第21卷第7期2007年7月成都大学学报(教育科学版)
Journal of Chengdu University (Educational Sciences Edition )V ol 121N o 17Jul 12007
英语中的性别歧视论略
王瑜生
(南京信息职业技术学院 江苏南京 210046)
[摘 要] 语言是价值观的载体,同时又影响人们的思维。文章探讨英语中隐藏的对女性的语言歧视,从历史语言
学及社会语言学角度对这一现象进行追溯和分析,这一问题也引起了女性组织、政府部门、出版行业等的关注,当今西方社会的语言正确运动的出现也是源于此。
[关键词] 英语;性别主义;歧视
[中图分类号] H313 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1008-9144(2007)07-0033-03
一、序论
语言与性别的关系是一个奇妙有趣的问题。语言是一种约定俗成的东西,随着时间的推移,也在不断发展变化。语言与社会的关系是最为紧密相连的,每一个社会的变化、时代价值观的变迁都会反映到人们的言语中去。所以研究语言,也可以说是研究社会价值观的变迁。女性在人类文明中扮演了重要的角色,对女性的作用与社会地位的看法却蒙受了种种的偏见。英语里是否有歧视女性的现象?本文拟从社会语言学的角度来探讨这个问题。
二、英语中有无对女性的侮谤现象
语言是一种社会现象,必然受社会观念的影响。莎士
比亚剧中有句著名的台词“弱者,你的名字是女人”(Frailty ,thy name is w oman ),真实地反映了女性长期以来处于弱势
地位的境遇,男女根本没有平等,女性是男性的附属物。男性权力、统治意识,充分反映在英文中描述女子的词汇中。在男性占主导的社会里,男性根据自己的喜恶,创造
出形形色色的词汇来给各类女性贴上“标签”
(label ),这种标签又多为贬义标签(pejorative label ),而与此对照,描述男子的对等词汇却微乎其微,少之又少。试看下例:
demure :假正经的drab :娼妓hag :老太婆hoyden :假小子harridan :凶恶的老妇mynx :放荡的少女
prima domna :喜怒无常的女人slattern :邋遢女人,荡妇termagant :悍妇,暴躁的女人
virag o :悍妇vixen :泼妇,刁妇
这些词汇的一个重要特征是,它们开初并不具有侮谤性,而是逐渐获得的。这种由中性变为贬义是词汇学中的
“降格现象”
(degradation ),许多描写女性的词汇都经历了降格过程。如mynx 原为少女的意思,后来变为“放荡的少女”;vixen 是fyxen (母狐狸)的一个变体词,英国南部方言中
f 发音为v ,始于15世纪。17世纪莎士比亚在句中用此词
表示坏脾气女人,使之成为一个标签词。virag o 原意为女战士,crone 原意为年迈的人。
另一个突出的侮谤现象是带有性联想的词汇较多。卖淫是社会的丑恶现象,在西方它是一个常见问题,上流社会及小人物都有染指风尘,但这一行当却并不光彩,人们把它当成一个禁忌的话题,找出种种词汇拐弯抹角地谈论它。因此许多中性的词都降格。英语中有1000个左右的描写女子的词,同时兼有“妓女”的意思。比如s weetmeat ,
kitty ,aunt ,cousin ,laundress 等,甚至于nun 也是。
三、描写女子的对称词实质不对称
这里的对称词包括两类。一是英语中原有的成对词
(pair w ords ),二是通过改后缀形式变化所得的词。成对词
如gentleman 与lady ;man 与w oman ;boy 与girl 咋看是对称的,实际则不然。lady 的隐意与gentleman 不同,许多情况下用法与man 相等。如:售货员为salesman ,sales ladies ,而没有sales gentlemen ;ladies wear 与men ’s wear 对等。
R obin Lakoff 认为lady 是w oman 的一个委婉语,有点道
理。比较下面几个例子:
(1)She is only thirteen but she is already a w oman.(2)She ’s only thirteen but she is already a lady.
