新概念英语第三册语法精粹(四):虚拟语气
虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。
1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟：
If + did / were + ..., ... would
should
could + do (动词原形)
might
If I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.)
If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesn't know it now.)
2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟：
If + had done + ..., ... would (might) have done ...
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.
(I didn't know your telephone number.)
If you had come here a littleearlier just now, you might have met her.
(You didn't come here earlier.)
3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟：
(1) If + should + v., ... would + v.
(可能性很小)(译作“万一”)
If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.
If I should fail, what should Ido?
(2) If + did / were to + v ..., would + v.
(完全不可能)
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.
If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.
4. 金牌特殊重点：!!
[简单联想记忆]：
● 下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should + 动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略(TOEFL语法考点)。此类常见的动词有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest(建议)insist(坚决要求)，advise, etc.
例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English.
The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
● 下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should + 动词原形”(should可省去)的虚拟。
suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal.
He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.
I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon.
● It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主语+ should + v.
It is strange that you should say such a thing.
It was important that you should tell me all the information.
● wish后的宾语从句中，as if 后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：
主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were(指现在)
haddone(指过去)
would+ v.(指将来)
Iwishthat I met my uncle now.
IwishI had met my uncle yesterday.
IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow.
● It is (high) time that ... + did / were ... It is time that you went to bed.
● would rather that ... + did / were ...
I would rather that you were not here now.
● would sooner that ... + did / were ...
I would sooner that you got up earlier.
I would sooner that you were not my brother.
虚拟语气用法 英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。 1、表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。 China is an Asian country. (肯定句) How interesting my stay in China has been! (感叹句) 2、祈使句表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。如: Please come over here. 请到这边来。 Watch your steps! 当心!(走路) 3、虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外，如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如: If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。 If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 【注意】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren't，Shouldn't，Hadn't而置于句首。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。 ②有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…) 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 ①将条件会暗含在介词短语中，如without…, but for…,otherwise（要不是因为）等 But for his help, we would be working now. (要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
新概念英语第一册113-144课语法点总结一．so / neither引导的简短回答 a.结构： 1.so / neither + be动词 + 主语 例：He is a dancer, so am I. 他是个舞蹈家，我也是。2.so / neither + 情态动词 + 主语 例：He can dance very well, so can I. 他跳舞跳得很好，我也是。 3.so / neither + 助动词 + 主语 例：He doesn’t like singing, neither do I. 他不喜欢唱歌，我不喜欢。 b.表示 某人也是，某人也会，某人也不是，某人也不会。 c.区别 如果前一句是肯定的，后一句用so开头； 如果前一句是否定的，后一句用neither开头。 二．not a (an) / any & no & none 1.no是个限定词，用在名词前，等同于not a或not any，用 来强调句子的否定含义。
例：I haven’t got any fingers. = I have got no fingers. 我没有手指。 I haven’t got a long tail. = I have got no long tail. 我没有一条长尾巴。 2.none : 没有人；一个也没有；一点儿也没有 例：He has got many interesting books. I have got none. 他有很多有趣的书，我一本也没有。 三．不定代词either; both; all; neither; none 注意：either表示两者任选其一。 例：Which one do you want, an apple or a pear? Either is Okay. 你想要苹果还是梨？都可以。 Either of my parents will come to see you. 我爸爸或者妈妈会来见你。 不定代词的词组： 1.both … and …两者都…… 例：Both Lily and Linda are right. Lily和Linda都是对
新概念英语第三册重点语法总结：定语从句 导读：本文新概念英语第三册重点语法总结：定语从句，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 1. 定语从句：由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词when, where, why 引导。 1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 2. 只能用that和who引导的定语从句 A.all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时
