汽车与变速箱
随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。石油不是在生资源。所以必须在石油耗净之前找到一种代替品。随着科技的发展社会的进步，有人发明了电动汽车。电动汽车将成为人们最为理想的交通工具。
世界在发展各各方面都取得丰硕成果，尤其是随着汽车电子技术和计算机以及发展迅速的信息时代。电子控制技术在汽车上得到了广泛应用，汽车上应用的电子装置越来越丰富，电子技术不仅用来改善和提高传统汽车电器的质量和性能，而且还提高了汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、可靠性以及废气排放的净化性。汽车上广泛使用电子产品不仅降低了成本，并且减少维护的复杂性。从发动机的燃油喷射点火装置、进气控制、废气排放控制、故障自诊断到车身辅助装置都普遍采用了电子控制技术，可以说今后汽车发展主要以机电一体化。汽车上广泛采用的电子控制点火系统主要有电子控制燃油喷射系统、电子控制点火系统、电子控制自动变速器、电子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系统、电子控制悬架系统、电子控制动力转向系统、车辆动力学控制系统、安全气囊系统、主动安全带系统、电子控制自动空调系统、导航系统还有GPS等。有了这些系统汽车响应敏捷，使用功能强，可靠性高，既保证发动机动力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又满足排放法规的标准。
汽车是现代人必不可少的交通工具。而电动汽车给我们带来无限乐趣外还能给我们劳累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自动变速器来说吧，汽车在行驶时，可以不踩离合器踏板，就可以实现自动换档而发动机不会熄火，这样有效的提高驾驶方便性减轻驾驶员的疲劳强度。自动变速器主要由液力变矩器、齿轮变速器、油泵、液压控制系统、电子控制系统、油冷却系统等组成。电子控制的悬架主要是用来缓冲路面对车身的冲击力以及减少振动保证汽车平顺性和操纵稳定性。当汽车行驶在不平坦的道路时汽车能能根据底盘和路面高度自动调整。当车高比设置的高度低时，就向气室或油缸充气或充油。如果是相反，就放气或泻油。从而保证汽车的水平行驶，提高行驶稳定性。可变力动力转向系统因能显著改变驾驶员的工作效率和状态，所以在电动汽车上广泛使用。VDC对汽车性能有着至关重要的作用它能根据需要主动对车轮进行制动来改变汽车的运动状态，使汽车达到最佳的行驶状态和操纵性能，并增加了汽车的附着性，控制性和稳定性。除了这些之外4WS、4WD的出现大大提高了电动汽车的价值与性能同步提升。ABS具有减少制动距离并能保持转向操作能力有效提高行驶方向的稳定性同时减少轮胎的磨损。安全气囊的出现在很大程序上保护了驾驶员和乘客的安全，大大降低汽车在碰撞时对驾驶员和乘客的缓冲，以过到保护生命安全的目的。
智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电
池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌―空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
随着计算机和电子产品不断开级换代，电动汽车技术也在日趋成熟与完善，使得驾驶更安全、方便、灵活、舒适。现在，电动汽车离普通消费者的距离还很遥远，只有少数人在赶赶时髦而已。电动汽车真正能够与传统的燃油汽车相竞争，今后汽车市场终会被电动汽车和智能汽车所取代。这只是时间性的问题这一天终究会来到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD 以及各种新时代的电子产品与现代高性能汽车默契组合、绝妙搭配，带给我们无与伦比的精准驾驶舒适性和行驶安全性。
1、变速器的作用