【收稿日期】2007-03-22
【作者简介】王瑜生(1966—
)男,南京信息职业技术学院外语系讲师,复旦大学英语语言学专业硕士。主要研究方向:英语语言学。
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w oman 词源上与man 无联系,不是从man 演变来的,而是从古英语wif -man 变来。“wif ”意为“女性”,“man ”意为“人”。英语男人(man )从古英语mannian 来。在上例中,
w oman 已有“性成熟”的含义(connotation )。用lady 表达此意
则较为温和、礼貌。再如,
(3)There is a w oman round the corner.
在部分人看来,这女人可能是妓女,原因是w oman 的隐意。但我们要议论“男性、男子汉、男人”却只有一个“man ”,而且只有正面的含义。请看
(4)He is thirteen but he is a man.
此例给人的感觉是一个小小男子汉的形象。因“性”引起的实质不对称,lady 也很明显。
(5)John is g oing out with a new lady tonight.(6)A fter ten years Harry wanted to find a lady.
例(5)、
(6)中lady 绝非对女子的尊称,相反,与例(1)所指相同。直接称女子,必须用lady 。如:
(7)Hey ,lady ,y ou ’ve dropped y our purse.
过去,w oman 有不好的含义,表示低层次、性格不好、愚蠢、性情捉摸不定、脆弱。如:
(8)T each her to subdue the w oman in her nature.
———S ir Henry T aylor
Philip Van Arteveide (1834)
w oman 与lady 并无固定法则,不在场的女子用w oman ,
在场的为lady 。在讲职业时,多用w oman ,如w oman teacher ,
w oman police officer ,a w oman magistrate 等。而习惯上,讲从
事体力活的女子,用lady 居多。如tea lady ,cleaning lady 等。
在指女仆时不分年龄长幼皆称girl ,仿如boy ,有些地方仍这样用。在晚会上或野餐时,丈夫们总称妻子时,也用
girls ,但其他场合一般用此来讲成年女性。
英语词汇要变阴性,通常在原有的词上加阴性词缀
ess ,即可得到一个相应的阴性词。如:abbot —abbess ,lion —lioness ,prince —princess ,等等。但在许多情况下,实质上也
是不对称的。用ess 来称呼女性说话者有高高在上,甚至嘲讽、不屑一顾的意味。如authoress ,poetess ,conductress ,ed 2
itoress ,manageress ,proprietress ,sculptress ,ancestress 等等。可
以想象称一位女音乐指挥家为conductress ,或者称一位女经理manageress 时,对方的反应。
还有部分词经过曲折变化以后,阴性与阳性词义大相径庭。如:master —mistriss.“mistriss ”仅在作“中小学教师”解时与master 同义。作“大师”等解时,没有阴性词。再如
g overnor —g overness ,这两词意思相去甚远。前者为“总督”,
后者却是“女家庭教师”,甚至有“情人”的隐义。再如am 2
bassador ,may or 的对应词ambass odress 和mayress.如果想当
然,也要犯错误了。前两者为“大使”、“市长”,后两者通常却是指“大使夫人”及“市长夫人”。
以上这些阴性对应词的词义缩小及降格现象,根源在
于女子的历史地位。在过去,女子既不能称为“大师”、“总督”,也无权成为“大使”、“市长”,他们的命运仅是“情妇”、
“女家庭教师”(如简爱)、“大使夫人”、“市长夫人”而已。
有些词有争议,如actress ,stewardess ,waitress ,它们多以降格的意义保留在英语中。谈及工作职务或行当时,一般宜在原词上加w oman ,或省略。
部分-ess 词因有文学、历史典故,保留了下来,但只能作典故用。如adultress ,adventuress (指8世纪的Malls
Flanders ,今天的女冒险家为adventurer );murderess (如《圣经》
中的Judith 与Joel ’s s orceress 童话中的女巫)。
变化阴性单词还有一个办法,即加词缀-ette 。这个词缀源于法语,有“微小”的隐义,有“不具有重要意义、微不足道”的含义,显然是对女子的轻视。讲女大学生是under 2
graduatette 是贬低她,必然招来对方的不快,hack 是对记者
的不敬之语,而hackette 更甚。所以现代英语多取“ette ”的“微小、袖珍”之义来合成词,如mais onette ,cararanette ,kitch 2
enette 等,而不用它来变阴性。
四、女权主义给语言带来的影响
