主从复合句
主句是主体，从句只是句子的一个成分，换言之，将句子（除谓语外）的各个成分扩展开来就成了从句。关联词分五类：
疑问代词：who（whom/whose），which, what,
关系代词：who（whom/whose），which, that,
疑问副词：when, where, why, how
关系副词：when, where, why
从属连词：that (无词义)，whether, if, although, after
because, before, when, since，
as soon as, as long as
只有从属连词没有句子功用，即不担任句子成分。
从句分为五类：
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
前三项都是名词性从句，句中作用如同名词。一般都不用逗号，所用关联词相同：1,连词that/whether/if 2, 3, 疑问副词when /where /how /why（引导间接疑问句）
定语从句
状语从句
一．主语从句subject clause，也可分为三种：that引导的主从/ 由连接代副词引导的主从/ what和whoever等引导的主从。
1由that引导的主从，用得最多。(that 后面是主语)
“That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.”她成为画家可能是受其父亲的影响。
上面句子看着别扭陌生，换成it引导的句子就熟悉了，因为一般除强调外都后置而由it代替，有五种形式：
（1）+ that 、、、
It is
（2）、、、
It’
（3）宾语) or adverbial(副词)) + that、、、
’re right.
It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起我们应该制订一个新计划。
我从未想到或许她是在说谎
（4）、、、
It is said）that you was suffering from a stone in the kidney. 谣传说/据说你得了肾结石。
（5）、、、
’t be that they were interested in him. 不，不，他们不可能对他有兴趣。
口语中that可以省略：
显然他的话使她高兴。
Who is to be sent there hasn’t been decided.
It’s clear enough what he meant.
两种结构都能用，但是it结构更多，有四种形式。
why he behaved like tha t. 我不太清楚他为什么会这样做。
It’s a puzzle how life began.
It doesn’t matter much where I live.
该发生的事总会发生。红色为从句
What is over is over. 过去的事就过去了。
Whatever my dad did was right. 俺爹做的都是对的。
Whatever she says goes. 一切她说了算。
Whoever comes will be welcomed. 谁来都欢迎
Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个，哪个就归你。
二．宾语从句object clause.
1由that引导到宾从，有时that可省略
I suspected that it was a trick to get our money.
我怀疑这是一个骗我们钱的圈套
Who can guarantee that he’ll keep his word?
谁能保证他会遵守诺言？
You can depend upon it, I shall be there. 先行宾语(现行宾语中间要有逗号)
你放心，我会去那里的。
I take it they have left for home.
我猜想他们已经回家了。
2由连接代词或副词引导宾从
Write me how you got home. 写信告诉我你怎能到家的
Only you can decide who the best choice is.
只有你能决定谁是最佳人选。
I wonder what you call this stuff.
我想知道，你管这玩艺叫什么。
3由whether/if引导的宾从
I’m wondering whether you would care to spend the evening with me. 不知道你是否愿意跟我们共度今宵。
I asked her if I might call and see her. 我问她是否可以去看她。
4由关系代词what引导的宾从
Show me what you’ve bought.把你买的东西给我看看。
I could not express what I felt. 我无法表达内心的感受
As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear.
作为你的朋友，我想把听到的事告诉你。
5作介词的宾从，其他从句这样用较少：
Don’t oke your nose into探听what doesn’t concern you. 别多管闲事。??
6 whatever/whichever/whomever这类词也可引导宾从：
I’ll just say whatever comes into my head.
想到什么就说什么。
Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。
Give it to whomever you like. 你愿意给谁就给谁。
三．表语从句predicative clause，有二类
1由that引导的表语从句
The fact is (that) she never liked him.
事实是她从未喜欢过他。
His only fault is that he lacks ambition.
他唯一的缺点是缺乏雄心大志。
2 由连接代/副词引导的、由关系代词型的what引导的
That’s not what I meant. 这不是我的意思。
The question is who’s responsible for what has happened.问题是发生了这事该谁负责。
Times aren’t what they were.时代不同了。
That’s what I am here for.这就是我来这里的目的。
(四．定语从句attributive clause 没看！！
1 定从的关联词有二：关系代词（在从句中作主/宾/定）who（whom/whose）, which, that和关系副词（在从句中作状语）when, where, why等。
例如：Girl who works in restaurant is called waitress.
This is Johnson, whose wife work at a department store.
2 Which和that的区别：
关系代词which指物，做主语和宾语。限制性定从中作宾语时可省略。
关系代词that, 指物也指人，做主语和宾语，指物时与which相同。
There are the things that（which）you need.
这些就是你要的东西。
A dictionary is a book, which gives the meaning of words. 词典是解释词义的书。
Who is the person that is working at a computer over there. 在计算机上干活的那个人是谁？
3 在下列情形下，只能用that:
（1）先行词是all / everything / nothing / something（有时例外用which）/ anything / little等不定代词时。Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?