发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。为了发挥发动机的最佳性能，就必须有一套变速装置，来协调发动机的转速和车轮的实际行驶速度。变速器可以在汽车行驶过程中，在发动机和车轮之间产生不同的变速比，通过换挡可以使发动机工作在其最佳的动力性能状态下。变速器的发展趋势是越来越复杂，自动化程度也越来越高，自动变速器将是未来的主流。
2、变速器的型式
汽车自动变速器常见的有三种型式：分别是液力自动变速器 (AT)、机械无级自动变速器(CVT)、电控机械自动变速器(AMT)。目前应用最广泛的是AT，AT几乎成为自动变速器的代名词。
AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来实现变速变矩。其中液力变扭器是最重要的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，兼有传递扭矩和离合的作用。
与AT相比，CVT省去了复杂而又笨重的齿轮组合变速传动，而是两组带轮进行变速传动。通过改变驱动轮与从动轮传动带的接触半径进行变速。由于取消了齿轮传动，因此其传动比可以随意变化，变速更加平顺，没有换挡的突跳感。
AMT和液力自动变速器（AT）一样是有级自动变速器。它在普通手动变速器的基础上，通过加装微电脑控制的电动装置，取代原来由人工操作完成的离合器的分离、接合及变速器的选挡、换挡动作，实现自动换挡。
3、汽车变速器一般结构
3.1.简单式变速器的基本结构：由壳体、传动部分和操纵部分组成。
3.1.1.壳体：壳体是基础件，用以安装支承变速器全部零件及存放润滑油。其上有
安装轴承的精确镗孔。变速器承受变载荷，所以壳体应有足够的刚度，内壁有加强，形状复杂，多为铸件(材料为灰铸铁，常用HT200)。
为便于安装，传动部分和操纵部分常做成剖分式，箱盖与壳体用螺栓联接并可靠定位。壳体上有加油、放油口，油面检查尺口，还应考虑散热。
3.1.2.传动部分：是指齿轮、轴、轴承等传动件。轴的几何尺寸通过强度、刚度计算确定。因主要决定于刚度，而碳钢与合金钢弹性模量近乎相等，所以一般用碳钢(常用45钢)。只有齿轮与轴制成一体或轴载荷严重才用合金钢。轴与齿轮多为花键联接(对中性好，能可靠传递动力，挤压应力小等)。轴的花键部分和放轴承处经表面淬火处理。轴多用滚动轴承支承，润滑简单，效率高、径向间隙小，轴向定位应可靠。润滑方式多用飞溅(υ>25m／s，只要粘度适宜可甩到壁上)。
3.1.3.操纵部分：主要零件位于变速器盖内。
4、组成式变速器结构特点：
简单式变速器有效率高、构造简单使用方便钧优点矿但档数少，i变化范围小(牵引力、速度范围小)，只宜在档数不多的某些车工采用。若增加i的范围，则使变速器尺寸加大，轴跨度增加，为了既增加档数又不使轴跨度过大，可采用组成式变速器。所谓组成式变速器，通常由两个简单式变速器组合而成，其中档数较多的称为主变速器，较少的称为副变速器。
4.1.组成式变速器的优点：
4.1.1.可以减少齿轮个数，而且档数越多减少齿轮个数的优点愈明显。同简单式变速器相比，它可缩短轴的长度，减少整个变速器的外部尺寸和重量，并且能方便地得到不止一个倒档。所以当前进档数超过六个档时，几乎都用组成式变速器。
4.1.2.传动：比变化率Ω大：若主变速器传动比变化率Ωzu=3，副变速器Ωfu=4则Ω=12；若使简单式变速器Ω=12，结构往往很难合理。
4.2.组成式变速器的缺点：
4.2.1.档组间传动比有对应关系，不易使每档的2，(速度及牵引力)都很理想。
4.2.2.换档操纵麻烦，有时要操纵两个变速部分，若为插花换档还不便记忆。
为了减少操纵动作，最好能顺序换档。为此要求重视档次编排十使第灭档组传动比全部大于第11档组，达到多数相领排档的变换只需操纵主变速的目的，这样才最为方便。
5、中国汽车变速器市场
中国汽车变速器市场正处于高速发展期。2007年中国汽车销售879.15万辆，2008年汽车产销量将突破900万，2010年汽车销售规模将达到1263万辆。在汽车行业市场规模高速增长的情况下，中国变速器行业面临着重大机遇。2006年我国汽车变速器市场规模达300亿元人民币，并且以每年超过20%的速度增长，预计2010年有望达到600亿元
Motors and gearboxes
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.