随着社会的发展及妇女自身的不懈抗争,妇女的地位得到了提高。伴随20世纪五六十年代的民权运动,西方世界掀起了女权主义运动(Feminism ),大力倡导女子取得与男子同等的地位、同等的机会。在就业、待遇等问题上,女子的地位得到提高,所以在语言运用上,过去的大男子主义已有所收敛。出现了以下几个变化。
(1)过去曾用man 来指人类,现少用。当不可避免要用
时,改用he Πshe ,或在文稿前加注说明he 亦包括女子。
(2)Mrs 的用法在逐渐消失,该词不必要地透露了女子
的婚姻状况,所以现在流行用Ms 统称女子,其功能和Mr.一样,只标明性别而已。
(3)婚后女子不改姓。早在1832年女权主义者Jeanne Deronin 就拒绝了婚后改从夫姓的传统做法。1855年Lucky S tone 也在婚后不从夫姓。还有些妇女别出心裁地改用字
母为姓,如Laura X 。这是对女性祖先被忽视的无声抗议。
(4)一些歧视女子的词被正名,侮谤色彩在逐渐被剔
出。如virag o ,一家女子杂志就选它作刊名,它的原意是“女勇士”,后被降格为“悍妇”。
(5)性别色彩较浓的词被取代。值得注意的是,政府、
出版界推动了这项变革。西方出版公司及著名报刊杂志纷纷给自己的撰稿人发出通知,要求他们在文中除去性别歧视的词。1984年,澳大利亚联邦政府决定将所有政府条例文本及议案中歧视女性的词剔出,代之以中性词。这项决定使得议会议案中的大约五万个词被替换掉。比如:
seaman —mariner chairman —chair ,president spaceman —astronaut foreman —supervis or
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43?第7期2007年7月 成都大学学报(教育科学版)
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6)具有贬义及轻视意思的词缀“ette ”和“-ess ”逐渐被
淘汰。
五、结语
语言是价值观的载体,是与价值观密不可分的,同时又影响价值观。近年来,在西方兴起的语言正确运动(po 2
litically correct ),就是因为人们考虑到语言当中有歧视和侮
谤、不尊重等现象,试图加以改变。英语当中有这个问题,其他语言也有,值得我们去研究,以便推进社会的和谐发展。【参考文献】
[1]刘润清,邓炎昌1语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学
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A Tentative Study of Sexism in E nglish Language
W ANG Y u -sheng
(Nanjing C ollege of In formation and T echnology ,Jiangsu Nanjing ,210046)
Abstract :Language deeply affects people ’s thinking.This paper explores sexism in English language from the perspective of histori 2cal linguistics and s ocial linguistics.This issue has caused the attention of w omen ’s organizations ,g overnments ,and presses.The current po 2litical correctness m ovement is partly because of this.
K ey w ords :English ;sexism ;pejorative use
(上接第14页)科技时代也呼唤具有较高人文素质的综合
人才。因此,人文教育发展的不同阶段是社会生产力发展到一定阶段为满足某种特定社会需要所产生的必然结果。当前,我国正处于创造发达的社会主义生产力的进程中,在大学中积极开展人文素质教育,将人文教育和科学教育融会贯通,培养文理兼备的综合素质人才,是我国社会生产力发展的必然要求,是历史的必然选择,也是大学教师必须面对的历史使命。作为“人类灵魂的工程师”的大学教师不仅应授予学生专业的知识和技能,更重要的则是构建学生自尊、自爱、自信、自强的人格,确立自我设计、自我实现、自我超越的人生观,树立人与自然和谐共处、人与社会协调发展的意识,激发学生对真、善、美的不懈追求,[7]
这是大学教师不可推卸的历史责任和社会义务。【参考文献】
[1]王玉华,刘向波.人文素质教育之我见[J ].天津职
业技术师范学院学报,2002,12(1):57～60.
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社会科学学报,2006,18(4):119～121.
[3]胡秋琴,沈慧虹.从孔子谈到当代大学生人文素养[J ].山西高等学校社会科学学报,2003,15(3):96～99.
[4]武焱 ,廉永杰.试论理工科大学生人文素质的培
养[J ].山西高等学校社会科学学报,2005,17(2):77～79.
