An Analysis of Shylock from Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice Abstract:Shakespeare, the colossus in English literature, writes thirty-seven world-famous plays as well as one hundred and fifty-four universally appreciated sonnets during English Renaissance period. As we all know, The Merchant of Venice is one of the most outstanding comedies of Shakespeare. The story happened in Venice in 16th century. Shylock is a typical character in this play. He has long been regarded as a mean, cruel and inhuman usurer.
Key words: Jews; Tragedy; Religion; Christian
Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare’s most famous comed ies. Shylock, the character in the play, has always been translated into a greedy, mean, cruel usurer. However, as time goes by, people become aware of the tragedy in the play.
1.Introduction
1.1 Introduction of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was born in England. The world’s greatest poet and playwright who creates many lifelike characters, such as Hamlet, Romeo, Juliet, King Lear and Shylock. He is a famous actor, dramatist and poet during the English Renaissance. He is often referred to England’s national poet and the “Bard of Avon”. Among Shakespeare’s plays, his comedies have enjoyed the great reputation both at home and
abroad. Basically, comedies are shown in someone’s life.
1.2 Historical Background
Merchant of Venice happened in Europe in 16th century. The situation of the society at that time was that Christian unified the whole country in the political, and the Roman church pitched that the Jews were an ethnic group which suffered disgustful. Jews were seen as the champion of all evils and became the prime target that could shift all contradictions in Europe.
As economic, Jews were limited and expelled in employment and operation, and the property was often deprived innocently. Jews, prohibited to occupy the land in law in Europe, besides, Christian also forbade the Jews to work on Sunday, but according to the kosher Jews needn’t to operate on the Sabbath day. And they lived every day with the threat of deportation, the fluid or volatile world situation was familiar to them, thus they had lost a lot of opportunities to work.
After manufacturing system established to European cities, they still felt restricted on manufacturing business. In the Late Middle Ages, the business capital had increased. Though meanwhile Jews had suffered much of limitation in trade, financial and so on. Europe’s rulers also limited the employment prescribed by income tax, and a variety of means such as fines and confiscation of property without cause to achieve the purpose of robbing the Jews.
As cultural, Jews did n’t have freedom in religious belief, and all kinds of framed derived from religious discrimination and persecution from time to time. When Christians tried to change the religion of the Jews, if they couldn’t success, they would make religious persecution. 1.3 Introduction of The Merchant of Venice
It describes that a poor gentlemen named Bassanio asks his rich friend Antonio for a loan of three thousand gold in order to go and court Portia. But Antonio’s wealth is all invested in commodities and vessels of foreign trade has no cash, so he asks Shylock, a Jewish usurer. Shylock has been ill-treated by Antonio and other Venetian gentlemen because he is a Jew, so he now agrees to the loan on condition that Antonio signs a bond agreeing to the forfeit, the loss of pound of flesh if the money is not returned on the appointed day. Bassanio wins Portia, but Antonio fails to repay Shylock. Antonio is threatened him a pound of his flesh, which naturally means the loss of his life. All efforts to persuade Shylock to forget the bond by accepting many times the money loaned are in vain. The play ends with Shylock’s failure.
2.Shylock’s Tragedy
Merchant of Venice is a tragic comedy, disturbing tone is the focus of the party and Shylo ck’s financial. In most people’s minds, Shylock is a miserly and unfeeling usurer and what he thought all his life was to get money, the more the better. He thought nothing of friendship, love and
benevolence. For example, he did not allow his daughter to go out of the house and to be together with the person who was not a Jew. Actually Shylock did not allow his daughter to get touch with Christians.
Shylock daughter Jessica, it is easy to romanticized—elopement, romantic journey to find true lover, an incredible villa, and abundant of fortune—fortune stolen from her dear old father Shylock. But we can’t ignore her shameful robbery from her father: a diamond worth 2,000 gold (“a diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfort!”), and “other precious, precious jewels”. But Jessica seems not to care about the value of money. He told his daughter.
