦王朝算起约有
2200年······中国历经多次演变和朝代更替，曾经辉煌过，同时也衰落过。古代时期，中国在一些朝代的繁荣昌盛可谓举世闻名。秦始皇建立第一个统一的专制主义中央集权国家，令后人叹为观止的万里长城，气势恢宏的秦兵马俑等历史文化遗迹在这个时代产生；西汉的文景之治成就了西汉汉武帝时期的强盛繁荣；隋唐时期经济高度繁荣，对外交流也很频繁，科技文化发展迅速······但是，随着历史发展时代进步，一味地固步自封，结果只能是衰落。19世纪，清朝实行闭关锁国政策，阻碍了中国的对外交流，中国逐渐落后于世界发展进程，开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。尽管中国古代有昌盛也有衰落，但是在历史的长河里，中国一直以自己的姿态屹立在亚欧大陆上，生生不息，形成了几千年的历史文化。 作为中国新一代的青年，学习历史我认为是必须的，对于学习历史专业的我们来说，更是如此，正所谓鉴古以通今。在专业导论课中，邹教授为我们讲解了如何学习中国古代史，为我们中国史的学习提供了许多切实的方法。讲座一开始，邹教授就为我们讲解了中国史学科的定位和其丰富内涵，史学学习的方法，关于民族学和人类学等知识的介绍等。一，中国史学科的定位及其丰富内涵。历史学学科在2011年的新学科标准确立之后，由一级学科上升为学科大类，中国史由二级学科上升为一级学科，包括古代史，近现代史，历史地理，史学文献，专业史五大类。 二，史学学习的方法。1，密切关注重大考古发现，历史终究是发生在过去的事，我们不可能像穿越一般去亲身经历，只能通过考古挖掘，或者是来自古代的文化遗存发现一些古代的文明，了解历史。比如，一些出土的墓葬礼器，文化典籍等等，往往能够反应当时那个社会的墓葬制度，社会管理体系，礼器酒具等
商学导论心得体会 今年暑假利用假期在学堂在线学了了商学导论：10节课带你走进商业世界。本课程从行业、企业和个人三个层面，引导学生观察、理解商业世界，企业经营的基本逻辑，对企业的创立、成长、挫折、持续成功等有更深入的了解，并对企业管理的各类工作组成——如战略、组织、领导、创新等建立初步认识。 了解了商业的概念：商业是指的有组织的购买销售产品或者服务的活动。而这活动是在特定的条件下进行的一个完整的过程，那么就有促成这个过程的四大因素：1）市场经济环境。2）各向异性的市场主体。3）自由市场。4）两合交易（买卖双方），正因为有需求，所以才有了交换，进而产生了交易，最后形成了市场，而市场里进行的一切活动，也就造就了“商业”这么一个产物。那么什么是管理，从视频里我们学到了管理区别于商业，管理更多地事通过人来完成的，与人有更加直接的联系，管理就是指在工作中以高效且有效的方式，与一群人共同获通过这群人，实现想要达到的目标的行为。而管理包含的要点有三个：1）通过别人，一个人的行为不算管理，只有通过组织其他人去完成这么一项工作。第二就是达到目标，组织大家进行一项工作总会有给定的目标或者任务，而管理正是为了完成这么一个目标或者任务而产生的一种行为。第三就是方式有效。完成的目标或者任务的方式很多。现代管理三大支柱领导包括战略定位、组织设计和构造、个体领导。其实管理者与领导者其实是存在微妙的差别的。所谓的的管理者主要负责以下三个任务：第一是预算和计划，管理者需要对一
些较为灵活变动的因素进行统计和分析，进而做出预算和计划，以此来保证管理和秩序，使得一些突发情况减少并尽可能减少不必要的浪费：第二雇员和组织。第三是控制和解决问题。所谓的领导者自己不设定目标，只负责设定方向，所能达到的目标是不定的，而朝这个方向前进的时候还需要别人来支持。这时候领导者发挥的是一种叫做“连接人”能力，那么在有了组织后，就要设定方向进行探索，这就需要大家共同努力，但由于没有明确的目标，所以遇到困难的机会多，想要突破的难度也大。这时候领导者适时的鼓舞和激励时发挥自己的主观能动性，让大家坚持下去，不断攻破一个个阻碍，按照原来设定的方向往一个又一个新的目标前进。我认为，区别于领导者，管理者工作更为定性，它要保证最后能完成工作目标即可。而领导者不仅要完成目标的能力，还要实现突破，创新的本领，这对于管理者个人的组织，领导能力的要求也是很高的。作为一个出色的领导者，不仅要具备好的专业技能，还要事先突破创新的本领。这对于管理者个人的组织、领导能力的要求也是很高的。作为一个出色的领导者，不仅要具备好的专业技能，也要有与之对应的人际技能和概念技能。而且也需要经历一个过程，不可能一蹴而就。只有在每个阶段对自己做出相应的提升和锻炼，才能不断成长。如何学好商学导论战略定位：其中分了十讲。第一讲各讲的核心概念；第二讲商业生态系统，产业价值链；第三讲企业的战略，商业的模式企业组织结构和设计；第四讲企业流程及结构；第五讲创新与企业更新；第六讲创业与产业颠覆；第七讲组织变革个人领导力；第八讲谁是领导者；第九讲权