有什么事我可以在城里代你办吗？
That’s all (that) I know. 我知道的就是这些。
（2）先行词为序数词所修饰时。
The first thing (that) I should do is to work out a plan. 我该做的第一件事是订个计划。
（3）先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时。
This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的足球赛中最激烈的一场。
4限制性定从和非限制性定从：
意义上可缺否，形式上有无逗号。
（1）that引导的定从大多是限制性的。
注意：非限制性定从不能使用that和关系副词why, 也不能省略任何关系副词，这类从句主要出现在书面语中。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Anti-Japanese War. “昨晚我看了一部很棒的电影，是关于抗日战争的”只是补充说明，翻译时多译成并列句：
Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work. 礼拜天是假日，这一天人们不上班。
（2）非限制性定从中which/whom常可以跟of或其他介词连用。
Mr. Smith, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments.
史密斯先生是我的老板，她付超时工资很大方。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
公共汽车大多都已满载，周围是一大群愤怒的人。
My kids, both of whom study abroad, ring me up, saying Hi, every week.
我的俩孩子都在国外读书，每周给我打来电话问安。
（3）在限制性定从中，当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，大多可省略，特别是在被修饰的词为all / everything等词时。如：
That’s the only thing we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事。
All you have to do is to fill out this form.
你只需要填这张表就行了。
关系副词when时间状语, where地点状语，why原因状语。
Do you remember the time when he fell off his bicycle? 你记得他从自行车上摔下来的时间吗？
The book is on the table where you left it. 那书在你拉在那儿的桌子上。
I don’t know the reason why he was so rude. 我不知道他为什么这么无礼。
（4）注意，有些时间定从并不由when引导，特别在某些句型中。
Every time the telephone rings, he gets nervous.
电话铃一响他就紧张。
Come any time you like. 你随便什么时候来都行。
She made me feel at home the moment I arrived.
我一到达她就使我感到无拘无束。
（5）在way后面的定从，不跟关系代词或副词。
That’s the way I look at it. 这就是我对这事的看法。
I did not like the way he eyed me.
我不喜欢他瞪着我瞧的样子。
（6）．关系代词which的先行词，有时是整个主句或部分意思，这时which的意思相当于and this。They rely on themselves, which is much better.
他们依靠自己，这样好得多。
He drank beer, which made him fat. 他喝啤酒，这使他发胖。
（7）Which有时在定从中作定语
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. 我把他的名字叫错了，对此错误我应道歉。
（8）定语从句被分词短语代替
由who 或that (which) 作主语的限制性定从，有时可以被分词短语代替，更为简练。
There are many students who are studying English in this school. --- There are many students studying English in this school.
（9）一些其他定语从句
as主要和such 连用,也可用作关代引导定从：
Such money as he earned was spent on spirits烈性酒and tobacco. 他挣的那点钱都花在烟酒上了。
There was a look of fear in his eyes, such as people have when they are suddenly awakened. 他眼中透出一种人们突然被叫醒时露出的惊恐情绪。
as可以单独引导定从
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.
我可以从他的口音中听出他是个外国人。
You are a teacher, as is clear from your manner. 你是位教师，这从你的举止上可以看得很清楚。
As was expected, he performed the task with success. 正像预料的，他成功地完成了任务。
（10）．But也可用作关系代词来引导定从，意思接近于that (who)…not。这种用法已显陈旧。
There is no tree but bears some fruit. 没有不结果的树
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才华。
Surely there isn’t a teacher but faces this problem. 可以肯定，凡是老师都面临着这个问题。（11）．Whereby, wherein, whereupon也可以引导定从
They’ve set a plan whereby (=by which) you can spread cost over a period.
他们定出了一个办法，照此你可以分期付款。
He gazed once more around the room, wherein (=in which) were assembled his entire family.
他再次注目于屋内各处，那里聚集了他全家。
I told her she looked fat, whereupon (=upon which) she threw the entire contents of a saucepan at me and burst into tears. 我告她她看上去胖了，听了这话她把平底锅里的东西都向我泼来，然后便放声大哭。
八种状从：时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，方式，让步，条件。
1
when / as等等All things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事总是先难后易。
On and on he went, till/until he reached the outskirts of the wood. 他走啊走啊，直到走到树林边。
Once you’ve finished, go to bed. 你一干完就去睡觉。
Come and talk to me whenever you feel lonely.
感到寂寞时就来和我说说话。
注意when / as / while的区别：
when从句动作可以和主句动作同时发生，也可以先于主句动作。As和while都是同时。
It was raining when we arrived. 同时发生
When I pressed the button the radio stopped. 从句动作先于主句动作。
She sang as she worked. 同时，边、、、边、、、
While you were away, two persons came to see you. 同时。你不在时有两个人找你。
他刚到门口又走了回来。
wherever you say.
You can go anywhere you want. 你想去哪就去哪。
He was always ready to give help where help was needed.
where还可表示处境等，译法灵活。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天这样是你的错。
Where others are weak, he is strong.