In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.
The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability.
Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.
Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.
Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.
1、The role of transmission
The output of the engine speed is very high, maximum power and maximum torque at a certain speed area. Engine in order to exert the best performance, it is necessary to have a variable-speed devices, to coordinate the engine speed and the actual wheel speed. Transmission process in the car, in between the engine and the wheels have a different gear ratio, by shifting the engine can work at their best performance of state power. Transmissions are the development trend of more and more complex, increasingly high degree of automation, automatic transmission will be the mainstream of the future.
2、Transmission type
Automotive automatic transmission has three common forms: namely, Automatic Transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electric-controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). At present, the most widely used is the AT, AT almost become synonymous with automatic transmission.
AT Torque by Torque, and planetary gear and hydraulic control system components, through the hydraulic transmission and gear portfolio approach to achieve variable-speed torque variation. One of Hydraulic Torque is the most important parts, which pump wheels, turbines and components, such as guide pulley of the transmission of both torque and the role of clutch.
AT compared with, CVT save the complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, but the two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley. By changing the driving wheel and driven wheel contact belt speed radius. Canceled because of gear, so the transmission ratio can change speed more smoothly, without shifting sense of the sudden jump.
AMT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are the same class has automatic transmission. It is in general based on the manual transmission, through the installation of microcomputer-controlled electric device to replace the original finish by the manual operation of the clutch of separation, joint, and block transmission of the election, motion shift, automatic shift implementation.
3、The general structure of automobile transmission
3.1.Easy transmission of the basic structure: the shell, transmission and manipulation of some parts.
3.1.1.Shell: Shell is the basic pieces of support for the installation of transmission and storage of all parts lubricants. Has installed its bearing on the precision boring. Transmission under varying load, so the stiffness of the shell should be enough, there is to strengthen the wall, the shape of the complex, as many castings (gray cast iron materials, commonly used HT200).
In order to facilitate the installation, transmission and manipulation of some Split parts are frequently made, cover with the housing connected by bolts and reliable positioning. Shell has come on up, I put the oil, check oil foot mouth, should also be taken into heat dissipation.
3.1.2.Transmission parts: is the gear, shaft, bearings and other transmission parts. Geometry axis through strength, stiffness calculation. Mainly due to decide on the stiffness, while the carbon steel and alloy steel elastic modulus almost equal, so the general use of carbon steel (commonly used 45 steel). Only one gear with the shaft or axle load made serious only by steel. Shaft and gear for many spline connection (for neutral good, reliable transmission of power, a small compressive stress, etc.). Spline shaft bearing parts and let the surface hardening treatment by the Department. Shaft with rolling bearing supports many, easy lubrication, high efficiency, small radial clearance, axial positioning should be reliable. Many ways to use splash lubrication (υ> 25m / s, as long as the appropriate viscosity apparently succumbed to the wall).
3.1.3. to manipulate parts: the main components located inside the transmission cover.
4、The composition of the structural characteristics of transmission:
There is easy and efficient transmission, the advantages of simple easy-to-use-Jun mine but a few files, i changed the scope of small (traction, speed small), should be taken only at certain limited Cut used. If the increase in the scope of i, then increase the size so that transmission, axle span increase, both in order to increase the span of a few do not make too large, transmission can be formed. The composition of the so-called transmission, usually from both a combination of easy transmission, one of a few more files as the main transmission, less transmission known as the deputy.
4.1.Transmission component of advantages:
4.1.1. can reduce the number of gears, and a few more files to reduce the number of gear the more obvious advantages. Easy compared with the transmission, it can shorten the length of shaft to reduce the transmission of the external size and weight, and can easily be more than one reverse. Into the the current number of files more than six hours, almost all transmission components.