商学导论 一、名词解释（4*5’=20’） 1.公司制企业：是为了克服个人业主制企业和合伙制企业制约大规模投资和现代化生产经 营的局限性应运而生的高级企业制度形式，是由法律赋予其拥有与自然人相同的民事主体地位的企业。 2.（个人）业主制企业：是由业主个人投资兴办的，通常由业主自己直接经营的企业，当 然也可以雇佣或委托其他人经营。（业主享有企业的全部经营所得，拥有绝对的权威和完整的所有者权限，同时对企业的债务负有完全的经营责任。） 3.合伙制企业：是指由合伙人订立合伙协议，合伙经营，共享收益，共担风险，对企业的 债务承担无限连带责任的企业。 4.法定资本制：指公司设立必须在章程中明确规定资本总额，此资本额必须以“一次到位” 的形式由发起人和股份认购人全部认购缴纳，使注册资本数额与实缴资本数额一致。公司以后要增资或减资必须严格遵守法律规定。 5.授权资本制：公司章程中明确规定的资本总额，在公司设立时发起人和股份认购人不必 一次认足和全部缴清，发起人和股东只需足额认购首期发行的股份，公司即可成立。公司资本总额不必一次发行，首期以外那些没有认购的股份授权董事会在以后时期根据需要发行。 6.折衷资本制（认可资本制）：公司设立时，投资者不必一次缴足公司章程中规定的资本 数额，但必须按照法律规定的数额和期限缴清首次发行的股份数额，同时可授权董事会在认为必要时发行其余股份。 7.公司治理：是通过一套包括正式或非正式、内部或外部的制度或机制调节公司与所有利 益相关者之间的利益关系，以保证公司决策的科学化，从而最终维护公司各方面利益的一种制度安排。 公司治理是公司利益相关者通过一系列的内外部机制实施的共同治理。 公司治理的目标不仅是股东利益的最大化，而且还有保证公司决策科学化，凡利益相关者的相互制衡只是保证公司科学决策的方式和途径，解决在经营管理实践中出现初始合约不完备产生剩余控制权如何分配的问题。 8.并购：企业并购就是企业兼并和收购，是企业外部变更的一种形式。 兼并是指两家或两家以上公司的合并，原公司的权力与义务由存续（或新设）公司承担，一般是在双方经营者同意并得到公司股东支持的情况下，按法律程序进行合并，包括吸收合并和新设合并两种形式。 收购即一家占优势的企业通过有偿方式购买一家或多家企业，被购买的企业仍独立存在，但企业所有权属于优势企业，包括资产收购和股份收购两种形式。 9.破产：因债务人不能清偿到期债务，法院根据债务人获债权人的申请，将债务人的财产 依法分配给债权人的特定法律程序。是企业不能清偿到期债务情况下的一种企业消亡形式。 10.解散：公司的解散是指公司的法人资格归于消亡并宣告其不存在的法律行为。企业宣告 解散之后，其法人资格并不立即终止，还需经过清算或破产清算后才能宣布该公司不复存在。分为自愿解散和强制解散。 二、解答题（4*8’=32’） 1.企业的含义 一般而言，企业是指依法设立，以盈利为目的，从事商品生产、流通或服务性经营活动的经济组织。
专业导论学习心得
芦娜 2014211443 工商管理类工管四班 专业导论学习心得 专业导论课程的主要目的就是让我们对工商管理类下面包括的专业有一个初步的认识和了解，工商管理类下面包括工商管理、人力资源管理、会计、房地产管理四个专业。专业导论讲授老师是各个专业比较杰出的代表，为我们详细的介绍了各个专业的情况。 因为自己对选择专业有很明确的目标——人力资源管理专业是我一直坚定想选择的专业。在各个专业介绍的时候，讲授老师都是先简述了各个专业的特色、特点，要学习的课程，就业状况等。因为选择的是人力资源管理，所以在关于人力资源管理的专业导论课上很详细的听了文鹏老师对这个专业的介绍。（文鹏老师是人力资源管理专业的主要代表） 人力资源管理，是指在经济学与人本思想指导下，通过招聘、甄选、培训、报酬等管理形式对组织内外相关人力资源进行有效运用，满足组织当前及未来发展的需要，保证组织目标实现与成员发展的最大化的一系列活动的总称。就是预测组织人力资源需求并作出人力需求计划、招聘选择人员并进行有效组织、考核绩效支付报酬并进行有效激励、结合组织与个人需要进行有效开发以便实现最优组织绩效的全过程。这个是人力资源管理的定义，可是在我的理解里，比较简单的定义，就是负责公司或者企业员工招聘、培训、考核等一系列的工作。自己其实对人力资源管理的了解并不是很多。 在五月份的时候参加了人力资源管理三级证的考试。考试分为理论与实践两个部分，都是机考，理论部分还好说就是背书，把书上的重点背诵一下基本上就可以通过了。而对于时间部分确实有点无奈，因为三月份拿到书籍一直没有开始学习。三四月份一直忙于一些学生工作，没有花时间来进行仔细的学习，所以加导致了在五月份考试之前只有十几天的时间进行准备。所以准备的不是很充分，也许能够应付过去理论部分的考试，但是对于实践部分确实很头疼，所以最后只是尽我所能的答上了题目，希望自己能够过。 对专业导论心得这一个点，我要感谢文鹏老师的详细介绍。很早之前就听说文鹏老师是人力资源管理专业最好的老师，一直想与其关于专业进行深入的了解。文鹏老师很详细的为我们介绍了人力资源管理这个专业的特点以及人资
