Refrigerated vehicle structure and market potential
With the improvement of living standards of society, lifestyle changes, people need more and more frozen food, fresh food, milk, flowers, and large-scale food processing enterprises. "Cold chain logistics" has become a buzzword transport industry, as low-temperature cold chain logistics is an important part of the key equipment, refrigerated trucks to ensure that perishable, fresh food safety during transport of the key.
So, refrigerated cars and trucks compared to what ordinary special about it? Today small give us a brief introduction it.
Refrigerated trucks from the construction point of view, can generally be divided into the chassis, envelope insulation, refrigeration units of three parts.
Chassis:
To be on the highway, the car chassis as the basis, nature is an essential part. Overall refrigerated trucks and trailers are mainly two forms of cycling, mainly to see the need and demand for tonnage of cargo loaded selection.
In the city or county general short distance between the loading of the goods less delivery, more choice in light truck chassis, and engaged in long-distance transport of general traffic is also large, heavy trucks will be used in, or use the form of semi-trailer refrigerated trucks.
Select the chassis needs attention?
Users in the selection of car chassis, be based on the tonnage of goods, road conditions, consider the structure of the chassis and carrying capacity, fuel economy, emissions standards.
Compared with selected common truck chassis, refrigerated truck chassis also consider the need to focus on the stability of refrigerated trucks normally transport goods items can not be stored for long periods, although refrigeration equipment still fast delivery. At the same time, refrigerated cargo transport environment more demanding, and if the road failed, causing the deterioration of goods, the loss will be very large.
● refrigerated compartment body options:
Refrigerated trucks envelope different from the ordinary van, it needs to have good sealing performance and heat insulation effect, so as to ensure that refrigerated goods in a stable 2 temperature environment.
Refrigerated compartment designed primarily tightness and thermal insulation properties, the structure of refrigerated trucks usually three-tier structure, both inside and outside skin of composite materials such as glass, steel, color steel, aluminum and other materials.
Transport of goods within the plate material should be different and take a different material, the most expensive within the material is stainless steel plate.
Insulation material laminated to the middle, the main use of polyurethane foam. High-strength plastic with four sides of the glass plate bonded together with polyurethane foam to form a closed section.
Refrigerated compartment thickness:
In addition to material, cargo compartment also determines the thickness of the insulation effect is good or bad, cargo compartment insulation layer thicker, the better the insulation effect, however, will reduce the space inside the cargo compartment, cargo loading capacity would be reduced, the user needs according to their actual need to select the appropriate thickness.
Refrigerated compartment specific requirements:
In addition, different products have different requirements on the envelope. For example, refrigerated trucks transporting meat need to customize the link on the envelope; to store refrigerated delivery truck to do small quantities, varieties, require multi-temperature refrigerated trucks layer; different temperature requirements, handling and more frequent you need to open the door refrigerated trucks . All these, according to the specific needs of the user can customize the envelope factory.
Can an ordinary car into a refrigerated cargo truck?
Many people can not ask an ordinary van into a refrigerated truck, Xiao Bian also asked several tuning of staff who told Xiao Bian, modified, of course it can, in the middle with insulation materials, coupled with refrigeration unit can be installed.
But they believe it is more cost-effective directly into refrigeration compartment, was used as general cargo compartment is made of iron or steel, insulation is not very good, but also easy to rust, such as Lahai fresh products, due to corrosive sea water , need more attention in the choice of anti-corrosion material envelope.
● refrigeration unit:
In the three components of refrigerated trucks, the refrigeration unit is the most important part. Less space because cargo compartment, the temperature control on the technical 3 requirements are higher.
Refrigeration unit principle:
First, let us look at the principles of refrigeration units, refrigeration units currently use refrigerated trucks is more mechanical refrigeration, refrigerators and other refrigeration and air conditioning works essentially the same equipment, at a point on the absorption of heat, and then another point in the heat. This is carried out by two points to reach the refrigerant cycle. Refrigerant through the cargo space of a coil (evaporator) absorbs heat, and then another by the external coil (condenser) heat dissipated. Through a compressor to the refrigerant circulating in the system, compressor gasoline, diesel or motor drive.
Refrigeration unit classification:
Refrigeration unit from the power source can be divided into dependent and independent units are two independent units with separate power source, the unit itself
independent of the diesel engine as its power source；rather than stand-alone unit power output is to rely on car chassis engine to the driven.
Power output can be seen from their differences, when the car engine stops running when the non-independent refrigeration units support both lost power, cooling system stops working, or if the car is turned off when engine failure occurs in the refrigerator car will stop cooling, the quality of the goods inside are not guaranteed.