“Hear you me. Jessica:
Look up my doors: and when you hear the drum.
And the vile squealing of the wiy—neckt fife.
Clamber not you up to the casements then.
Nor thrust you head into the public street.
To gaze on Christian fools with varnish faces:
But stop my house’s ear. I mean my casements:
Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
My sober house”
(“The Merchant of V enice”, Act Ⅱ. Scene Ⅴ)
However, when we know that the survival environment he lived, we could understand something about his performance. His daughter ran
away, with a Christian known at the party, and took away a large number of golds, which was very unbearable to him, although his method of education was obviously wrong what we can’t deny was that he loved his daughter very much.
The Merchant of Venice is also a play about money. This is n’t surprising because the two settings (Venice is the banking center of early modern Europe) and the trade of the main characters (Antonio, and the eponymous merchant, Shylock, both are moneylenders). But the focus on finance is not limited to these professionals: all the characters are cared about money, whether through a poor or rich, and also affects their vocabulary, their attitudes, and their actions. Lines like:
“The patch is kind enough, but a huge feeder;
Snail—slow in profit, and he sleeps by day
More than the wild—cat: drones hive not with me;
Therefore I part with him, and part with him
To one that would have him help to waste
His borrow’d purse. Well, Jessica, go in;
Perhaps I will return immediately:
Do as I bid you; shut doors after you:
Fast bind, fast bind;
A proverb never stale in thrifty mind.”
Console provides S hylock’s fiscal comfort himself the departure of
Launcelot by thinking he will save food bills. Shylock makes money by lending it at high interest rates and it seems never going to spend it. Therefore, when Launcelot is going to leave, he has no sad for it, or more exactly, whit sparks of pleasure.
Although Shylock is wealthy, because he has no high birth, he could not change his businessmen and the status of the Jews. From the point of the whole piece, Shylock is hateful, at the same time he is lonely. In Venice, Shylock is a wealthy businessman, but suffered the world coldly, even his kindness Antonio can’t tolerate his existence, has repeatedly denounced him, let he insulted. But in today’s opinion, the kindness Antonio is not kind. As a typical representative of Christians, he has a fierce racial discrimination towards Shylock, which plays a very crucial part in his character built.
He could change his attitude at once according to the change of his rival’s face. When Antonio asked Shylock the enemy’s money. Shylock only repeated “that three thousand ducats for three month” and really wanted to lend his money to his opponents who hated him very much. We thought he was a fool, in fact, he was very sly. He did in that way on purpose because he wanted to deceive his opponent. When Shylock accused Antonio scold him about his money and his usuries many times in the Rialto, Antonio, being very angry, did not want to borrow the money. Shylock changed his attitude at once and said.
“Why, look you, how you storm!
I would be friends with you, and have your love.
Forget the shames that you have stain’d me with.
Supply your present wants, and take no doit
Of usance for my moneys.
And you’ll not hear me: this is I offer.”
His trick really worked. Antonio thought the Jew had really become kind and said. “Hie thee, gentle Jew. The Hebrew will turn Christian, he grows kind.”
3.Conclusion
The Merchant of Venice is a contradictory play of Shakespeare. It certainly is one of the most provocative, of course, if not provocation, modern, history education’s terrible results anti-Jewish prejudice in the twentieth century. Processing analysis into the tragedy of Shylock and then puts forward some of the troubles and conflicts in the society at that time, such as religion, ethnic, economic, justice and suppression of the human nature. Shylock is a victim of the religious and racial discrimination. His meanness, cruelty and inhumanity partly because of the religious and political persecution. Therefore, it is time that today’s audiences should regard him more comprehensively and fairly.