正误判断：举例 The United States government manages the collection and spending of its revenues through monetary policy. A planned economy relies on a centralized government to control all or most of the factors of production and to make all or most production and allocation decisions. 选择题：举例 A ________ is a document in which an entrepreneur summarizes his or her business strategy for a proposed new venture and how that strategy will be implemented. A) success chart B) director's guideline C) financial blueprint D) business plan The price at which the quantity of goods demanded and the quantity of goods supplied are equal is referred to as ________. A) the equilibrium price B) consumer equality price C) the deal-maker price D) the fixed point price Decision making：sample As Rob Mason planned his tutoring business, he realized that he would need to provide his service in an efficient manner. He is able to use quiet areas on campus for his tutoring and therefore does not have any business expenses associated with renting an office or facility for his business. He also needs a competitive advantage over other tutors. For each business course in which he can serve as a tutor, he has developed a large number of practice questions. This distinguishes him from other tutors, who typically just try to explain difficult concepts to the students. Rob believes that by helping students work on practice questions, they will be better prepared for exams.
专业导论课心得体会
专业导论课心得体会 “计算机导论”课程系统全面地为学生介绍了计算科学知识领域划分的过程，涵盖的问题，以及学科的本质。使计算机专业的学生一进入本学科就有了清晰、明确的方向和认识，在学习的过程中不再感到困惑、茫然……以下内容是品才网小编为您精心整理的专业导论课心得体会，欢迎参考！ 专业导论课心得体会叹光阴荏苒不休，岁月匆匆不留。回首间，弹指一瞬又是半年。时间被记忆标签，求学远，几多不便。莫余下，几番无奈再窥前程。 大学的新鲜已悄然不再，换之而来的是旧梦新题。辩驳今昔，更要求对未来的规划有所洞悉。有幸，在本学期学科导论的启蒙下，随着专业知识的增长，一切慢慢地变得脚踏实地：有了方向，有了动力，更有了顶天立地的心! 首先提及方向问题，旨在阐述本专业之大观。深入浅出的课程安排加上各位教授导师的悉心指引下，我着实很难对管理科学与工程没有清晰的概念。以下简述个人之见解：管理科学与工程学科从定性分析趋向定量化研究，从宏观研究逐步深入到微观研究，侧重于研究同现代生产经营、科技、经济和社会等发展相适应的管理理论、方法与工具，应用现代科学方法与科技成就来阐明和揭示管理活动的规律，以提高管理的效率。学科的发展趋势是以管理科学为基
础，以多学科知识(如高等经济数学)为支撑，利用现代化手段和技术(如计算机仿真技术)，解决管理中的科学决策及风险研究，管理实践中的理论和方法研究，管理的绩效研究，管理的战略研究等。涉猎面广，学科下设管理信息系统、工程管理、项目管理、管理科学、工业工程、物流供应链管理、物流工程等专业方向,系统整体效率层面突出。对于今后的从职选择没有很大的限制，这也是本专业的一大特色，让我对未来的存在许多抉择的人生道路更是充满了不少向往! 其次谈谈动力范畴，即导论课之于我的精神感触。半年前高考浪潮还未平息，填报志愿又起波澜的那段时光，依旧恍如昨日。然而此时，内心激奋之余，更添许多欣喜。古人云：一失足成千古恨。所幸在专业选择的关卡中并未失误，现在看来，更是一种成功，因为，在管理学科中，存在着我太多的兴趣和热情。我想，兴趣是最好的老师，在将来的学业生涯中，我必当能勇往直前。是的，对于我，最大的财富是年轻，最好的辅助是激情，相信在今后的学术生涯里，我一定可以学有所新，学有所成。 回溯课上，贾仁安教授的“顶天立地”学术情怀、邓群钊教授的系统动力简剖、林永钦老师的科学发展观、陈华教授的严谨会计心态、徐兵老师的经济现实主义...各有千秋，让我大开眼界更受益匪浅。但总的看来，本质大同，莫过于保持一颗真切的心，直面茫茫的真理行径。