虚拟语气 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测 试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说 的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型: 1.与现在事实相反。若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker.如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐) If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) 2.与过去事实相反。若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time.要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了) 3.与将来事实相反。若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和 后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now. 这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 2. 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是 将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情 发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对
1. 关系副词eweek. 2. A． B which. C． D ? 3.as as A “as...as” 例如： B．as ??? as 例如： (二): . (三): 从句）gthecase. 就是that不做任 ，doubt，suggestion explanation truth，knowledge 或whether that不做 that做定
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7 ???? oblem. ???? 注意：不用was 找他。 答案词， 不能说 8 ???（ ????? ( 定义：特点等。 ● ● 所属等。 1 2 smell， remain 3 面） poorly（身 ） ，usually ，below 等 ，perfectly， 注意
式地）（以前） 10.free freely (九):前，an 如： I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11． 12 13 民 II 1． 2 3 4 5 (十): 1 “willyou”，如：
1 assroom. 2 3 ??? 别力。 (十三): 1.rise， ?“rise”提高”。 “arise”其语义为“义为“ https://www.doczj.com/doc/473281272.html,y， “lay” “lie” “lie” 3.sit， “sit” “seat” 4. “affect” “effect”dy. 5.hang 当hang 而当hang 6. 7.take :? 8. 9.fit, “fit”指“ 10.搭配
虚拟语气用法详解 一、条件句中的虚拟语气 1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中 的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 2. 条件句中的虚拟语气的举例 (1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分 利用他的时间了。 If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。 (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。 If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。 (3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。 If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。 3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题 (1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be 时，可用was 代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were 中，只能用were。如： Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。 (2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动 作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
新概念英语第一册语法点梳理 新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。 以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。 首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析： 本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态，这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。 Lesson 31—34现在进行时 Lesson 37—40第一次出现be going to的将来时 Lesson 51—56一般现在时 Lesson 67—76为一般过去式 Lesson 83—90为现在完成时 Lesson 91—96为一般将来时(will) Lesson 117—118过去进行时 Lesson 119—120过去完成时 除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。 在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。 Lesson1—2
语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is thisyour handbag? Yes, it is. Lesson 5—6 语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6)a/an的使用。 Lesson 7—8 语言点：如何自我介绍和相互认识。 语法点：主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French? What nationality are you? What’s your job?特殊疑问句。Lesson 9—10 语言点：朋友或熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you? 语法点：主系表结构形容词做表语。 介词短语表示位置near the window, on the televion, on the wallLesson 29—30 语言点：如何发号命令。 语法点：祈使句（肯定）。 动词与宾语的固定搭配。 Lesson 37—38 语言点：如何表达将要做的事情。 语法点：现在进行时态be going to do结构表达将要发生的事情。 There be句型的一般疑问句形式。 Lesson 41-42
新概念英语第三册语法解析：类比法、夸张法、排比法 类比法(Analogy)是一种词义修辞格，把两种本质上不相同的事物就其某方面的共同 点进行比较，通过比喻说明某种道理或描绘某种复杂情况。例如，Lesson 27的第一句, “It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.” 作者把人们生活工作的方式类比成销 售货物的方式，每个人都是一定意义上的推售员，抽象的为谋生而付出的努力被比喻成具体的可供售卖的货物。通过这样的类比，读者找到了联系的线索，加深对句子的理解并引起共鸣。假如我们要借助类比描绘英语的作用，我们就可以说，“What English means to a student is what weapons mean to the soldiers who fight in the battlefield.” 或“If we obtain English proficien cy, we obtain the key which leads us to more knowledge and opportunities.” 夸张法(hyperbole)也是词义修辞，刻意地夸大或缩小把事物的特征，在数量，形状和 程度上加以渲染，“言过其实”地使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来，给人强烈的印象。Lesson 49, 作者谈到阿姨家的仆人数量时提及”an army of servants (仆人大军)” and “the shifting population(流动人口)”, 把Bessie导致布丁砸在桌上的小意外说成“catastrophe (大 灾难)”, 不难看出这些都是夸张的例子。如果我们的朋友多不胜数，我们也可以自豪地说，“I have an army of friends.”, 但是如果他们都是“the shifting population who just come and go into my life without even a hello or goodbye (他们只是连招呼不打就来来去去的流动人口)”，那么这样的友情带来的只是一个“catastrophe”, 因为没有得到真正的知己。 排比法(Parallelism)，属于结构修辞，以语法结构对称来突出意义，增添气势。Lesson 51,阐述Bagrid预测计算机的功能, 文中出现了连续四个排比，充分证明了Bagrid非凡的 眼光，“Bagrid foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic jams…, when they would be used in hospital…, when they would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work..”排比是最常用的修辞之一，排比项通常以三项为起点，控制于五项之内。 结合一个写大学教育的主题，以下的排比句跃然纸上, “University is the place where we absorb the most comprehensive knowledge, where we encounter friends of lifetime, where we cultivate our characters and personalities, where we create the most impressive part of our life.