别人的弱点正是他的优势。
Where bees are, there is honey. 有蜂就有蜜。
3原因状从…of Reason：because / for / since既然/ now that既然/ as由于
例如：
Maize is also called Indian corn because it was first grown by the American Indians.
因为玉米是美洲印第安人首先种植的，所以又叫印第安玉米。
（回答why，语气最强，是全句的重心所在）
As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.
你是自作自受。---表示较明显原因，常放在主句前面
Since I’m here today, I saw everything.
今天我既然在这，我一切都看见了。
（跟as相似，表示稍加分析后的原因，且多少是对方已知熟悉而不待言的原因）
The days are short, for it is now December.
白天短了，因为现在已经是十二月了。
（跟because相似，但for只能表示上文未表示的新情况，只能放在句末）
Now that you have the chance ，you had better avail yourself of it. 既然你有了机会，你最好利用起来。
Please don’t try to back out now that everything has been arranged. 现在一切都安排好了，请不要打退堂鼓。Now you’re here, you may make yourself useful.
你已经来了，不妨帮帮忙。
Considering（专门存在这个词不是派生）he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他才刚刚开始，他对此已经懂得相当多了。
4目的状从Adverbial Clauses of Purpose：
that以便/ so that以便/ in order that以便/
“We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty”. 我们作了这样的安排，以便我们总有一人值班。
(so that / in order that从句中都常用may/might，但so that引导的从句也可用can/could)
I spoke slowly and in simple English in order that the students might understand what I said.
I’ll show you so you can see how it’s done.
我将做给你看，以便你知道怎样做。
They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard.
他们低声说话，以防被人听见。
Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 关好窗子以防下雨。
5结果状从Adverbial Clause of Result：
so…that (so that) 如此、、、以至于/ such…that / that / otherwise / or else (else)
So many people came to the concert that some couldn’t get in. 那么多人来听音乐会，以致有些人没法进来。She’s so ill (that) she can’t get out of bed.
她病得很重，都下不了床了。
English is such a difficult language that you have to apply yourself.
The situation is such that agreement is unlikely.
局势是这样，达成协议的可能性不大。
There was such a draught（dra:ft）, it is no wonder he caught a cold. 过堂风这样厉害，难怪她感冒了。
I’m so busy; I have no time to write a letter.
我忙极了，没时间写信。
She had intellect; otherwise I would have scorned her. 他很聪明，否则我早就瞧不起他了。
Run or else you’ll be late. 快跑，否则就迟到了。
Drink this, else you’ll be sick. 把这个喝掉，否则你会生病。
6方式或比较状从…of Manner…of Comparison：
as正如/ like / as if (as though) 好像，宛如/ than比/ as…as / not as(so)…as / the more… the more
Unit ten is not so difficult as Unit Nine.
Do it like I do. 照我那样做。
When at Rome, do as the Romans do.入境随俗。
She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something.
她看起来有点怪，好像她知道什么似的。
不用连词引导
Now they don’t do it.
You’你的表现和你姐姐过去的表现一样。
Arrange the hours however you like.
你的时间怎么安排都行。
He earns less than his wife (does).他挣的钱比他妻子少。
You know much more than I did at your age.
你知道的东西比我在你这个岁数时知道的要多得多。
He is as tall as his father.
I haven’t done as much as I should have liked.
我做得没有我希望的那么好。
7让步状从…of Concession：
虽然though(although) / while / whereas / even if (even though) 即使/ no matter…不管
Although/though he had very little money; he always managed to dress smartly. 虽说他没有几个钱，却总是穿得很时髦。
I wouldn’t do it, even if / even though you paid me a thousand pounds.即使你付我一千英镑，我也不敢这事。
whereas （而）others condemned me. 有人赞扬我，而另一些人却谴责我。
尽管时间不早了，他仍在工作。（as从句的表语常放在句首形成倒装）
Come what may, he would never let her down.
不管发生什么情况，他绝不会做对不起她的事。
She says she’ll follow him no matter who tries to stop her.她说不管谁来阻拦，她都要跟他走。Wherever you are ,I’ll be thinking of you. 不管在哪里，我都会想着你。
no matter who = whoever
no matter what = whatever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
8条件状从Adverbial Clauses of Condition：
if / unless / suppose (supposing)假设/ providing (provided)假若/ as(so) long as只要
If I were you, I’d learn English at once.
We have a meeting every Friday, unless there is noting to discuss.
Suppose you had a million pounds, how would you spend it?
Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do? 假如你错了，你怎么办？
You may go out providing you do your homework first. 如果你先把作业做了，那就可以先出去玩。
She may come with us provided (that) she arrives in time.如果她及时到达，她可以和我们一道去。
You can go out, as long as you promise to be back before 11 o’clock.只要你答应11点前回来，可以出去。In case the house burns down, we’ll get the insurance money. 如果房子烧毁了，我们会领到保险金。
You may borrow the book, on condition that you don’t lend it to anyone else.你可以借这本书，条件是别把它借给别人。
Granted that he’s not brilliant, he is at least competent and work hard. 就算他不够出色，他至少称职而且卖力干活。
If引导的条件状从，有时可把if省略而倒装从句
Were it not for your assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.如果不是你帮忙，我们会陷入严重的困境。Shall she call, what would I tell her?