学科导论学习心得 美术学是人文科学的组成部分，是一门研究美术现象及其规律的科学。美术学要研究美术家、美术创作、美术鉴赏、美术活动等美术现象，同时也要研究美术思潮、造型美学、美术史学等。此外，美术学还要研究本身的历史即美术学史，就像哲学要研究哲学史一样。 美术学专业学生主要学习美术史论、美术教育等方面的基本理论、基础知识和专业技能，以及与之相关的文史哲知识，培养学生史与论相结合，理论与实践相结合的良好学风。学生精品文档，你值得期待 毕业后能从事美术教育、美术研究、文博艺术管理、新闻出版等方面的工作.随着各类新型文化产业和时尚产业的兴起，各行各业乃至城市建设越来越注重于此，社会对艺术人才的需求量大大增加，艺术专业毕业生有了比过去更为广阔、多元的就业空间。美术学专业主要培养掌握美术学基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，能够在高等、中等学校进行美术教学和教学研究的教师、教学研究人员和其他教育工作者。 而美术学专业的学生应在四年的大学学习中获得以下几方面的知识和能力： 1.全面理解和掌握美术学的专业基本理论和基本知识 2.运用辩证唯物主义的基本方法去阐述美术发展的规律 3.具有较好的艺术鉴赏能力、逻辑思辩能力、综合分析研究能力、理论表达能力 4.了解和关注美术学的理论动向及前沿课题 5.掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法、具有一定的科学研究能力和实际工作能力。 我自己最大的优势就是善于沟通，对于与人交流的工作，沟通是必胜法宝，也是因此我喜欢服务性或者教育类，管理类的工作。做事细心认真，对于生活中的坎坷我可以 坦然乐观地接受，闲下来的时候也会思考未来，喜欢自己安静一个人，也不排斥人群，容易适应环境。但是自己也有缺点就是做选择容易犹豫，不够果断自信。我追求的是保守，稳定的生活，不爱冒险。或许我这一生很平凡，但绝不会庸碌。对于自己的梦想我仍会全力以赴。我觉得对于美术学的学习应该做到接受式学习和探究式学习的有机结合，接受式学习的最大优点是我们能在非常短的时间里接受经过组织的知识和技能，而这种学习方式会导致所学的内容局限于书本知识，失去学习兴趣。所以在此之上应该结合具有自主性的探究式学习。这样有助于我们主动的探索和发现知识，让我们独立思考，获得学习的乐趣，增强学习的兴趣。 学科导论是这一届新开的课程，对于刚进校不久略迷茫的我们很有帮助，能够帮助我们正确的全面的认识自己所学的的专业，为未来前进的路程指引方向，确立目标。让我们在之后的学习生活中前进的更有信心，更加坚定。在指明方向的同时也为我们敲响了警钟，并不是说进入了大学就可以放松对自己的要求，一味的放纵自己，我们以后将面对的各种压力将不断加大，就业的竞争也会更加激烈，所以我们在大学中所要做的不是整日浑浑噩噩的过日子，而是在没有人监督的情况下，加强对自己的要求，努力的学习知识来充实自身，扩展自己的眼界，提高自己的水平，增强竞争能力以面对今后会出现的各种复杂问题，因此，我觉得学校开展此门课程，是对新生的正确引导，是非常必要和重要的。
学科导论心得体会 学科导论课以学科为单位,以学生为中心,从宏观到微观使学生清楚学科各专业知识体系的构成、专业发展的前景等。接下来就跟小编一起去了解一下关于学科导论心得体会吧! 学科导论心得体会篇【1】 起先对于统计学的概念，可以用陌生来形容。虽然很多人对统计学的了解并不深入，甚至对于不学这类专业的人来说，可以说是陌生的，但是统计学依然有其一定的历史积淀，距今已有300多年的历史。 最初对于统计学的微了解是因为志愿的填报，上网查阅关于统计学的相关资料，但是抽象的文字，无法清晰地将统计学的概念，统计学的内容展示出来，长篇大论、洋洋洒洒的文字，最后也只是很模糊地了解统计学名称的由来18世纪，德国的阿亨瓦尔首先将国势学定了新名词统计学。在当时英国人眼里，统计就是用数字表述事实。相对于统计学而言，统计的历史更为悠远。 因为填报的是统计专业，所以，对统计学的了解不能仅仅停留在表面，当时查阅的资料远远不够，我必须对其更深入地了解，不论是网上查阅相关资料，还是从老师的授课中去汲取相关信息。现在计算机及其软件的广泛应用，不仅为统计学开拓了广阔的前景，也为我们提供了了解以及熟识统计学的快捷方式;而学校安排的课程里，有专门的学科导论，这为我们提供了更方便，更直接地途径去了解我们所学的这