4.1.2. transmission: the rate of change of Ω tha n large: if the main transmission gear ratio change rate Ωzu = 3, Vice transmission Ωfu = 4 is Ω = 12; easy transmission arrangement Ω = 12, the structure is often difficult to reasonable.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/704940142.html,posed of transmission of disadvantage:
4.2.1. have correspondence between the transmission ratio, so that each not 2, (the speed and traction) are ideal.
4.2.2. manipulation of trouble shifting, and sometimes both want to manipulate some speed, if not for the flower arrangement will shift memory.
In order to reduce the control action, it is best to shift the order. Calling attention to the grade for this presentation ten out files so that the first group of transmission ratio is greater than all of the first 11 to the majority of phase transformation from the stall speed of just fixing the main purpose of this is the only way most convenient.
5、Chinese car market gearbox
China's auto market is in a transmission period of rapid development. 2007 Chinese sales of 8,791,500 motor vehicles, motor vehicle production in 2008 will exceed nine million sales, car sales in 2010 will reach 12.63 million. Size of the market in the automotive industry's rapid growth, China is faced with a major transmission industry opportunities. In 2006 the market scale of China's automobile transmission up to 300 billion yuan and more than 20% annual growth is expected in 2010 is expected to reach 60 billion yuan.
中英文对照外文翻译 汽车变速器设计 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档
齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一
附录 附录A. Manual Transmission It’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work? A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic――such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup――the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox． We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive,
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
变速器设计文献综述 摘要：车辆的变速器很大程度上影响着车辆行驶的经济性、动力性、驾乘舒适性，是车辆最重要的部件之一。本文分析了国内外变速器产业的发展状况，介绍了国内外先进的变速器设计方法、科学的开发流程等，还根据我国变速器产业的发展现状提出了一些问题，并且对变速器产业的发展提出了一些合理的建议。 关键词：变速器，科学开发流程、先进设计方法 一.变速器研究意义 变速器是伴随汽车出现的产物，是组成一辆汽车的必需品，而变速器设计更是汽车设计中最重要的环节之一。变速器的作用是用来改变传动比，使发动机尽量工作在有利的工况下，满足不同的行驶要求。在不同的行驶条件下，要求汽车行驶速度和驱动扭矩能在很大范围内变化，而汽车发动机的特性是转速变化范围较小，扭矩变化范围更不可能满足实际路况需要，而变速器能做到在大范围内改变汽车行驶速度的大小和汽车驱动轮上扭矩的大小。因此,变速器的性能直接影响到汽车行驶性能。随着技术进步,变速器在最基本的传动功能之外，也在实现越来越多的功能，例如实现倒车行驶，用来满足汽车倒退行驶的需要; 中断动力传递，在发动机能够怠速运转，汽车换档或需要停车时，中断向驱动轮的动力传递; 实现空档，当离合器接合时，变速箱可以不输出动力。由此可见，研究变速器对汽车产业发展具有十分重大的意义。
二.国内外变速器使用的现状 在欧洲市场上，原本手动变速器占据的绝大部分的市场,在不断被自动变速器侵占。例如在西欧，2005年生产的装配有自动变速器的汽车占汽车总量的23%。而10年前，这个数字仅为13%。可见自动变速器正在成为市场的主流。在中国市场上，配备自动变速器也已经成为车用变速器的重要趋势。然而，在自动变速器方面，由于其新工艺、新技术和设计原理与传统手动变速器有比较大的差异，导致国内厂家在自动变速器的研发上与国际先进水平存在较大差距，即使向国外厂商寻求技术帮助，他们也不约而同地对国内厂家进行了技术封锁，这导致我国的自动变速器相比国外产品性能低下，需要大量依赖进口。据统计，进口产品占我国自动变速器市场的78%。而在手动变速器方面，经过长时间的发展，设计原理和生产工艺等都较为成熟，技术难度也相对较低，因此我国通过引进国外先进技术，消化吸收并自主创新，能做到自主生产，基本满足了本土车辆厂商的生产需要。可以预见的是，未来汽车变速器的市场将以自动变速器为主，发展和掌握高端自动变速器制造技术是追赶世界变速器制造技术的重要途径。而优先开发手自一体变速器在技术上可以延续我国在手动变速箱上积累的经验，更有利于我国变速器产业的发展。 三. 国外变速器先进的设计方法 近10年以来，我国变速器产业特别重视新产品的开发研制，无论是从人力物力的投入，还是资金的投入，都是非常巨大的。