万一她来电话，我怎么对她说？
汉语的“虽然、、、但是”“因为、、、所以”，在英语中只用一个。
Although he is very busy, he has never been absent from the evening class. 虽然他很忙，但从不缺席夜校的课。
Because it looked like rain, they decided to cancel the trip. 因可能会下雨，所以他们决定不去了。
主从复合句学习的四个关键
主从复合句是高中英语学习的一个难点，也是一个重点。如何学习主从复合句，我认为应从以下四个关键着手：
一：概念主从复合句属于句子的种类，它包括简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句是由一套主语和谓语构成；并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句并列构成，常用and ,but, so 等并列连词连接。复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在；而从句仅是句子的一个成分，故不能独立存在，必须有一个关联词引导。引导从句的关联词共有七类：
1）从属连词：有whether ,when, although, because, if 等。
I don’t know if he will come.
2) 疑问代词：who ,whom, whose, which ,what 等。
I don’t know wha t you mean .
3) 疑问副词：when ,where ,how ,why等。
I asked him where he was going to stay.
4）关系代词：who, whom , whose, which, that what 等，主要引导定语从句。
The young man who is standing there is my English teacher.
5) 关系副词：when, where, why.也可以引导定语从句。
That was the time when we stayed together.
6) 复合连接代词：what ,whatever, whoever, whichever 等。
You can do whatever you like.
7) 复合连接副词：wherever, whenever, however 等。
You can come whenever it is possible.
特别强调：主从复合句必须有连接词。英语是形和而汉语是意和。如汉语可以说“你来我走”，中间没有连接词。如翻译成英语必须根据意义加上连接词if ，否则句子就错误。
If you come , I will go.
再如“有饭同吃”，也要加连接词：
If there is any food , let us share it.
如果一个句子前面用了一个逗号，逗号前面决不能是个句子，但可以由以下几个成分：
1：不定式
To get there in time , He got up early.
2:现在分词
Hearing the good news, He jumped up and down.
3：过去分词
Beaten by his father , He run away from home.
4）：独立主格?结构
There being no bus , We had to walk home.
5)分号：
United , We stand; divided ,We fall.
6)偶尔也有连接副词
I had a drink ,then I went home.
二：主从复合句的分类和比较
名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）
主从复合句副词从句（状语从句）
形容词从句（定语从句）
名词从句
三：引导主从复合句的连接词的分类
从形式上连接词可以分为四类：
1。纯连词 A ：that，无实际意义，不翻译，在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不做任何句子成分，可以省略；在主语从句、标语从句、同位语从句中只起连接作用，但一般不省略B ：whether和if 有意义，但只起连接作用，不做任何句子成分，可以翻译出来。但前者只有“是否”意义，后者既可表示“是否”又可表示“如果”。在宾语从句中可互换，在主语从句、标语从句、同位语从句中一般用whether 不用if .
2.副词包括how 、when 、why、where等，一般在句子中作状语，不作主、谓、宾等主要成分。
3。代词性质A :that、which 引导定语从句，必须作句子成分同时又引导句子，这是关键，多作主语和宾语B;what薄冰教授称之为复合连接代词，相当于the thing(s)that。在主语从句中常翻译为“...的”，在表语从句中常起三个作用即主语和表语的某个成分同时连接句子。这种作用是它独有的；类似的有whatever、whoever 、whichever等C whose 在定语从句中也称为关系代词，但它作定语，这是与其它次的根本区别。四：学习主从复合句的意义
主从复合句是结构复杂化的一个方法，同时我们还可以借助于它表达比较复杂的内容。在书面表达里，尽可能的运用主从复合句既可以使我们的文章更有逻辑性又可以提高我们的档次，有可能多得分；在单项选择里可以做那些较为复杂的题，因为结构复杂化已经成为加大单项选择难度的一种常用方法；在完型填空和阅读理解中有助于我们理解。
主从复合句 一基础理论： 1. 英语表达的五个层次 字母—单词—句子—段落—文章 2. 词的分类： 名词系统：名词；代词；冠词；形容词；数词 动词系统：动词；介词；副词 连词系统 3. 不同词性的词按照一定的顺序形成句子，同一个词由于在句子中位置不同所起的作用也不同；词在句子中所起的作用有：主；谓；宾；定；状；补；表 4. 句子是表达独立、完整意思的单位。 五种简单句结构。 ①主系表 ②主不及物动词 ③主谓宾 ④主谓双宾 ⑤主谓宾宾补 5. 并列句：通过and , but, or 并列连词连结的两个或多个简单句。 Give me somewhere to stand, and I will move the earth. Have an aim in your life, or your energies will be wasted. 6. 主从复合句：通过从属连词连结的，有主句和从句的合成结构。 二主从复合句的四项基本原则： 1. 主句符合五种简单句结构。 The day we had looked forward to ____at last. A coming B came C come D comes In the evening school where I study computer ____. A is there B has many people C is well taught D is nice 2. 从句也符合五种简单句结构。 ①From the first time I flew a flat paper kite as a child, I was always wondering____. A how made it fly B how it made fly C what it made fly D what made it fly ②The factory___ produces steel is the biggest one of the kind in our city. A which B whom C whose D where ③The factory___ Tom works is the biggest one of the kind in our city. A which B whom C whose D where 3. 如何识别主句和从句？只识别从句，另一句就是主句。 如何识别从句？通过从属连词加以识别。 ①从属连词属于从句，且位于从句的句首； The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ___best in its climate and soil. A it grows B what grows C does it grow D what does it grow It was an agreement___ could not be changed’ A of which details B whose the details C the details of which D all whose details ②从属连词在从句中既可以不承担具体功能，仅起识别的标志作用，但它同时破坏了原来