一门专业知识，课堂上老师从各个方面来阐述统计学在社会生产和国家经济的发展的重要作用及其在人们生活中扮演的必不可少的角色。学科导论课上，我得知，统计有三种涵义：统计工作，统计资料，统计学。这三种涵义是相互联系的。统计工作是统计的实践过程，统计资料是统计工作的成果，统计学是统计工作的理论指导。统计源于实践，却又高于实践。三者是理论与实践辩论统一的关系。 通过便捷的网络查阅，根据资料得知，统计实践远早于统计学得诞生，在一些文明古国中较早付诸于实践。据历史记载，在中国古代，大禹治水的时候，统计已初具雏型，大禹按山川土质，人口物产，贡赋的多少分中国为九州，著有禹贡九州篇，记载当时的人口约1355万，土地约2438顷，这便是人口和土地统计的雏型;秦朝商君书中已有全国的人口调查记录，并把反映国情、国力的十三数作为富国强兵的重要依据;汉朝实行口钱制，表明当时已有全国户口与人口年龄的统计，并据此征收赋税;明朝初期编有记载全国户口，丁粮的黄册，作为核定赋税、劳役的依据。在世界的其他文明古国中，统计实践也是很早的，埃及在公元前3020xx年建造金字塔时，为了征集建筑费用和劳力，对全国人口和财产进行调查;古罗马在公元前420xx年就建立了出生、死亡登记制度。 当人类进入资本主义社会以后，社会主义生产发展很快，社会分工日益精细，交通运输、商业贸易日趋发达，国际市场逐步形成。由于政府要了解国情、国力的相关数据，
专业导论的心得与体会 专业导论课心得 要说专业导论课的心得，我坦白说没什么，因为专业导论课就是 说一些专业的知识，有点枯燥乏味，不过这门课也让我们更了解我们的专业。回想起当初选英语这门专业的时候，我根本就没有考虑那么多，例如英语是一门什么专业；英语专业的学生要怎么就业的问题；英语专业的学生竞争有多激烈等等的问题。但是专业导论课就让我们全面认识了英语这个专业，也让我们知道了现实的残酷。 作为英语专业的学生，应该对自己的专业，环境，及其 __有相当程度的了解，这样才能给自己一个准确的定位，进而更专心致志地学习英语。专业导论老师告诉我们：专业英语不仅包括英语技能的训练，而且有明确的专业内涵，是语言技能的训练与专业知识学习的结合，即作为表现其实质内容的语言技能，功能意念的语料载体可以随专业方向变化，使学与用紧密结合。换句话说，我们不能死读书，不能认为学英语就是英语说的很流利，读写都没有问题就是人才，我们要因应我们不同的专业方向去扎实我们的英语技能，丰富我们的专业内涵。由于特定职业的需要，要求达到在本职业范围内的使用英语目的。例如选择旅游英语方向，我们就要在西方国家人文历史，风土人情上深入了解，这样可以让我们在就业竞争中更胜一筹；如果选择翻译英语方向，我们就要认真选择我们主要翻译的方面，选择法律的话就要好
好了解法律条文中的专业术语，选择历史文学的话就要多读一些外国作者的原著，了解一些外国作者的生平，写作风格，作品等都有利于我们准确的翻译；选择商贸英语方向，我们要好好了解我国国情和英语国家的 __发展，具有较好的外语表达能力和基本调研能力。所以 英语专业是以培养适应社会需求的创新型、应用型人才为核心，全面强化素质教育，注重对学生获取知识能力、运用知识能力、独立分析能力和创新能力的培养，使培养出来的的外语人才具有扎实的外语基本功、宽广的知识面、一定的相关专业知识、较强的创新能力和综合素质，能适应军事、教育、科研等部门的工作需要。 专业导论课的老师还让我们了解到如何有效率的学习英语，提高 各项英语技能。英语专业学习要求学生需要在听说书写方面狠下工夫，平时多听多练，平时多开口进行语音的矫正，多与国外的教师进行交流，进行语法及其书本的课后练习。课后多读些国外的文学作品和写写不同话题的英语文章，练就扎实的写作基本功，打好听说读写实践能力的基础。英语专业毕业以后就业的方向主要有英语教师、英语翻译、外贸业务员、外贸跟单员等，不过无论哪一个职业，英语口语都是非常重要的。英语学习要重视句子和文章的朗读背诵，以培养语感。学英语记单词很重要，但机械记忆是没有用的，我们要做到词不离句，句不离文。要记住：记句子比记单词划算。我们要养成记句子的习惯，因为句子中既包含了发音规则，又有语法内容，还有词的具体用法。英语学习注重积累，多用英语回答问题，多用英语写日记是不错的学
CHAPTER 9 Multiple Choice 11. The goal of ______ is to develop an efficient, high quality process for producing products or services. a) conversion management b) assembly-line control c) flexible manufacturing d) production management 生产管理 e) routing 12. A ______ represents代表a series of tasks in which resources are used to produce a product or service. a) layout chart b) Venn diagram c) organization chart d) production process生产流程 e) chain of command 13. A sequence of work stations一系列的工作in which each work station is designed to cover specific phases of the production process is called a(n): a) assembly line. b) hotelling. c) deintegration. d) product location. e) Gantt chart. 