Term Paper Hey, buddy, you are supposed to write an essay of 1000 words. You should not exceed 2000 words. (1000-2000 wds) Your writing will be scored for content, organization, grammar and format. And you will have to submit it in Word on 7th-17th June at the latest. Choose a book or author that we have covered in the course, and define your topic: ?Make sure that it is related only to American literature. ? A discussion of Characters; ? A study of the Context (social, political, or economic) in which a work was written; ?An interpretation of the Message or Theme; ?An analysis of a specific Image occurring in several works; ?All text should be in 12-point Times New Roman font; ?Everything should be double-spaced; ?Use 5 paces at the beginning of every paragraph; ?Skip a line between the title and text; ?Type your Name, Class, and also your Student ID No. on a separate line; ?Center the title and type it in bold; 胡彭，6
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本科课程考查（论文）专用封面 作业（论文）题目： Hamlet On-line 所修课程名称： 英美文学 修课程时间： 2012 年 9 月至 2013 年 1 月 完成作业（论文）日期： 2012 年 12 月 评阅成绩： 评阅意见： 评阅教师签名： 年 月 日 __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __学院_ __ ___ __ __ 级_ __ __ ___ __ _专业 姓名_ __ ___ __ __ __ 学号____ ___ __ __ ____ …… … …… … … … … … … … （ 密 ） … … … … … … … … … … … … （ 封 ） … … … … … … … … … … … … （ 线 ） … … … … … … … … … … … …
Hamlet On-line Abstract:"Hamlet " of Shakespeare is a classical representative work.The most famous words is: To be or not to be this is a question.In the work, Shakespeare created Hamlet--a man with wisdom and courage .In order to revenge on his uncle for killing his father,he pretend to be a madman.He is a kindhearted man and a god-fearing person .He is inconsistent in his heart,and fall in love with a beautiful girl.In the end he killed his uncle ,but poisoning and dead in sad . In this article, I would like to introduce the gradual improvement of this work's background and influence of Hamlet ;The main ideas of Hamlet; Comments on the figures of Hamlet and in the conclusion I point out certain factors resulting in such a immortal hamlet and eulogize Shakespeare’s greatness in perceiving so charming a Denmark prince as a humanist. Key words: Hamlet ; analysis of the work; comments on the figures 1. The background and influence of Hamlet In the early 17th century, Shakespeare wrote a number of his best known tragedies. Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies represent the peak of his art. The titular hero of one of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies, Hamlet, has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins "To be or not to be; that is the question". Hamlet was based on the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum as subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar Fran?ois de Belleforest. The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madness –from overwhelming grief to seething rage – and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. 2. The Main Ideas of Hamlet The story is set on the eve of Elsinore. Denmark court in the Middle Ages. Hamlet, the prince of the Denmark, is the leading role. The king of Denmark dies, his brother Claudius becomes the
英美文学阅读与鉴赏 When you are old By William Butler Yeats
When you are old W hen you are old and grey and full of sleep. And nodding by the fire, take down this book. And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep. How many loved your moments of glad grace. And loved your beauty with love false or true. But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you. And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled. And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars. Yeats pain and misfortune hopeless for Mao De Gang love, prompting Yeats to write down a lot for Mao De Gang poetry, in dozens of years, from various angles, Mao De Gang Yeats continue to inspire creative inspiration;
关于英美文学论文开题报告范文 论文题目：The Destiny of Sister Carrie-An Analysis of “New Female Image” in Sister Carrie(嘉莉妹妹的命运-浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的新女性形象) 1选题动机：对作者的作品比较感兴趣，而且嘉莉妹妹比较贴近现实生活。在现今社会中有很多女性的生活与嘉莉很相近，可以引起共鸣。I am very interested in the author’s writing themes. And Sister Carrie relatively close to real life. In today’s society there are many women in the life and Carrie very close, can resonate. 可行性分析： (1)选题意义：反映现今社会的诸多问题，以启示人们树立正确的人生观和价值观。是西奥多?德莱塞的杰出代表作,该小说勾勒了人类历史发展进程中消费主义和自然主义所展示的一幅精彩画面,真实地再现了20世纪初的美国大都市生活。Reflect the many problems of modern society, is a lesson people establish a correct outlook on life and values. (2)选题重点：对嘉莉这个主要人物的性格以及影响她的外界环境因素的分析。The main characters of the character of Carrie and her impact on the analysis of environmental factors
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
Survey of British Literature 材控1102班付兰平2011010883 Abstract: As we all know,literature is a kind of arts and reflect social reality.For British literature,we can devided it into seven different periods.From these periods,we can understand about all the British literature. Key words: Old and Medieval periods, Medieval periods, The Renaissance Period, The Neoclassical Period, The Romantic Period, The V ictorian Period, Twentieth Century Literature 1.Old and Medieval periods (450---1066) After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal Celtic population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of Angles , Saxons and Jutes who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part Anglia , or England. For nearly four hundred years prior to the coming of the English , Britain had been a Roman province . In 410 A.D. the Romans withdrew their legions from Britain to protect Rome herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders . About 449 a band of Teutons , called Jutes , left Denmark , landed on the Isle of Thanet .