Non-stand-alone refrigeration unit system is simple and easy to maintain and repair, and the price is relatively low. Stand-alone refrigeration units because more maintenance and repair of engine systems is slightly more complicated.
The use of terms from the transport, the city or county if it is used as a short-range distribution between the proposed use of non-independent unit, not only lower procurement costs, even failure, is relatively easy to find some service points； the contrary is to conduct long-distance transport is recommended to use separate chillers, because even in long-distance transport in car engines stop working, refrigerators can still be normal cooling to meet the transportation safety items.
Another model from the distribution in terms of seven meters and 7 meters below the recommended use of non-car detached units, 7 meters above the car better with the stand-alone.
From the cost in terms of non-independent stand-alone chillers and refrigeration units in the tens of thousands more than the price difference if the budget is relatively ample, and also 4 on the lower inside temperature requirements (at least the required temperature of minus 10 degrees or less), then the proposal is still with stand-alone better.
Imported or domestically?
Because refrigerated items on the surrounding temperature sensitive, relatively large temperature fluctuations may cause a change in decay. If refrigerated trucks refrigerated cooling unit problems or stop working, and that for car owners, not just the loss of freight, and there are a lot of the money number. Especially for long-distance transport users, the performance of their refrigeration units for the demanding.
However, the current domestic refrigeration unit temperature control with foreign brands there is a gap, in order to achieve a very good cooling effect, many users chose foreign brands.
Say good goods are not cheap, the price of imported refrigerator is also very expensive, like a kind of semi-trailer refrigerated vehicles imported refrigerator, new cheapest hundreds of thousands. In contrast the price of domestic brands is very obvious advantage for price-conscious users, domestic brands is also a good choice.
The new machine is too expensive imports, domestic cooling effect can not guarantee that some users will choose the second-hand imported frozen hand, the results were good. Market share of imported brands have a higher, U.S. Carrier, Thermo King, Mitsubishi, Denso, and Guo-Hua Han speed, the source of Chinese
brands such as snow and ice. Brands are more, done a good job there Jinan CIMC test Siegel, Henan Hikuma, Henan fly and other enterprises.
● refrigeration market brief