14. The factors that affect a site decision include all of the following except:影响一个网站的决定的因素包括所有以下除外 a) cost of workplace space. b) tax incentives. c) source of demand. d) access to transportation. e) quality assurance.质量保证 15. Once a site for the manufacturing plant is chosen, the next step to be determined is:一旦选择制造工厂的网站,下一步有待确定 a) design and layout.设计与布置 b) production control. c) hotelling. d) deintegration. e) inventory control. 16. All of the following characteristics influence design and layout decisions except the:所有以下特点影响,除了设计和布局决策 a) production process. b) desired production capacity. c) product line. d) purchasing applications. e) site. 17. Which of the following production processes is most commonly used for assembly-line production? a) flexible manufacturing b) fixed-position layout c) product layout d) capacity layout e) cost-benefit layout 18. A production process where employees go to the position of the product, rather than waiting for the product to come to them, is a(n):生产过程中员工去产品的位置,而不是等待未来产品对他们来说,是一 个(n): a) assembly line. b) batch process. c) fixed-position layout.定位布局 d) unit production process. e) mass production process. 19. Firms are forced to search for new sites once demand for their product exceeds their: a) quality control. b) production capacity. c) inspection requirements. d) routing schedules. e) purchase plans. 20. The development of temporary, shared office space for those employees who normally work at home is called: a) flexible manufacturing. b) deintegration. c) production control. d) hotelling. e) quality control. 21. All of the following are key tasks in production control except: a) layout and design. b) inventory control. c) routing. d) scheduling. e) quality control.
专业导论课的课后感 这一学期我学习了会计学的专业导论课，这让我对会计这个专业有了新的认识。 在没有上专业导论以前，我认为会计只是简单的算算帐而已。学完了专业导论以后，我对我选的专业和我今后要从事的职业有了一个新的认识。我应该为我选择了会计而自豪。 会计在我国有着悠久的历史，早在西周时就设立了专门核算官方财赋收支的官职。随着历史的发展，我国的会计也在不断的发展。一直到了现在这个商品经济的世界，会计也与以前有了很大的不同。受社会经济，政治和技术环境的影响使传统的财务会计不断地充实和完善。电子计算机技术普遍的运用于会计核算使会计信息搜集、分类、处理、反馈等操作摆脱了传统的手工操作，大大的提高了工作效率。20世纪以来，特别是第二次世界大战结束后，资本主义的生产社会化程度得到了空前的发展，现代科学技术与经济管理科学的发展突飞猛进。从不同的角度来看现代会计，对会计本质会得出不同的认识。 (1)会计是反映和监督物质资料生产过程的一种方法，是管理经济的工具。(2)会计是一个收集、处理和输送经济信息的信息系统。(3)会计是通过收集处理和利用经济信息，对经济活动进行组织、控制、调节和指导，促使人们比较分析，讲求经济效益的一种以价值活动为对象的管理活动。 而且我也发现会计的工作也不是简单的计算而已，我们还要会设置帐户和帐簿，填制和审核会计凭证，复式记账，成本计算，