[5]张 平.关于高校推进素质教育的几个问题[J ].长
春工程学院学报(社会科学版),2001,2(1):5～8.
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东南民族师专学报,2001,19(1):74～84.
[7]韩健敏.人文教育:21世纪高等教育的基础工程[J ].重庆师院学报(哲学社会科学版),2002,(1):66～69.
N ecessity and I nevitability of H umanities Q uality Education in U niversities
CHE NG X iao -ying ZH ANG G uang -sheng
(School of Biotechnology ,S outhern Y antze University ,Jiangsu Wuxi ,214122)
Abstract :N ow the humanities education was weak and undergraduates lacked humanities quality due to historical causes.Humanities education in universities was necessary for talents training and harm onious affluent s ociety setting up.The history of higher education in the w orld presented that humanities education experienced the first stage primary of humanities ,the second of science and the third of humani 2ties and science ,which coincided with development of s ocial productivity.G eneralizing humanities education to train com pressive talents was inevitable for development of the s ocial productivity and for history choice ,which was the historical task for teachers to accom plish.
K ey w ords :universities ;humanities education ;necessary and inevitable
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53?第7期2007年7月 王瑜生:英语中的性别歧视论略
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关于性别歧视About Gender Discrimination 大学英语作文 The date of March 8th reminds people of the importance of women, for they give birth to the children and the contribution they make to the family. Nowadays, more women have got the respect and certain rights. But gender discrimination still exists, for both men and women.3月8日这个日期提醒了人们女性的重要性,因为她们生孩子,对家庭做出了贡献。如今,越来越多的女性得到了尊重和某些权利。但是性别歧视仍然存在,对于男性和女性来说。For the discrimination on women, it is easy for people to notice this problem. In the last century, the word feminism was created and many women fought for the respect. Now most women have grown into the new generation, they are confident and independent. But in some aspects, women are still struggling for the equality with men. Such as the pay in job and the chances to work.人们很容易注意到对女性的歧视这个问题。在上个世纪,人们创造了女权主义这个词,许多女性争取得到尊重。现在大多数女性已经成长为新一代,她们自
[Abstract] Language plays an important role in society. As a phenomenon of society, language reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Sexism is a phenomenon that takes a male-as-norm attitude, trivializing, insulting or rendering women invisible. As a special social phenomenon, sexism is inevitably reflected through language. To start with, the thesis traces the reasons for the occurrence of sexism in the English language. In nature, sexism in language reflects sexism in society. The two are closely related. Social connotations of sexism in English tell the relationship between phenomenon of sexism in language and essence of sexism in society. Then the thesis analyses sexism in terms of the generic masculine, word order and semantic derogation of women in greater detail. Finally, a large part of the thesis is contributed to how to change sexism in English. The author of the thesis thinks the key to the problem is: (1) solve the problem of generic pronouns; (2) neutralize lexis; (3) strive for balanced naming and addressing system; (4) coin new corresponding words. The elimination of linguistic sexism lies in social change. Only by changing the social structure, that is, women and men own really equal status, can language equality be truly achieved. [Key Words] sexism; English language; lexical neutralization; feminism [摘要] 语言在社会中所处的地位尤为重要。作为一种社会现象的语言，必然会反映出人类社会的各种社会观念。性别歧视作为这其中的一种，是指把男性视作社会规范和中心，轻视，侮辱女性或使她们显得微不足道。而这一特定的社会现象必然会在语言中折射出来。 论文首先剖析了英语中性别歧视现象形成的根源。从本质来说，语言中的性别歧视是社会中性别歧视的体现。两者紧密相连。性别歧视的社会内涵反映的就是这种语言中的性别歧视现象与社会中的性别歧视的本质的关系。接着论文从阳性词泛指，词序，词义的贬降等方面对英语中的性别歧视现象进行了详细的分析。最后论文还着力探讨如何改变这种歧视。作者认为，改变性别歧视主要解决以下几个问题：(1) 避免阳性代词的泛指；(2) 词汇的中性化； (3)命名与称谓的对等；(4)创造新的对应词。语言中的性别歧视的最终消亡取决于社会变化。只有改变社会结构，即男女真正拥有平等的地位，语言中的平等才能真正实现。消除语言中的性别歧视的根本在于实现男女的平等的社会变革。 [关键词] 性别歧视；英语语言；词汇中性化；女权主义 1. Introduction As the peculiar result of the development of human society, language is a kind of social phenomenon and reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Its existence and development are closely linked with the social attitudes of human beings and to a great extent are affected by their social views and values. Historically and sociologically, our society is man-oriented and man-centered.