新概念英语第一册语法点归纳 新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。 首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析： 本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态，这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。 Lesson 31—34 现在进行时 Lesson 37—40 第一次出现be going to 的将来时 Lesson 51—56 一般现在时 Lesson 67—76 为一般过去式 Lesson 83—90 为现在完成时 Lesson 91—96 为一般将来时(will) Lesson 117—118 过去进行时 Lesson 119—120 过去完成时 除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。 在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。 Lesson1—2 语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much. 语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is. Lesson 5—6 语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6) a/an 的使用。
新概念英语第三册重点语法总结：名词性从句 王牌要点：通常由 that或疑问词导出。 1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.(主语从句) 2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.(宾语从句) 3. The problem is what we'll do next.(表语从句) 4. We have no idea that he has come back.(同位语从句) 同位语(Appositive): 同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。 《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
(当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没 有受到重视。) 在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into London zoo的后面， 目的是让句型显得更为稳重。 I.简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。 I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. (that 引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分) We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. (that 引导的句子解释了fact的内容) II.联想记忆： 能接同位词从句的名词有：belief(信仰)，fact，idea，doubt，rumor(谣言)， evidence(证据)，conclusion(结论)，suggestion(建议)，problem，order，answer， discovery(发现)explanation(解释)，principle(原则)，possibility(可能性)，truth，promise(承诺)，report(报告)，statement(声明)，knowledge(知识)，opinion(观点)，likelihood(可能性) [大声朗读三遍，背下即可。]
实用英语虚拟语气的解析及其用法讲解 在当前英语语法当中，有一些学生总结的几个难点语法，其中之一就是虚拟语气，怎样判断出句子使用了虚拟语气，是哪一种形式的虚拟语气是学生无法清楚掌握的难点。本文从虚拟语气的定义到各种形式都进行了详细的讲解和分析，并针对各种形式的用法都进行了分析和举例，讲解明白，以帮助学生们能更好地了解和掌握英语语法中这个难学的语言现象。 标签：英语虚拟语气；定义；用法；分析及举例 一、虚拟语气的定义（Subjunctive Mood） 在我们了解什么是虚拟语气前，大家首先要弄清楚英语的语气表达，也就是英语学习中我们都会用到哪些语气。英语中的语气（Mood）可以分为：1The Indicative Mood（陈述语气）；2The Interrogative Mood（疑问语气）；3The Imperative Mood（祈使语气）；4The Subjunctive Mood（虚拟语气）4类。陈述、疑问、祈使语气在本文中就不再过多阐述。而我们在这里重点讲解虚拟语气。什么是虚拟语气呢？虚拟语气用来表示假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。虚拟语气表示说话者所说的话并非事实，或难以实现的，甚至表达相反的概念。另外表示主观愿望或表达某种强烈的感情时，也用虚拟语气。 二、虚拟语气的判断及用法 （一）if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 if条件状语从句有真实条件句和非真实条件句。假设条件可以实现的句子为真实条件句，反之为非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。其形式分为以下三种：1与过去事实相反的假设。结构为：从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”，主句用“should（would，could，might）+have+过去分词”。 2与现在事实相反的假设。结构为：从句的谓语动词用过去式，系动词用were，主句的谓语用“should（would，could，might）+动词原形”。 3与将来事实相反的假设。结构为：从句的谓语动词用“should（wereto）+动词原形”，主句用“should（would，could，might）+动词原形”。 （二）宾语从句中的虚拟语气 1wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气：根据从句的意义来判断 A：表示与现在和将来事实相反的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去时态。例如：
新概念英语第1册第87-88课课重点语法 第87-88课的内容： 一、重要句型或语法 1、现在完成时 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，基本形式为have/has done。本课侧重的是标志性词语yet的用法和不规则的过去分词。如：Have your mechanics finished yet? 二、课文主要语言点 Is my car ready yet? 1)ready，准备好了的。 2)yet用于疑问句，起加强语气作用。 What's the number of your car? It's LFZ 312G. 1)What's the number of ...?，用来询问某物的号码，如：What's the number of your phone?，相当于What's your phone number? 2)汽车牌照的号码只要按顺序逐个读出即可。 When did you bring it to us? I brought it here three days ago. 1)此处动词采用一般过去时，是因为他们在讨论的是三天前发生的事情。 2)bring sth. to sb.，把某物带给某人。 3)可复习ago表示过去时间的用法。 Ah, I remember now. 注意remember的读音和拼写。 Have your mechanics finished yet? No, they're still working on it. 1)finish，完成，结束。如果后面再接动词，要用doing，如finish working。 2)此处yet用来加强语气。 3)still，仍然，用来加强语气。 4)work on sth.，忙于。 Let's go into the garage and have a look at it. 1)Let's用来引导祈使句，后面要接动词原形。 2)注意garage的发音：美 [ɡ?'rɑ??] ;英 ['ɡ?rɑ??]。 3)have a look at sth.，看一看某物。 Isn't that your car? Well, it was my car. 1)Isn't在此用来引导反问句。 2)此处的was用了斜体，起到强调作用，意思是这车子曾经是我的，但现在不是了。意思是：车子坏得已经认不出来了。 Didn't you have a crash? have a crash，表示出车祸了、撞车了。crash作为动
虚拟语气语法讲解 虚拟语气 英语句子中谓语动词的语气有三种： 1. 直陈语气（The Indiative d）直陈语气用于直截了当地陈述事实、描述状态： He has published quite a nuber f essays this year .他今年已发表了好几篇论。 2. 祈使语气（The Iperative d） 祈使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等： ait utside until yu are asked . 请在外面等候，请你进再进去。 Lets ust take a break, shall we ? 我们休息一会儿，好吗？ 3. 虚拟语气（The Subuntive d） 虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现出说话人的主观因素比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气。例如： I wish yu were re areful .但愿你更细心一些。 If I had re ney, I wuld buy a bigger apartent.