财产清查，编制会计报表和检查、考核、分析会计资料等。最重要的是进行企业财务管理事务。为了能胜任这些工作，我们还要学习很多课程,如管理信息系统,初级会计学,中级财务会计,高级财务会计,经济法,成本会计,管理会计,财务管理,审计等等。这让我充分的认识到了选择会计，就要不断的学习。 会计还分很多的种类。工业企业会计、商品流通会计、金融证券会计、保险企业会计、施工企业会计、房地产业会计、邮电通讯会计、农业企业会计、旅游餐饮会计、医疗卫生会计、交通运输会计、文化教育会计、物业管理会计、行政事业会计、上市公司会计上市公司会计、物流企业会计、连锁经营会计、出版印刷会计、私营企业会计、小企业会计(制造业) 会计、小企业会计(商业) 会计、电力企业会计、煤炭企业会计、钢铁企业会计、石油化工会计、汽车行业会计、烟草企业会计、酒类企业会计、食品企业会计、药品企业会计、加工制造会计、轻工纺织会计、外经外贸会计、信息咨询服务业会计、广告服务会计、房屋中介服务会计、市场（农贸、五金、批发、建材、服装等）会计、个人独资企业会计、高新技术企业会计、软件及集成电路会计。等等。这让我觉得会计这门职业很有意思。我很希望可以学好它。 为了以后的工作，我们还要考许多许多的证件。比如会计从业资格证书、会计电算化证、职称证，以及注册会计师证。我想
《管理科学与工程学科导论心得体会》 南昌大学理学院管理科学111班龚江 叹光阴荏苒不休，岁月匆匆不留。回首间，弹指一瞬又是半年。时间被记忆标签，求学远，几多不便。莫余下，几番无奈再窥前程。 大学的新鲜已悄然不再，换之而来的是旧梦新题。辩驳今昔，更要求对未来的规划有所洞悉。有幸，在本学期学科导论的启蒙下，随着专业知识的增长，一切慢慢地变得脚踏实地：有了方向，有了动力，更有了顶天立地的心！ 首先提及方向问题，旨在阐述本专业之大观。深入浅出的课程安排加上各位教授导师的悉心指引下，我着实很难对管理科学与工程没有清晰的概念。以下简述个人之见解： 管理科学与工程学科从定性分析趋向定量化研究，从宏观研究逐步深入到微观研究，侧重于研究同现代生产经营、科技、经济和社会等发展相适应的管理理论、方法与工具，应用现代科学方法与科技成就来阐明和揭示管理活动的规律，以提高管理的效率。学科的发展趋势是以管理科学为基础，以多学科知识（如高等经济数学）为支撑，利用现代化手段和技术（如计算机仿真技术），解决管理中的科学决策及风险研究，管理实践中的理论和方法研究，管理的绩效研究，管理的战略研究等。涉猎面广，学科下设管理信息系统、工程管理、项目管理、管理科学、工业工程、物流供应链管理、物流工程等专业方向,系统整体效率层面突出。对于今后的从职选择没有很大的限制，这也是本专业的一
大特色，让我对未来的存在许多抉择的人生道路更是充满了不少向往！ 其次谈谈动力范畴，即导论课之于我的精神感触。半年前高考浪潮还未平息，填报志愿又起波澜的那段时光，依旧恍如昨日。然而此时，内心激奋之余，更添许多欣喜。古人云：一失足成千古恨。所幸在专业选择的关卡中并未失误，现在看来，更是一种成功，因为，在管理学科中，存在着我太多的兴趣和热情。我想，兴趣是最好的老师，在将来的学业生涯中，我必当能勇往直前。是的，对于我，最大的财富是年轻，最好的辅助是激情，相信在今后的学术生涯里，我一定可以学有所新，学有所成。 回溯课上，贾仁安教授的“顶天立地”学术情怀、邓群钊教授的系统动力简剖、林永钦老师的科学发展观、陈华教授的严谨会计心态、徐兵老师的经济现实主义...各有千秋，让我大开眼界更受益匪浅。但总的看来，本质大同，莫过于保持一颗真切的心，直面茫茫的真理行径。 此刻，想起了理生楼前胡先啸先生所言:业贵专精，又贵宏通。的确，前途苍茫，理想甚远，但使命不忘。读书成才，非一人之得失，更关乎社稷之荣辱，此意关重大，岂敢有所唐突... 此番心得谨此，望以之为日后之策鞭，以激励我执着向前！ 斯人。秋时月 2011-12-23
学科导论心得体会 学科导论心得体会汇总 要说专业导论课的心得，我坦白说没什么，因为专业导论课就是说一些专业的知识，有点枯燥乏味，不过这门课也让我们更了解我 们的专业。回想起当初选英语这门专业的时候，我根本就没有考虑 那么多，例如英语是一门什么专业；英语专业的学生要怎么就业的 问题；英语专业的学生竞争有多激烈等等的问题。但是专业导论课 就让我们全面认识了英语这个专业，也让我们知道了现实的残酷。 作为英语专业的学生，应该对自己的专业，环境，及其就业前景有相当程度的了解，这样才能给自己一个准确的定位，进而更专心 致志地学习英语。专业导论老师告诉我们：专业英语不仅包括英语 技能的训练，而且有明确的专业内涵，是语言技能的训练与专业知 识学习的结合，即作为表现其实质内容的语言技能，功能意念的语 料载体可以随专业方向变化，使学与用紧密结合。换句话说，我们 不能死读书，不能认为学英语就是英语说的很流利，读写都没有问 题就是人才，我们要因应我们不同的专业方向去扎实我们的英语技能，丰富我们的专业内涵。由于特定职业的需要，要求达到在本职 业范围内的使用英语目的。例如选择旅游英语方向，我们就要在西 方国家人文历史，风土人情上深入了解，这样可以让我们在就业竞 争中更胜一筹；如果选择翻译英语方向，我们就要认真选择我们主 要翻译的方面，选择法律的话就要好好了解法律条文中的专业术语，选择历史文学的话就要多读一些外国作者的原著，了解一些外国作 者的生平，写作风格，作品等都有利于我们准确的翻译；选择商贸 英语方向，我们要好好了解我国国情和英语国家的社会经济发展， 具有较好的外语表达能力和基本调研能力。所以英语专业是以培养 适应社会需求的创新型、应用型人才为核心，全面强化素质教育， 注重对学生获取知识能力、运用知识能力、独立分析能力和创新能 力的`培养，使培养出来的的外语人才具有扎实的外语基本功、宽广