景德镇陶瓷学院科技 艺术学院 本科生毕业论文（设计） 题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学号： 姓名： 院（系）： 专业： 完成时间： 指导老师： CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………….. Abstract in Chinese……………………………………. Abstract in English……………………………………. 1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods……………….. 2.1 Suffixes………………………………………… . 2.2 Sexism in compound words…………………….. 3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing………………….. 3.1 Sexism and Naming………………………………. 3.1.1 Sexism in the first names……………….. 3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names…….. 3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names………. 3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….
论英语中的性别歧视现象及其消除方法 ［Abstract］Language reflects a nation’s history, culture and all of its entertainments, believes and prejudice. Therefore, language inevitably has the traits of sexism. It is the use of language which devalues members of one sex, almost invariably women, and thus fosters gender inequality. It discriminates against women by rendering them invisible or trivializing them at the same time that it perpetuates notions of male supremacy. This thesis is to talk about the sexual discriminations in English, traits of female language, and solutions to eliminate sexual discriminations. ［Key words］English,sexual discrimination,female language,solution I. Sexual Discrimination in English 1.1 Take the men’s language as the standard language, and women as the ancilla of men In English, there are many words with sexual discrimination phenomenon, and in the order of words, we can find that men are usually in front of women. For instance, Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, brothers and sisters, etc.. Because of the long-term historical reason, women have been put in the position of appurtenant of men. In many countries there is the tradition that unmarried women are
Female inferiors Decades ago, Chairman Mao succinctly settled the age-old debate about gender equality when he stated that "woman holds up half of the sky". Male superiority so out of place in this age, when women are said to be equal to men in many aspects. However, we very grieved discovery already said goodbye to feudalism several hundred years China to be still unable get rid of the treatment of woman as inferiors thought the fetter. In this advanced society, phenomenon of female inferiors not only existing stably but also taking control of our minds and indicates in many fields. To begin with, take employment for example, women are excluded from the major department of productions. Many significant occupations such as executive or professional jobs prefer hiring male rather than woman. Moreover, man still holds perception that women should do more household routine, nurture their offspring and take care of pets. Last but not the least, people living in remote areas believed that men are superior to women, until this status does not also get thorough improvement now. When a woman got pregnant, they were begging for a son instead of a daughter. To prevent these troublesome already mentioned from happen again, we should create feministic atmosphere, promote gender equality and ask man to do household chores, because in a family where roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are