外文翻译 文章出处《Tribology International》, 2009, 42(5):714-723 译文： 有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器 1 引言 磨料空转车辆离合器是力封闭联轴器。扭矩和高速传输被压紧表面之间产生的摩擦力所保证。应用陶瓷是因为它作为摩擦介质具有好耐热和耐磨损性能，提供了机会以驱动更高的压力，以及一个低的密度。因此，一个提功率密度启用了一个平行的最小化建筑空间。 测量使用陶瓷饰面离合器盘的第一个原型在卡尔斯鲁厄大学的一个实验室专门从事客车驱动系统进行了测试执行。在分析过程中的有限元（FE）模型是将与测量数据和测量条件的知识所构成。计算的目的是要确定在离合器盘上温度的分布以及环境中的在每一时刻的及时测量目。至关重要的是熟悉的温度范围，为了检验该系统的耐磨特性。因此，重要信息从测量数据中得出。在临界负载的情况下，预计最高温度必须在时间和空间上进行预测，为保护接近发热体的位置测量工具的。 本研究的目的是分析和修改该离合器系统通过改进，以提供更好的工作条件热传导和系统或增加转化成摩擦热的能量的对流。此外，人们希望找到更有效的更好的离合器系统设计方案。 计算是由宇宙星空的设计的软件进行的。在模型开发阶段，非常谨慎，必须采取几何元素，选择适当的简化尺寸，并且由于正确调整的时间步长大量的硬件要求瞬态计算。热物性参数的改变，如表面热对流化系数和热负荷，必须考虑到到在一个持续的基础上在时间和地点方面。离合器系统的分析测试这两方面，只能通过加热隔板连接的两个独立的模型来管理，根据该假说认为，接触温度必须是在两个相同的双方，同时他们要有适当接触，其价值需通过迭代来进行调整。计算显示，该热分区按周期变化，它沿不同的内，外接触环。在不同的冷却特性下，在陶瓷和钢之间的结果是不同的，热流从陶瓷侧面向钢侧流动。此热流也通过迭代确定;它的价值也改变了周期和不同沿着所述内和外接触环。 2 采用工程陶瓷作为摩擦材料的第一个原型机 这款检查过的离合器盘是根据“特定的陶瓷”产品而开发的，此材料的研发过程在流程在卡尔斯鲁厄大学的Institute for Product Development (IPEK)杂志上发表过。此开发过程已经具有的可能性，用于连接到一个真实的传动轴；甚至，它为面板有一个好的初始行为起到一个很好的缓冲作用。磨料配件必须符合以下基本要求：
原文： Transmission design As we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps
外文翻译 Auto Transmission First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
外文资料翻译 学生姓名：常世鹏 专业班级：车辆工程07级5班 指导教师：朱天军 河北工程大学机电学院 2011 年 6 月 Dual-clutch transmission technology highlights Transmission technology motor vehicles as a whole is shifting from manual to automatic transmission development, especially at this stage of rapid development of computer technology used in variable-speed transmission system, so that the car automatic transmission technology has been rapid development. In recent years, the automotive automatic transmission there are three main types: mechanical electronic control automatic transmission (AMT), Stepless automatic transmission (CVT) automatic transmission and hydraulic machinery (AT). In the electronically controlled automatic transmission in the field of mechanical, in recent years, there is a new
Gearbox shell machining process design 《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》 Mechanical Industry Press In March 2004, version 1 p560—564 （Serope kalpakjian）（Steven R.Schmid） Abstract Gearbox shell is a more complex structure of spare parts box, its high precision, complex process, and the processing quality will affect the overall performance engine, so it has become the engine manufacturer's focus parts one.Machining process planning must guarantee the machining quality of parts, to meet the technical requirements stipulated in drawings, at the same time should also have high productivity and efficiency. Therefore, machining process planning design is an important work, requires designers must have a rich experience in production practice and wide range of mechanical manufacturing technology basic theory knowledge. In the specified procedure, should according to the production of parts and the existing equipment conditions, taking the processing quality into account, productivity and economy requirements, after repeated analysis and comparison, to determine the optimal or the best solution. 1.Technical Characteristics of the gearbox shell The gearbox shell process features are: the structure of complex shape; processing plane, more than holes; uneven wall thickness and stiffness is low; processing of high precision typical of box-type processing part. The main processing of the surface of cylinder block top surface, the main bearing side, cylinder bore, the main and camshaft bearing bore holes and so on, they will directly affect the machining accuracy of the engine assembly precision and performance, mainly rely on precision equipment, industrial fixtures reliability and processing technology to ensure the reasonableness. 