Market potential:
China's cold chain industry, network data, due to preservation technology behind, every year about 20% to 25% and 30% of fruits and vegetables in transit transport and storage rot damage, total damage as high as millions of tons per year, worth up to 750 billion. Other data in the United States, there is an average of 500 refrigerated trucks in China and Taiwan is a 1000, while China has 1.3 billion people, but the refrigerator car ownership was 40,000. Experts estimate that China has a refrigeration capacity demand of goods accounted for only 20% to 30%.
冷藏车的结构及市场潜力
随着社会生活水平的提高，生活方式的转变，人们需要越来越多的速冻食品、保鲜食品、牛奶、鲜花，以及大型食品加工企业。“冷链物流”也成了运输行业的一个热门词汇,作为低温冷链物流中的一个重要环节的关键设备,冷藏车也是保证易腐、保鲜食品在运输过程中的安全性的关键所在。
那么,冷藏车与普通货车相比有哪些特殊之处呢？今天小编就给大家做个简单的介绍吧。
冷藏车从构造上看，通常可分为汽车底盘、保温厢体、制冷机组三大部分。
汽车底盘：
要在公路上行驶，汽车底盘作为基础，自然是必不可少的一部分。冷藏车从整体上看主要有单车和挂车两种形式，主要还是看需要装载货物的吨位和需求选择。
一般在市区或者区县间的短距离配送装载货物较少，选用中轻卡底盘较多，而从事长途运输的一般运输量也较大，则会选用中重卡，或者选用半挂车形式的冷藏车。
选择汽车底盘需要注意什么？
用户在挑选汽车底盘时，需根据货物的吨位、路况等，考虑底盘的结构和承载能力、节油性、排放标准等。
跟选择普通货车底盘相比,冷藏车还需要重点考虑一下底盘的稳定性，冷藏车运输的货物通常为不能长时间保存的物品，虽然有制冷设备，仍需较快送达目的地。同时，冷藏货物对运输环境的要求更高，要是路上出现故障，导致货物变质，损失将会非常大。
●冷藏车厢体的选择：
冷藏车的厢体不同于普通的厢式货车，它需要有很好的密封性能和隔热保温效果，这样才能保证冷藏货物在一个稳定的温度环境中。
冷藏车厢设计主要是气密性能和保温性能，通常冷藏车的结构采用三层结构，内外蒙皮采用复合材料，如玻璃钢板，彩钢板，铝合金等材质。内板材质应运输货物不同而采取不同材质，最贵的内材板应该是不锈钢板。中间夹层为保温材料，主要采用聚氨酯发泡材料。四侧用高强度胶将玻璃钢板与聚氨酯泡沫材料粘合在一起，形成一种封闭性板块。
冷藏车厢的厚度：
除了材料，货厢的厚度也决定了保温效果的好坏，货厢保温层越厚，保温效果越好，不过，货厢内部的空间会减少，货物装载量会减少，用户需根据自己的实际需要选择合适的厚度。
冷藏车厢的特殊要求：
另外，不同的货品对厢体都有不同的要求。比如，运送鲜肉的冷藏车需要在厢体上定制挂钩；为门店做配送的冷藏车批量小、品种多、需要多温层冷藏车；温度需求不一、装卸频繁则需要多开门冷藏车。凡此种种，用户可以根据具体需求向厢体厂定做。
普通厢货能不能改成冷藏车？
有不少人询问普通厢式货车能不能改成冷藏车，小编也询问了几家改装厂的工作人员，他们告诉小编，改装当然是可以的，在中间加上隔热材料，再加装上制冷机组即可。
但他们认为还是直接换成冷藏厢更为划算，因为一般货厢采用得是铁或者钢材做成的，隔热效果不是很好，同时也容易生锈，如拉海鲜产品，由于海水具有腐蚀性，在选择时更需要注意厢体材料的防腐。
●冷冻机组：
在冷藏车这三大组成部分中，冷冻机组是最为重要的一环。因为货厢空间较小，在控制温度上技术要求也更高。
冷冻机组的原理：首先让我们看看冷冻机组的原理，目前冷藏车的冷冻机组采用较多的是机械制冷，原理与空调冰箱等制冷设备基本一样，在一个点上吸收热量，然后在另一个点上散发热量。这点通过在两个点之间进行制冷剂循环达成。制冷剂通过货物空间内的一个盘管（蒸发器）吸收热量，然后通过在外部的另一个盘管（冷凝器）散发掉热量。通过一台压缩机使制冷剂在系统内循环，压缩机使用汽油机、柴油机或电机驱动。
冷冻机组的分类：从冷冻机组的动力来源可分为独立与非独立机组两种，独立机组拥有单独的动力源，机组本身所独立的柴油发动机作为其动力源；而非独立式机组的动力输出是依靠汽车底盘的发动机来带动的。
从动力输出就可以看出他们的差异性，当汽车发动机停止运转的时候非独立式制冷机组既失去动力支持，制冷系统停止工作，如果在汽车熄火或者在汽车出现发动机故障时制冷机也将停止制冷，车厢内货物的品质也得不到保证非独立式制冷机组系统结构简单易于维护和保养，并且价格比较低。独立式制冷机组因为多了发动机系统保养和维修稍微复杂。
从运输的用途来讲，如果是用作市内或者区县间的短距离配送，建议使用非独立机组，不仅采购成本更低，即使出现故障，寻找维修点也相对方便些；反之是进行长途运输的则建议使用独立式制冷机，因为在长途运输过程中哪怕汽车发动机停止工作，制冷机仍然可以正常制冷，满足所运输物品的安全。
另外从所配车型来讲,7米及7米以下车厢建议使用非独立式机组,7米以上车厢用独立式比较好。
从成本上讲非独立式制冷机组与独立式制冷机组价位相差在几万以上，如果预算上比较充裕，而且又对车厢内温度要求比较低（所需温度至少要零下 10
度以下）的话建议还是用独立式比较好。
进口还是国产？
因为冷藏物品对周围温度的变化比较敏感，比较大的温度波动就可能导致变质腐坏。如果冷藏车的冷冻机组制冷出现问题或者停止工作，那对于车主来说，损失的不仅仅是运费了，还有一笔数目不少的货款。尤其对于长途运输的用户来说，他们对于冷冻机组的性能要求很高。
不过，目前国产制冷机组在温度控制方面与国外品牌还有一定的差距，为了达到非常好的制冷效果，许多用户还是选择国外品牌。