简单句、并列句和复合句 考点一简单句 1.简单句只包含一个主谓结构. 2.五种简单句: 1)主+谓. He comes at last. 2)主+系+表. She is a teacher. The soup tastes nice. 3)主+谓+宾. They reached the village. 4)主+谓+间宾+直宾. He gave me a pen. 5)主+谓+宾+宾补. I find that book very useful. 考点二并列句 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句，用连词连接起来。 常用的连接词有： 1.表示顺承关系的：and, not only…but also（不仅….而且….）等。 She gave us a lot of advice, Linda tried to become an excellent teacher, helped us to overcome difficulties. at last she succeeded. 2.表示选择关系和否定条件的有or（还是，否则） Do you want to leave now would you rather set off later? Wear your coat, you’ll catch a cold. 3.表示转折关系的有but, yet 等。 He is young, but he works hard.虽然他年轻，但工作努力。 4.表示因果关系的有for, so 等。 My leg hurts so I go to see a doctor. 我的腿疼，因此我去看医生。 考点三主从复合句：宾语从句 1.宾语从句的引导词 （1）引导陈述句用that(在口语和非正式文体中常常省略) He tells me (that ) he is going shopping this Sunday. (2)引导一般疑问句用if 或whether. She asked me if\ whether she could join us. (whether…or not) (3)引导特殊疑问句，要用原来的特殊疑问词。 She asked them what they were doing. 2.宾语从句的语序：要用陈述句语序。 I want to know when the train left. 3.宾语从句的时态 （1）主句是一般现在时，一般将来时或祈使句，宾语从句可根据实际需要选用各种时态。 He tells us that he has been able to look after himself. (2)主句是过去时态，宾语从句应使用过去时的相应时态。 They said that they had already finished the work. (3)如果宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等，不管主句用什么时态，从句 都用一般现在时。 He said that light travels faster than sound. 3. 练习 1）She asked me, “Will you go to the cinema tomorrow?” (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
主从复合句 一宾语从句 用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句在句中起宾语作用，它可以用作动词的宾语，也可以做动词的宾语，也可以做介词、不定式、分词、动名词以及某些形容词（如：sure, glad, pleased, certain, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等）的宾语，宾语从句可以由连词that, whether, if;代词who, whose, what, which和副词when, where, how, why等引导。 他想他过几天就会好了。 I think (that) he’ll be all right in a few days. 你知道他们在等谁吗 Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for 他问那是谁的字典。 He asked whose dictionary it was. 注意老师说的话。 Pay attention to what the teacher said. 1.宾语从句在句中的位置 （1）作宾语的从句。如： I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么事。 （2）作介词的宾语。如： Our success depends upon/on how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功在于我们彼此能够很好的合作。 She is worried about whether her mother can come on time. 她在担心妈妈是否能按时来。 （3）作形容词的宾语。 I’m afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我犯错误了。 类似的形容词还有：anxious, aware, certain, confident, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, pleased, hurt, satisfied等。 （4）it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中，如： 他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 注意：有些动词后不能跟that从句作宾语，这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。 2.宾语从句的引导词 （1）当宾语从句是由陈述句转化而来时，由that 引导，这时that在宾语从句中无意义，不充当任何成分，常省略。如： I know (that) you have met him. 我知道你曾经见过他。 He told me that he was wrong.他告诉我他错了。 I don’t believe he has finished his work.我相信他还没有完成他的工作。
将下列带定语从句的主从复合句变为简单句： 1.The young woman who works in his office used to be a housewife. 2.The boat suddenly struck a rock that was covered by mud and sand. 3.John was always the last student that left the classroom after school. 4.If only I had two lives that I could lay down for my dear motherland！ 5.He made his way through the people who were curious to see the murderer. 6.We badly need some people who are able to do the job successfully. 7.I met a strange old woman who carried a big umbrella in her hand. 8.The policeman examined the chair which stood against the wall. 9.I once visited the house where the president once lived and worked for four years. 10.I have never been to the village where my grandparents once lived 11.They often think of the days when they lived happily together on the island. 12.Spring is the season when t he parks are always full of happy children 13.The reason is his own affair. Why will he stay in the country for more days ? 14.Can you give us one good reason ? Why should you give up studying music ?