我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。 uld yu ind shutting the dr ? 劳驾您把门关上。 一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的构成和用法 1. 表示一种与过去事实相反的假设情况，条件从句中的谓语动词要用“had+过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词要用“wuld / shuld / uld / ight+have+过去分词”。如： If yu had e here yesterday, yu wuld have seen hi. 如果你昨天到这里，你就会看见他了。 2. 表示一种与目前事实相反的假设情况，条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用一般过去式(be动词常用were)，而主句中的谓语动词则要用“wuld / shuld / uld / ight+动词原形”。如： If I had his telephne nuber, I wuld all hi nw. 如果我有他的电话号码，我现在就打电话给他。 If I were yu, I wuld nt tell hi that. 如果我是你，我就不把那件事告诉他。 3. 表示与将的事实可能相反的假设情况时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用：1) shuld+动词原形，或2) 一般过去式，或3) were+不定式，主句中的谓语动词要用“wuld+动词原形“。如： If it snwed trrw, any rps wuld die f ld. = If it were t snw trrw, any rps wuld die f ld. = If it shuld snw trrw, any rps wuld die f ld. 如果明天下雪，许多庄稼都会冻死。 4. 有时候，条件和结果不是指同一个时间，这时，应根据上面谈到的几种情况，使用相应的形式，这种虚拟语气
新概念第三册语法精粹 第一章英语从句 Subordination 英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句） 一．定语从句 定语从句：由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词when, where, why 引导。 （下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！） 1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.
英语虚拟语气用法详解 1. 英语语气的概念 英语有三种语气，即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用于陈述事实、提出看法或问题等，祈使语气用于表示请求、命令或警告等，虚拟语气则表示假想或主观愿望。如： I like this book the best. 我最喜欢这本书。(陈述语气) Don’t be so careless. 不要如此粗心大意。(祈使语气) I suggest that we should go tomorrow. 我建议我们明天走。(虚拟语气) If you dropped the glass, it would break. 假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上，它会打碎的。(虚拟语气) 3. 虚拟条件句的基本类型 (1) 与现在事实相反：若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如： If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。 (2) 与过去事实相反：若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, coul d, might)+have+过去分词”。如： If he had been in that train then, he might have been k illed in that accident. 如果当时他也在那列火车上，他可能就死于那场车祸了。
(3) 与将来事实相反：若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如： If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 3. 错综时间虚拟条件句 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整。如：If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such tro uble now. 如果你听了我的话，你现在也不会有这样的麻烦了。 If you were in better health, we’d have let you go wit h us. 你要是身体好一点，我们就让你和我们一道去了。 4. 含蓄虚拟条件句 所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句。如： Anybody else would have believed you. 任何别人都会相信你的话了。 Without your help, I couldn’t have achieved all this. 要不是有你帮助，我不会取得这些成就。 I would have written before, but I have been ill. 我本想给你写信的，但我生病了。 5. if it weren’t (wasn’t) for与if it hadn’t been for
新概念英语第一册： 129-130课语法及单词解析 【篇一】 语法 Grammar in use 表示猜测和推断的情态助动词must和can't(2) must与can't不仅能表达对现在和将来的猜测和推断，而且能表达对过去的猜测和推断——这时可用 must have been表示肯定的推断，用can't have been(而不是mustn't have been)来表示否定的推断，如后面跟进行时则表示对过去正在进行的动作的猜测。请看例句： You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour. 你当时肯定正以每小时70英里的速度行驶。 I didn't see it. I must have been dreaming. 我没看见。我当时一定是在胡思乱想吧。 She can't have been 29.She must have been 36. 她那时肯定不会是29岁，她一定36岁了。 He can't have been reading. He must have been sleeping. 他那时肯定不是在看书，他准是在睡觉。 【篇二】 词汇学习 Word study charge v. (1)罚款;使承受经济负担： He was charged by the policeman for speeding. 他因开车超速而被警察罚款。
(2)要(价);收(费)： The hotel charged them ￡ 900 for one night. 饭店向他们索要900英镑作为住一晚的费用。(3)指控;指责： They charged him with murder. 他们指控他犯了谋杀罪。 【篇三】 dream v. (1)做梦;梦见： He dreamt about his grandmother last night. 他昨天夜里梦见他的祖母了。 Do you often dream at night? 你晚上经常做梦吗? (2)梦想;幻想： She dreamed that one day she would be as free as a bird 她幻想着有一天自己能像鸟儿那般自由。 I once dreamed of becoming a famous doctor. 我曾一度梦想着成为一位的医生。 (3)出神;心不在焉;空想： Don't dream away your life! 不要在想入非非中虚度你的人生。 Sorry, I didn't see the sign. I must have been dream ing.