都说好货不便宜，进口制冷机的价格也是非常昂贵的，像那种半挂冷藏车的一套进口的制冷机，新的最便宜也要十几万。相比之下国产品牌在价格上优势就非常明显，对于注重价格的用户来说，国产品牌也是个不错的选择。
全新的进口机器太贵，国产的制冷效果不能保障，一些用户会选择二手的进口冷藏厢，效果还都不错。
市场上占有率较高的进口品牌有，美国开利，大冷王，日本三菱，电装，以及韩国华速，汉雪冰之源等品牌。国产品牌也比较多，做得不错的有济南中集考格尔、河南冰熊、河南新飞等企业。
●冷藏市场简述
市场潜力巨大：
中国冷链产业网数据显示，由于保鲜技术落后，我国每年约20%-25%的果品和30%的蔬菜在中转运输及存放中腐烂损坏，损坏总量每年高达上亿吨，价值高达750亿元。
另一个数据是，在美国，平均每500人就有一辆冷藏车，我国台湾是 1000人一辆，而中国大陆有13亿人口，但冷藏车的保有量才4万辆。专家估算，我国已有冷藏容量仅占货物需求的20%-30%。
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.doczj.com/doc/4213360174.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。 由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。 在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。 我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。 本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
市场营销策略 1 市场细分和目标市场策略 具有需求，具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。然而，在大多数市场中，购买者的需求不一致。因此，对整个市场采用单一的营销计划可能不会成功。一个合理的营销计划应以区分市场中存在的差异为起点，这一过程被称为市场细分，它还包括将何种细分市场作为目标市场。 市场细分使公司能更加有效地利用其营销资源。而且，也使得小公司可以通过集中在一两个细分上场上有效地参与竞争。市场细分的明显缺点是，其导致了比单一产品、单一大市场策略更高的生产和营销成本。但是，如果市场细分得当的话，更加符合消费者的需求，实际上将生产更高的效率。 确定目标市场有三种可供选择的策略，它们是统一市场、单一细分市场和多重细分市场。统一市场策略即采取一种营销组合用到一个整体的、无差异的市场中去。采取单一细分市场策略，公司仍然仅有一种营销组合，但它只用在整个市场的一个细分市场中。多重细分市场策略需要选择两个或更多的细分市场，并且每个细分市场分别采用一种单独的营销组合。 2 产品定位 管理者将注意力集中于一种品牌，并以恰当的方式将其与类似的品牌相区分，但这并不意味着该品牌就一定能够最后赢利。因此，管理者需要进行定位，即塑造与竞争品牌和竞争对手的其他品牌相关的自我品牌形象。 市场营销人员可以从各种定位策略中加以选择。有时，他们决定对某一特定产品采用一种以上的策略。以下是几种主要的定位策略： 2.1与竞争者相关的定位 对一些产品来说，最佳的定位是直接针对竞争对手。该策略特别适用于已经具有固定的差别优势或试图强化这种优势的厂商。为排挤微处理器的竞争对手，Intel公司开展了一项活动使用户确信它的产品优于竞争对手的产品。公司甚至为电脑制造商出钱，让它们在自己的广告中带上“Intel Inside”标志。作为市场领导者，可口可乐公司推出新产品并实施其市场营销策略。同时，它密切注视百事可乐公司，以确保对主要竞争对手的任何一次巧妙、有效的营销举措采取相应的对策。 2.2 与产品类别和属性相关的定位 有时候，公司的定位策略有必要将自己的产品与其类别和属性相联系（或相区别）。一些公司尽力将其产品定位在期望的类别中，如“美国制造”。用一句某顾问的话来说，“当你说‘美国制造’的时候，有一种强烈的感情因素在吸引着你”。因此，一家名为Boston Preparatory的规模不大的运动服制造商正在运用这种定位策略，以期胜过那些并非所有产品都在美国制造的势力强大的竞争对手如Calvin Kiein和Tommy Hilfiger。 2.3 通过价格和质量定位 某些生产者和零售商因其高质量和高价格而闻名。在零售行业，Saks Fifth Avenue和Neiman Marcus公司正是定位于该价格—质量策略的。折扣店Target Kmart则是定位于该策略的反面。我们不是说折扣商店忽视质量，而是说它们更加强调低廉的价格。Penny's公司努力—并且大多获得了成功—通过升级高级服装线和强调设计者的名字将其商店定位于价格—质量策略上。 “品牌”一词是个综合性的概念，它包含其他更狭义的理解。品牌即一个名称和（或）标志，用以识别一个销售者或销售集团的产品，并将之与竞争产品相区别。 品牌名称由能够发音的单词、字母和(或)数字组成。品牌标志是品牌的一部分，它以符号、图案或醒目的颜色、字体的形式出现。品牌标志通过视觉识别，但当人们仅仅读出品牌名称的时候，品牌标志并不能够被表达出来。Crest、Coors、Gillette都是品牌名称。AT&T由醒目的线条构成的地球以及Ralph Lauren's Polo的马和骑手是品牌标志，而Green Giant（罐装冷冻菜蔬产品）和Arm&Hammer（面包苏打）既是品牌名称又是品牌标志。 商标是销售者已经采用并且受到法律保护的品牌。商标不仅包括品牌标志，如许多人所认为的那样，也包括品牌名称。1946年的The Lanham Art法案允许厂商向联邦政府注册商标，以保护它们免受其他厂商的使用或误
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.doczj.com/doc/4213360174.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4213360174.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is