并列复合句与主从复合句 一、并列复合句“二步”学习法 并列复合句（简称并列句）与主从复合句（简称复合句）的区别是：并列句用并列连词连接两个或两个以上的句子，并表示句子与句子之间的并列关系。复合句是一个完整的句子，用连接词连接的从句充当句子的某一个成分，是主从关系。 试比较： Come here early , and you will see our manager . （两个句子之间是并列关系，没有从属关系，所以是并列复合句） If you come here early , you will see our manager . （句中If引导的条件状语从句和后面的主句有主从关系，从句从属于主句，所以是主从复合句） 二、掌握并列复合句的连词 并列句的连词由单个连词和连词词组两部分组成。 1、由and ,but ,or/or else , so , for 等并列连词把连个简单句连接起来而成为 并列复合句。 2、由并列连词词组连接成的并列复合句。常用的并列连词词组有not only …but also …. , either…or…, neither …nor…, not…but…, both…and…, as well as…等等
三、主从复合句“二步”学习法 主从复合句中的从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句等6种。前四种均相当于一个名词的作用-----名词性从句。 名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句 第一步、掌握复合句的结构 以下采用线条和图示的方法介绍复合句的结构： 说明： 主句：_________________ 从句：﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍ 连接词： 1.主语从句的两种结构： ①连接词﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍谓_________________ Who are the winners hasn’t been announced . ②It谓_________________ 连接词﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍ It hasn’t been announced who are the winners . 主语从句是整个句子作主语，他可以放在主句的谓语动词之前（结构①），但多数情况是it做形式主语（结构②），而把主语从句放在主句之后。如果主语从句太长，显得笨重，这是我们就采用结构② 这种it作形式主语的主从复合句有以下几种结构： ①It is ＋ n. ＋ that … ②It is ＋ adj. ＋that… ③It is ＋过去分词＋从句
【专题】主从复合句（状从、名从和定从） 【考点分析】 状语从句 1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别； 2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句； 3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型； 4.till和until的用法； 5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法； 6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别； 7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法； 8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法； 9. in case引导的状语从句； 10.where引导的状语从句； 11.once引导的状语从句。 12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。 名词从句 1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别； 2.名词从句的语序和时态； 3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况； 4.宾语从句的否定转移； 5.whether和if的用法区别； 6.what在名词性从句中的使用； 7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用； 8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别； 9.连接词that的省略； 定语从句 1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别； 2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别； 3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别； 4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查； 5. such…as与such…that的区别；the same…as与the same…that的区别； 6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查； 7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略； 8.含有插入语的定语从句； 9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。 【知识点归纳】 I.句子的种类 复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。 按用途分
主从复合句 主句是主体，从句只是句子的一个成分，换言之，将句子（除谓语外）的各个成分扩展开来就成了从句。关联词分五类： 疑问代词：who（whom/whose）， which, what, 关系代词：who（whom/whose）， which, that, 疑问副词：when, where, why, how 关系副词：when, where, why 从属连词：that (无词义)， whether, if, although, after because, before, when, since， as soon as, as long as 只有从属连词没有句子功用，即不担任句子成分。 从句分为五类： 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 句中作用如同名词。一般都不用逗号，所用关联词相同：1,连词that/whether/if 2, 疑问代词who/what/which 3, 疑问副词when /where /how /why（引导间接疑问句） 定语从句 状语从句 一．主语从句subject clause，也可分为三种：that引导的主从 / 由连接代副词引导的主从 / what 和whoever等引导的主从。 1由that引导的主从，用得最多。(that 后面是主语) “That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.”她成为画家可能是受其父亲的影响。 上面句子看着别扭陌生，换成it引导的句子就熟悉了，因为一般除强调外都后置而由it代替，有五种形式：
（1）+ that 、、、 It is natural that they should have different views. （2）、、、 It’s a wonder that you are still alive. （3）宾语) or adverbial(副词)) + that、、、 It seems that you’re right. It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起我们应该制订一个新计划。 It never occurred to me that perhaps she was lying. 我从未想到或许她是在说谎 （4）、、、 It was rumored （It is said） that you was suffering from a stone in the kidney. 谣传说/据说你得了肾结石。 （5）、、、 No, no, it couldn’t be that they were interested in him. 不，不，他们不可能对他有兴趣。口语中that可以省略： It was clear(that) his words pleased her. 显然他的话使她高兴。 When he’ll be back depends much on the weather. Who is to be sent there ha sn’t been decided. It’s clear enough what he meant. 两种结构都能用，但是it结构更多，有四种形式。 It was not clear to me why he behaved like tha t. 我不太清楚他为什么会这样做。 It’s a puzzle how life began. 生命如何开始是一个谜
第一部分导论 从句的种类繁多。根据对各类试卷进行综合分析，不外乎由三大类组成：一是名词性从句，包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、介词宾语从句、以及同位语从句；二是定语从句，包括限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句、割裂式定语从句、搭配式定语从句；三是状语从句，包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句以及伴随情况状语从句。 一、名词性从句 (一)主语从句 1. It has been pointed out __ their suggestions are reasonable to a certain dear A. whether B. that C. what D. why 选B. that 作引导词,引出主语从句,it形式主语. 2.__ get rid of the force of friction is still a hard nut to us. A. How can we B. How we can C. Why should we D. Why we should 选B.表示"我们该如何克服这种摩擦力仍然是个棘手的问题. 3.__ men have learned much from heavier of animals is not new at all. A. What B. That C. Which D. Whether 选B,句中的much是宾语,所以不能选A 4. How did it come about __ you made a lot of mistakes in your home wonk? A. whether B. what C. why D. that 选D,这里it 是形式主语,that 引导的是主主从句. 5. __you were arguing about last night has been settled. A. That B. Which C. It D. What 选D, what引导主语从句;同时,在从句中作about的宾语. (二) 表语从句 1. The reason for his success is __he worked harder than you.