一英语语言中的性别歧视现象 首先我们来了解一下什么是性别歧视（sexism）。根据Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary，其定义是：prejudice or discrimination based on sex ; esp: discrimination against women , 基于性别的偏见或歧视，尤其是对妇女的歧视。?朗曼英语词典?对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。”?? Longman English Dictionary on "gender discrimination" explanation was: "based on gender discrimination, particularly male prejudice against women. ?牛津字典?给“性别歧视”所下的定义是：“性别偏见或歧视(尤其对女性).”?Oxford Dictionary?to the "gender discrimination" by the definition of is: "gender bias or discrimination (especially for women)."因此，在语言习惯上，“性别歧视”通常是指语言对女性的歧视，那么，英语语言是怎样歧视女性的呢？ 1.以男性语言为规,而女性语言只是一种附属或变体.Therefore, on the language, "sex discrimination" usually refers to the language of discrimination against women, then the English language is how to discriminate against a woman then 1.1在词汇上的表现a) “当中最明显的例子就是”man”一词，既有“男子“的意思，又表示”人类”.泛指所有的人，而woman仅是“女子”的意思。如：Man cannot live by bread alone.(人不能单靠面包生活)。The man in the street(普通人，一般人)。一个语言学家曾抱怨说：假如一个女人从船上掉入水中，呼叫的是：“MAN，OVERBROAD。”若她被闯了祸逃走的司机撞死控告词是MANSLAUGHTER。倘若在工作中受伤，她的医疗费称作WORKMAN’S COMPENSATION。但是如果她来到一个写着man only ！的地方。她立刻明白整个告戒不是针对动物或植物或无生命之物而写的，而是冲着她来的.”[1][P22-23]b)不知道所指之人的具体性别时，he ,his 和 him 经常用来泛指全人类，（这是英语中的一条规则）, 如 Every student has to make up his own mind. He who laughs last laughs best.男主女从，以逻辑性为中心，女性便居于从属地位。就词汇而言，如以—er, --or 结尾的名词实则是个中性词，但人们将之看作男性名词，所以如是女性则在前面加woman,如：a woman doctor. Man 一词不但可以指男人，成年男人，而且作为“人类的总称”,而woman 则不然。许多职业名词常以man 作为后缀，尽管干这工作的有许多女性。he 和she 的单数中性人称代词用he 表示，因而我们常见Nobody in the class can be proud of his English.这类说法，尽管教室中有男有女。 1．2 称谓上的表现a) “把女性当做男性的附属品，而这一观点充分体现在英语称谓词当中。Mr. 是对一位男士的尊称， Mrs.则是一位男子的太太的尊称，女性的称谓也就依附于男性了，如: 丈夫是John Smith 具有博士学衔，于是可以称这对夫妇为Dr. and Mrs. John Smith.假如丈夫没有学衔或职称，那只能称为Mr. and Mrs. John Smith. 假如妻子是博士，丈夫没有学衔或职称，妻子的名字叫Marry随夫姓后只能称呼为Marry Smith. Miss是用来称呼未婚女性的称呼。Mr.却既可以称呼未婚男性，也可以称呼已婚的男性。女性从称谓马上就可以识别出婚姻状况，而对于男性却无从知晓，而且女性结婚后改随夫姓，这样自己的姓就完全被遗忘了。b) 许多职业名称如doctor, professor, engineer,等对男女都适应，可是人们习惯于把他们跟男性联系在一起。而对于女性则成了一个标志项，往往要加上woman, lady, 或female 等词加以限定。如：female judge, lady doctor, woman lawyer. 这些从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地，teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male 或是man.如male nurse, man teacher. 这些除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见.” 2.女性语言语意贬低的表现 “英语中，与女性有关的词语的贬化大大多于与男性相关的词语。曾有人做过统计，与prostitute意思接近的词大约有500多个，而与whole-monger(嫖客)意思相近的词只有65个。此外这一点还表现在对于与女性相关的词语的含义的贬化上。在英语中，任何词只要与女性有关，其意思就要变质，这个词就会成为贬义词。同一个词用与男性和女性身上可以引起极为不同的联想，甚至是有完全不同的意思。用与男性常常带有褒扬或赞美之意，而用于女性常常带有贬低或轻蔑的意思。例如，professional一词，用在男性身上和女性身上可能会引起的联想却大相径庭。He is a professional.让人联想起体面的职业，如律师，医生等，而She is a professional很多英语国家的人会理解为She is a prostitute。
论英语中的性别歧视及其发展变化 在人类的历史长河中,性别歧视是一种普遍的社会现象,它不仅反映在社会生活的各个方面,更反映在语言上。语言性别歧视是指人们在使用语言的过程中针对不同的性别产生的歧视和偏见,但它多数情况下是指针对女性而言。随着女性解放运动的发展,英语中的性别歧视语有所减少,但是基于语言的滞后性,性别歧视仍大量存在于英语语言中。本文多角度分析了英语语言中性别歧视的形成原因,揭示了词汇、语义和习语谚语等方面所存在的性别歧视,并探索了近几十年来英语中性别歧视的发展变化情况。 1英语中性别歧视存在的根源 首先,从文化角度看,《圣经》中上帝在创造了亚当之后,又取其一根肋骨造就了夏娃。受此神话中男女形象的影响,女性生来就被当作男性附属品的观念在西方人的思想中根深蒂固。英语中因此常常表现出“以男性为本体,以女性为变体”。其次,从社会角度看,随着社会生产力的发展,男子逐渐占据了社会主导地位,而女性却处于被支配地位,造成了以“男主外,女主内”为原则的两性不同分工。因此,在英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词大都指男性。而从心理角度看,在西方文化中,女性多以反面形象出现,神话中堕落、善变的女性形象导致后人在思想意识上的偏见,甚至形成女性邪恶的思维定势。
2性别歧视在英语中的表现 2.1 从词形的标记角度看性别歧视 英语词汇往往以男性为中心,表示男性的词汇一般是“无标记的”,可表示男女两性。但是,女性的词汇通常是有标记的,只表示女性或女性的某一特征。 (1)基于男女不同的社会分工影响,英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词如mayor,doctor,president,governor等,人们在使用这些词的时候,大多数场合指的是男性,若要表明是女性,往往会在词前加上female/woman/lady标记出来。 (2)许多女性名词通常是在男性词汇后加上后缀,如:waiter / waitress,comedienne/ comedian,salesman/saleswoman等。这些后缀-man,-ess,-tee等都是女性的标记,这些标记显示了女性是男性的附庸和例外。 (3)在称谓语中,对于女性的标记现象十分明显,如男人无论是否结婚都可以称之为“Mr.”而称呼女人时则需要明确区分其婚姻状况,如:Miss,Mrs. (4)在姓氏命名上,女性婚后随夫姓体现了女性在婚姻上的附属地位,如:Helen Smith 与 Jack Williams结婚后,她的名字随夫姓就变成了Helen Williams。 2.2 从语义角度看性别歧视 (1)英语中阳性词汇通常被赋予“大”的含义,而与之对应的阴性词汇则往往带有“小”的含义,这主要表现在表示职业和