2.The gearbox shell process design principles and the basis Design Technology program should be to ensure product quality at the same time, give full consideration to the production cycle, cost and environmental protection; based on the enterprises ability to actively adopt advanced process technology and equipment, and constantly enhance their level of technology. Gearbox shell machining process design should follow the following basic principles: 2.1 The selection of processing equipment The principle of selection adopted the principle of selection adopted the principle of combining rigid-flexible, processing each horizontal machining center is located mainly small operations with vertical machining center, the key process a crank hole, cylinder hole, balancer shaft hole High-speed processing of high-precision horizontal machining center, an upper and lower non-critical processes before and after the four-dimensional high-efficiency rough milling and have a certain adjustment range of special machine processing; 2.2 Concentration process principle Focus on a key process in principle process the body cylinder bore, crankshaft hole, Balance Shaft hole surface finishing and the combination of precision milling
附录 附录A外文文献原文 7-Speed Dual Clutch Transmission System for Sporty Application ABSTRACT:With its 7-speed dual clutch transmission, ZF has introduced an innovative transmission for sporty applications. The close ratios combined with extremely spontaneous drive behavior makes it an ideal transmission for sporty applications. This article describes the compact gear set with lubrication by injection for improving the level of efficiency and increasing the engine-speed-strength, the dual clutch unit as well as the hydraulic control unit, which is based on the pre-control principle, are also described in detail. The hy-draulic control principle provides the option of a hydraulic cruise mode in the event of an electronics failure. In addition to the transmission design, functional features that also highlight the sporty character of the transmission are described in detail. Key words: Automatic transmission; Dual clutch; Vehicle connection; Efficiency 1 Introduction When it comes to the field of automatic transmissions, dual clutch systems currently represent the benchmark in terms of spontaneity and sportiness. In this type of transmission, which is based on a countershaft transmission, these advantages are combined with a very direct "vehicle connection", high rpm performance, and excellent transmission efficiency. The 7-speed dual clutch transmission for the standard driveline presented here is designed for a torque capacity of up to 520 Nm and rotational speeds of up to 9250 rpms. In order to be able to achieve these performance data in the existing installation space, a concept was developed in which an oil chamber as well as lubrication by injection are used. Before introducing the transmission′s several unique features in more detail below, an overview of the basic transmission design will be presented, Fig. 1.The engine torque is introduced to the dual clutch via a torsion damper (not shown in Fig. 1). The multidisk clutches in the dual clutch are radially nested in one another and transfer the torque to both input shafts in the countershaft transmission gear set. In this case, due to the