主从复合句--表语从句 表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。 例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever. 一、表语从句的定义：表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。 二、表语从句的构成：关联词+简单句 三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类： 1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。 At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。 2. 从属连词whether, as, as if / though引导的表语从句 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。 3. because, why引导的表语从句 That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。 (That's because...强调原因) That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。(That's why...强调结果) what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that 引导，不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。 4. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那 就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 5. 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用"should+动词原形" 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出 发。 四、应注意的问题： 1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。 It was because he didn't pass the exam. 那是因为他没有通过考试。 It seems（that）he was late for the train. 看来他没搭上火车。
2018 年高考英语全国卷1,2 长难句分析 1 (全国卷1 阅读B) (原文) And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11. (译文) 这位“早安，英国”的电视节目主持人说，她能够在自己的家里把许多学到 的东西付诸实践，为14 岁的儿子山姆，13 岁的芬恩，和11 岁的杰克准备膳食。 (分析) 这是一个多重复合句，主句And the Good Morning Britain presentersays 后面跟的是省略了that 的宾语从句。宾语从句本身也是复合句，其中what she's learnt 也是宾语从句，preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11是-ing 形式做伴随状语。 2 (全国卷1 阅读C) (原文) The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. (译文) 一般的规律是，温和地带的通常为许多人所使用的语言相对较少，而炎 热潮湿地带的语言较多，通常为少数人所使用。 (分析) 这是一个复合句，句中that 引导一个表语从句；从句中often spoken by many people 和often spoken by small numbers为-ed形式做定语，分别修饰few languages 和lots。同时while 在句中做并列连词，意为“然而”，表示对比。 3 (全国卷1 七选五) (原文) A grasp of how to manage color in your spacesis one of the first steps to creating rooms you ’ll love to live in. (译文) 懂得这样处理自己居所的颜色选择是营造你喜爱房间的关键步骤之一。 (分析) 这是一个主从复合句。you’ll love to live in修饰先行词rooms, 省略了关系 代词that/which。steps后的to 是介词，所以跟-ing 形式creating。
高考英语语法讲解——主从复合句（附练习题）
复合句 由一个主句和一个或 一个以上的从句构成 的句子叫复合句。在复 合句中主句是全句的 主体，从句是全句的一 个成分，不能独立。 从句有： 名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语 从句和同位语从句） 状语从句 定语从句 （详细请看以下内容） II.状语从句 状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以 及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。 1.时间状语从句 由下列连词引导：when，while，as，before，after，once，till，until，since，as soon as，now that，hardly…when， scarcely…when，no sooner…than，有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly，instantly，immediately，by the time，the moment，the second，the minute，the instant，every time，each time，next time，the last time等 重点内容如下： ①when，while，as引导的时间状语从句 ▲as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。 She came up as I was cooking.（同时） The runners started as the gun went off.（几乎同时）▲when（at or during the time that ）既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。 It was raining when we arrived.（指时间点） When we were at school， we went to the library every day.（在一段时间内） When we arrived there，the film had already begun.（先后发生） ▲while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。 Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working. He fell asleep while/when reading. Strike while the iron is hot.（不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”） ②before状语从句的重点句型 ▲……之后……才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .