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists. I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage. It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social discrimination.There is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company. As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated unequally. The government can take measures to improve this situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equal opportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
英语中的性别歧视 Abstract Sexism in English language has launched along with the vigorous development of w omen’s liberation movement since the end of 1960s. As a mirror reflecting the socie ty, language images the social views and values. Sex ism in society is thus inevitably reflected in the use of language. The paper based on the analysis of sex discrimination in English explores that it is by no means an extinction of sexist language so long as the sexism in society exist s. The causes of sexism in this thesis are the inequality between male and female. In ancient time, the thoughts that males host females and the treatment of women as inferiors to men are in vogue. Men are always at superior positions to women i n the social economy, in the politics, as well as in the people’s tradi tional ideas, so the idea of sex discrimination has reflected in the language. The thesis summarizes the phenomena of sexism in English by using universal evidence, and they are sho wn and discussed in four aspects: English proverbs, English expressions, English voc abulary and the meanings of English words. Lastly, the thesis introduces two feasibl e strategies to erase sexism in English language, and they are: language reform an d social reform. The most important one is to erase the sex ist conceptions and im p rove women’s status, respect and support them. The language transformation can b e realistic on the basis of the social reform. Key Words Sexism; female words; masculine words; strategies 摘要 自20世纪60年代起，语言性别歧视已随着女性解放运动的展开而得到蓬勃发展。语言是社会现实的一种反映，因此由于历史发展、文化、社会价值及男女两性之间在生理等方面的差异而引起的性别歧视，尤其是社会对女性的性别歧视一览无余的体现在语言上，英语语言中也存在性别歧视。本篇论文阐述了性别歧视产生的原因是男女地位的不平等，在人类早期，男尊女卑的思想盛行，男子在社会经济、政治、文化领域以及人们的传统观念中，总是处于比女性优越的地位,人们在观念上形成的对妇女特有的歧视观念慢慢形成并反映在语言中。本文分析了性别歧视在英语中的四个方面的表现：在谚语中；在词汇中；在词语中和在词义中，通过大量的举例和分类来系统阐述。最后着重讨论了消除性别歧视语所应采取的一些策
高中英语作文：关于性别歧视 The date of March 8th reminds people of the importance of women, for they give birth to the children and the contribution they make to the family. Nowadays, more women have got the respect and certain rights. But gender discrimination still exists, for both men and women. 3月8日这个日期提醒了人们女性的重要性,因为她们生孩子,对家庭做出了贡献。如今,越来越多的女性得到了尊重和某些权利。但是性 别歧视仍然存有,对于男性和女性来说。 For the discrimination on women, it is easy for people to notice this problem. In the last century, the word feminism was created and many women fought for the respect. Now most women have grown into the new generation, they are confident and independent. But in some aspects, women are still struggling for the equality with men. Such as the pay in job and the chances to work. 人们很容易注意到对女性的歧视这个问题。在上个世纪,人们创造 了女权主义这个词,很多女性争取得到尊重。现在绝大部分女性已经成 长为新一代,她们自信并且独立。但在某些方面,女性仍在争取与男性 平等。比如工作酬劳和工作的机会。 For the discrimination on men, which is easily to be ingored. When people see a man who dresses the colorful clothes, or polishes his nails, they will laugh at him,for this is a girl thing and a man should not do it. Men are considered to be different from women in their acts. Actually, men have the right to do what they want, but the public opinion limits them.