X理论 1957年，美国社会心理学家道格拉斯·麦格雷戈在发表的著作《企业的人性面》一书中提出了影响颇大的“X—Y”理论。他将传统的指挥和监督理论命名为X理论，而将自己提出的理论命名为Y 理论。依照麦氏的归纳，X理论对人的本性的假设是： 1.一般人生来就是懒惰的，希望工作越少越好，所以总是设法逃避工作。 2.一般人都缺乏责任心，愿意接受别人的指挥或指导，而不愿主动承担责任； 3.人生来就以自我为中心，对组织的要求和目标漠不关心，把个人利益放到一切之上； 4.人习惯于守旧，反对变革，不求进取； 5.只有极少数人才具有解决组织领导问题所需要的想象力和创造力； 6.人是妒乏理性的，一般不能控制自己，易受外界或他人的影响。 麦格雷戈认为，X理论曾经是企业领导人普遍具有的——种传统观念，对美国的企业管理有过重大影响。以X理论为指导思想，管理人员把人和物等同，忽视人的自身特征和多种需要，特别是社交、友情、受人尊重和自我实现的需要，只把金钱作为促使人们工作的最主要的激励手段，把惩罚这种强制性手段当作管理的重点之一。认为权力、规章制度和严密的监督控制，才能保证组织目标的实现。依照这种理论，工人只是一种会说话的机器，管理人员必须实行“胡萝卜加大棒”的政策方能奏效。 X理论和Y理论到底该在管理中使用哪个理论呢，应该区别对待： 1、看这个人所处阶段，初期的通常适合X理论，成熟后Y理论 很多人刚踏足社会时，都会有不适应期，很不喜欢工作，喜欢多休息，这个时候，找不到工作乐趣，总感觉上班是很痛苦的事情。在这个时期就需要用X理论来管理。等他慢慢成熟起来，懂得工作的价值意义就是通过帮助别人来帮助自己，就会有自豪感和成就感，到这个时候，就适合Y理论了。 2、所做工作不同，这个人作的工作，如果是他自己喜欢的，适合Y理论；如果是他极度反感的，适合X理论 很多人在工作时，喜欢少付出，多回报，能偷懒就偷懒，通常是他在做他不喜欢的工作，这个时候就需要有人监督、管理；当一个人在做自己喜欢做的工作时，就积极主动、自动自发，这个时候根本不需要人监督。 3、不同的人，适合不同的理论，人和人确实是有差距的 不是每个人成长速度都是一样的。有些人一辈子不能理解懂得生活的意义和道理，天天生活在报怨之中，特别喜欢消极怠工，好像迟到、早退占了企业的便宜，凡事消极悲观，能躲就躲，能推就推，不喜欢学习，对任何事情都不感兴趣。这些人如果在工作中就需要使用X理论；有
英语专业导论学习心得 大学是一个提供学习飞翔本领，一个锻炼预演的地方。作为新生，对未来多少会有些迷茫，有些困惑，找不到方向。所以对我们这些学习英语的学生来说，英语专业导论课是很重要的，能够引导我们避免走过多的弯路，充分了解英语专业需要学习的内容、知识。英语专业导论课主要是对英语各方向的专业进行介绍及学习与其有关联的知识并学会运用到生活中。 英语专业是一门学习语言的课程。语言是人类表达思想，相互交流的工具。语言的巧妙运用需要智慧，学习语言的目的就是在思想上不断地思考、尝试、检验，深化到人的内心，使人从里到外得到发展，实现真正意义上的人生辉煌。在这个经济迅猛发展的时代，人们之间的交往日益频繁，这就需要表达各自的意见及建议，特别是工作、生意上，而语言是表达的重要工具，因此掌握一门外语，特别是社会普及运用的语言——英语，是非常重要。一位名人曾说过：“掌握一门外语，就多用于一个世界”，是的，从我们现在的社会及将来的发展前景来看，社会全球化是不可避免的，因此学习外语会使自己有别人更多的表现机会，能够更好地实现自我的人生价值，是立足于现代社会的一大优势。 语音、语法、词汇这三者缺一不可。单词构成了句子、文章，语法确保了句子的正确性，奠定了句子的逻辑性，语音也为人际沟通，信息正确快速反应提供了保障，而这三者是通过以句子或文章为单位而相互联系，因此，语言的学习需要从句子或文章为切入点来突破。学习一门外语需要学习这个国家的背景，所以在专业导论的学习中，老师通过介绍国外文化，并对某些现象提出个人的观点，让我们分成小组讨论个人看法，针对我们看待问题的不同视角激发我们的思维能力和思维方式，从中体会看待问题时的心态。并且老师还会通过以观看电影的形式让我们了解外国的文化、习俗及对语音、语法、词汇的学习，积累词汇量，学习句子的运用方式。从这些课中，我认识到语音、语法、词汇的重要性，我准备每天听力，背单词，练口语；准备仔细咀嚼教材书，预习学习再复习，不会还要查资料；还要准备接受那些只闻其名未见其内容的丰富多彩的专业课。当我做好了这些准备的时候，再给自己一个坚定不移的信念，一种百折不挠的精神，一种谦虚谨慎的态度。 此外，老师对英语专业的就业，英语未来发展方向等都做了介绍对英语专业