初中英语主从复合句考点总结-(1)
简单句、并列句和复合句 考点一简单句 1.简单句只包含一个主谓结构. 2.五种简单句: 1)主+谓. He comes at last. 2)主+系+表. She is a teacher. The soup tastes nice. 3)主+谓+宾. They reached the village. 4)主+谓+间宾+直宾. He gave me a pen. 5)主+谓+宾+宾补. I find that book very useful. 考点二并列句 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句，用连词连接起来。 常用的连接词有： 1.表示顺承关系的：and, not only…but also（不仅….而且….）等。 She ______ gave us a lot of advice, _______ helped us to overcome difficulties. Linda tried to become an excellent teacher, _____ at last she succeeded. 2.表示选择关系和否定条件的有or（还是，否则）
Do you want to leave now ____ would you rather set off later? Wear your coat, ____ you’ll catch a cold. 3.表示转折关系的有but, yet等。 He is young, but he works hard.虽然他年轻，但工作努力。 4.表示因果关系的有for, so 等。 My leg hurts so I go to see a doctor. 我的腿疼，因此我去看医生。 考点三主从复合句：宾语从句 1.宾语从句的引导词 （1）引导陈述句用that(在口语和非正式文体中常常省略) He tells me (that ) he is going shopping this Sunday. (2) 引导一般疑问句用if或whether. She asked me if\ whether she could join us. (whether…or not) (3) 引导特殊疑问句，要用原来的特殊疑问词。She asked them what they were doing. 2.宾语从句的语序：要用陈述句语序。 I want to know when the train left.
并列句和主从复合句 并列句基本概念： 并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。 2、常见的并列句： (1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。 (2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or,other wise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。 (3) 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有 but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句时态一致。 (4) 说明原因, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。 (5) 表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。 主从复合句 1、概念： 主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。) 2、分类： 从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条） 3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：
主从复合句中时态一致 （“主过从过，主将从现，主现从任”原则） 主从复合句中时态的一致是中考考点之一。主要有以下几种情况： 【主将从现】 在以when，after，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句以及以if，unless等引导的条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。例如： I'll tell her the good news when she comes back.当她回来的时候，我将把这个好消息告诉她。 If it doesn't rain, he will come here on time.如果不下雨，他会按时来这儿的。 常见的有以下三种情况： 一、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时。如： When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。 二、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时。 如：Don’t laugh at me when I make a mistake. 我犯错误的时候不要笑话我。 三、如果主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时。 如：You should be quiet when you are in the reading room. 在阅览室时应保持安静。 【主过从过】 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词为过去时态时，从句须用表示过去的某种时态。例如： He asked when they would go to the party. 他问他们什么时候将去参加聚会。 Miss Green said she had been to Beijing before. 格林小姐说她以前曾经去过北京。 【主现从任】 在宾语从句中，当主句的时态为一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等时态时，后面从句时态不受主句限制，可根据情况，选用各种适合的时态。例如： Do you know when we'll have a football match?你知道我们什么时候举行足球赛吗？ You know he has gone to Shanghai.你知道他已去上海了。 【特别关注】 1.当宾语从句表述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在的习惯动作以及格言等时，其时态不受主句限制，而用一般现在时。例如： The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光速比音速要快。 When I was a student, my teacher often told us that time and tide wait for no man. 当我还是学生的时候，老师常常告诉我们，岁月不等人。 2.在"since＋点时间"句型中，主句通常用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。例如： He has worked at the factory since he came here. 自从他来到这儿，他就一直在这家工厂上班。 另外，在句型"It's+段时间＋since＋从句"中，since后面的从句要用一般过去时。例如： It's a long time since we met last. 自从我们上次见面以来已经有好长时间了。 3.在复合句中，如果主、从句表示的动作或状态都发生在过去，而且有先后，则在先的用过
《主从复合句》学习任务单 【学习目标】 1.充分理解主从复合句的作用 2.灵活运用主从复合句 【课前预习任务】 复习回顾主从复合句相关语法知识 【课上学习任务】 1.通过高考真题中的例句回顾主从复合句的基本知识框架 2.通过文学作品中的例句探索理解主从复合句的效果和作用 3.在运用中学习、练习如何更好地使用主从复合句描述场景、介绍事物、表达心情等 【课后作业】 适当使用主从复合句改写短文A Day with a Craftsman。 A Day with a Craftsman Last week, our school held an activity of learning traditional handcraft from an elder craftsman. Early that day, we welcomed the elder craftsman into our classroom, and everyone was immediately attracted by the large box that he brought. Then, the craftsman sat down and began to show us how to make dough figurines. We stood around him and watched attentively. Then we started to have a try ourselves. The old man walked around and helped us patiently. Finally, we put the figurines on the table and took pictures with old craftsman. We were all very satisfied. It was a meaningful activity! 【课后作业参考答案】 A Day with a Craftsman Last week, our school held an activity of learning traditional handcraft from an old craftsman, which turned out to be a fruitful experience for all of us. Early that day, as we welcomed the elderly craftsman into our classroom, everyone was attracted by the large box that he brought with him. After he greeted us with a warm smile, he sat down and began to show us how to make dough figurines. We stood around him and watched attentively. Then we started to have a try ourselves. When we were trying our best to shape the dough, the old man walked around and helped us patiently. Finally, we put the figurines that we had made with our own hands on the table and took pictures with old craftsman. Looking at the figurines, we were all very satisfied with what we had achieved under the craftsman’s guidance. This was such a meaningful activities that we hope we can have more activities like this in the future!