Eliminating the Sexism in English Abstract: Language plays an important role in society, which can reflect all the sides of human society naturally. Linguistic sexism is a type of social phenomenon that reflects the certain traditional social value. One of the Sexism?s definitions is that “The discrimination based on gender, especially discrimination against women.” the Danish linguist points out that English is the most masculine language as far as he is concerned in his Growth and Structure of the English Language. As a language which has a long history and influencing the world extensively, English has experienced innumerable reformations, which updates the language constantly. The reason of the sexist phenomenon?s eliminating in the English language and then proposes ways to avoid sexist English. Key Words: sexism; English; language; feminism; avoid 1. The phenomenon of Sexist English Linguistic sexism is a social problem, which can reflect people?s discrimination against the female sex. T he women?s l iberation movement made people began to realize that the language reform and nonsexist becomes necessary. Sexist language should be changed and avoided, which is definitely positive for the developing of language. As the most widespread language in the world, English sexism should be avoided. Being given the same opportunities as men is the key point to eliminate linguistic sexism. The sexism in English Language has existed for a long time, and brings many bad feelings to women. This sexism comes from the deep cultural sexism on women in society, and has realistic factors. Though women?s position is higher, the sexism still exists. 2. Women and men truly have equal status means language equality In the Holy Bible(The Books of The Old Testament): “So the L ord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed
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摘要 语言与性别研究一直是语言学家关注的重要课题，国内外诸多的语言学家都对语言中性别歧视这一现象进行了深入研究。语言是现实社会的一面镜子，能够真实地反映这种社会习俗及价值观念，而作为语言中的精华——谚语更是浓缩了文化的内涵。本文以女权主义为视角，侧重于对性别歧视在英语谚语中的现象进行研究。 本文首先结合国内外学者对语言中性别歧视这一现象的研究，并结合这些研究探讨英语谚语中性别歧视现象，指出谚语与性别歧视的含义与特点；再从性格、言行、才智、婚嫁、地位等五个方面指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的具体表现；然后从历史、社会、文化三个不同的角度分析了性别歧视在英语谚语中形成的根源，通过对谚语的分析揭示语言中对女性的歧视，从而提高人们关于性别歧视的意识，帮助人们减少，继而消除在日常生活以及语言中的性别歧视现象；最后指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的发展趋势。 关键词：英语谚语；性别歧视；表现；根源；发展趋势
ABSTRACT The language research in relation to gender has remained on the important topic in linguistics. Lots of linguists who show interest in this field have done many deep and profound researches. Language, a mirror of the real world, could give us a reflection of social customs and values. And the proverbs, the essence of language, are actually a concentration of culture. The thesis aims at specializing in sex discrimination reflected in the English proverbs from the feminist perspective. Combined with some researches on sexism in English proverbs by scholars home and abroad, the thesis firstly points out the meanings and features of proverbs and sexism. And then the thesis explains the manifestations of sexism through a study of the proverbs applied in English from five aspects: character, words and deeds, ability and wisdom, marriage and social status. Then the thesis has also investigated into the causes of sexism from three aspects: history, culture, society. Through the research on English proverbs, the thesis tries to reveal the sex bias against women in language, and find out solutions to help people reduce and eliminate the sexism in the daily expressions. Finally, the thesis points out the development trend of sexism in English proverbs. Keywords：English proverbs; sexism; manifestation; causes; development trend