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
编号：_____ 英语毕业论文参考范文 学校：_________ 教师：_________ ____年___月___日 （此文内容仅供参考，可自行修改） 第1 页共8 页
英语毕业论文参考范文 内容摘要: 英美文学是我国高校英语专业高年级的一门重要必修课,是学生学习和研究英语语言文化的必要途径。同时它又是一门比较特殊的课程:既不是单纯的历史课,也非纯粹的文学欣赏课,它需要授课教师个人的智慧和学生的积极参与。本文以英美文学的教育价值分析为基础,结合目前英美文学教学中的问题,对英美文学课程的教学方法进行了建设性的探讨。 关键词: 英美文学;教育价值;模式;方法 一、英美文学的教育价值 英美文学是一面镜子,它反映着英语民族的历史与文化,英美文学也是一束光芒,照亮着人们追求真、善、美的路途。英美文学课作为高校英语专业高年级学生的专业必修课,其意义和作用在于通过阅读和分析英美文学作品,深化学生在基础阶段所学的知识,提高学生语言的运用能力,增强对西方文学及文化的了解,培养学生的文学鉴赏力和审美的敏感性,以及敏锐感受生活、认知生活的能力,进而从整体上促进其人文素质的提高。具体来说,开设本教程的目的是直接提高学生的英语语言水平,使学生掌握英语文学和文化知识以及培养学生的人文素养和健全人格。首先,文学是语言的精髓,文学欣赏会直接有助于英语水平的提高。在经过基础的语言教学之后,文学作品的阅读和欣赏无疑是学习外语的一个系统有效途径和必要阶段。文学阅读能使语言学习有质的飞跃。 随着时代的前进,现代社会的多元化发展。弘扬人的主体性成为时代发展的主旋律。因此,在课堂教学过程中,让学生成为教学的主体是现 第 2 页共 8 页
英美文学》研究论文英美文学》开题报告撰写模版 2010年10月 对开题报告的理解 定义：对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。是一种新的应用文体。P3 目的：通过陈述、明示自己的选题思路及工作开展思路，来达到让上级批准该项研究工作的目的。从这一点上说，开题报告其实是报请上级批准的一个选题及研究工作计划。（功利性）引导及指导作用，规范作用 开题报告封面（）开题报告封面（1） 论文题目：______________________ 论文题目 ______________________ 学院名称：______________________ 学院名称专业：______________________ 学生姓名：_______ 学号：________ 学生姓名指导教师： _______________________ 指导教师年月日 开题报告（2） 1. 本课题的选题依据和研究意义（小4号宋体，单倍行距）（约150---300字） 开题报告（3）开题报告 2. 本课题的国内外研究动态（小4号宋体，单倍行距）（约1000字左右） 开题报告（4） 3. 本课题拟解决的主要问题（小4号宋体，单倍行距）（约50字左右） 开题报告（5）开题报告 4. 本课题研究步骤、方法和研究措施本课题研究步骤、（小4号宋体，单倍行距）（约300字左右） 开题报告（6）开题报告 5. 本课题研究工作进度（小4号宋体，单倍行距）（约200字左右） 开题报告（7）开题报告 6. 设计（论文）提纲设计（论文）（小4号宋体，单倍行距）（约200字左右） 1.选题依据和研究意义（150-300字）
依据：为什么研究该问题，其背景是什么？现实需要。理论创新的需要。学术争鸣的需要。研究意义：该问题的研究结果或成果能起到什么作用，或有什么价值。现实指导意义理论价值学术价值 2. 国内外研究动态（1000字左右） 引言部分：概述主题的有关概念、定义，指出综述的范围，概括问题的研究现状、争论焦点等，使读者对该问题的研究有一个初步轮廓。正文部分： 1）历史背景：前人研究本课题的情况，如谁研究了什么问题？结论是什么？总体研究水平如何，等。 2）现状评述：着重论述本课题的当前研究状况，如有哪些方面的研究？提出了什么样的理论、假说或观点？这些理论、观点等之间有什么异同？争论的焦点是什么，等。同时亮出本研究的观点。 3）发展方向：肯定本课题研究目前达到的水平，指出存在的问题，提出解决问题的可能方法，指出研究的可能发展趋势或进一步的研究发展方向。总结部分（不是必需的）：总结正文部分的内容。 3.拟解决的主要问题（50字左右） 就是论文的主攻方向、研究目的。力求用一到两句话，明确具体地把论文选题中的上述信息传达出来。也可以从总和分两方面加以概括，即首先总述本研究的主要目标是什么，然后分说会具体回答哪几个方面的问题。 4. 研究步骤 字左右）（三项共300字左右）三项共字左右 第一步：广泛阅读文献，第一步：广泛阅读文献，确定选题第二步：第二步：拟写开题报告第三步：第三步：有针对性地进一步搜集文献资料第四步：第四步：撰写文献综述第五步：第五步：撰写论文第六步：第六步：论文修改与定稿 此次文学论文需对各部分展开\扩注: 此次文学论文需对各部分展开扩大论述. 大论述 4. 研究措施 字左右）（三项共300字左右）三项共字左右 研究措施侧重于完成论文工作的条件，研究措施侧重于完成论文工作的条件，应结合自己的各种现实需要及困难来写。应结合自己的各种现实需要及困难来写。如在占有资料、如在占有资料、使用仪器设备等方面有什么困难，什么困难，以及自己准备采取什么办法加以解决。加以解决。 困难 + 解决办法 5.本课题研究工作进度（200字左右）本课题研究工作进度
论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术 Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man 放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯 The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost 《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神 On the Development of Shylock’s Character 论夏洛克的性格发展 Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones 评《汤姆?琼斯》中的道德观与批评观 On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline 论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象 Burns’View on Love and Friendship 论彭斯的爱情友谊观 The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale 《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照 The Womanism in "The Color Purple" On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication 谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异 On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War 美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献 On American Black English 浅谈美国黑人英语 On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American 浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异 A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries On the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays 论培根散文的思想性 Women's Movement in 1960s in American 美国六十年代的妇女运动 Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children 浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响 The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning 汉语环境对英语学习的影响 A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House 黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind 从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析 人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello
英美文学相关论文优秀范文 浅谈英美文学中的爱情婚姻观 摘要英美文学中描绘爱情和婚姻的小说众多，为世人展示了不同时期、不同地域、 不同阶层的人们丰富多彩的爱情和婚姻观。这些不同的爱情婚姻观既是作品主人公性格的 集中体现，也是对人物所处的社会环境和历史背景的深刻剖析。论文以描写几对不同人物 之间波澜不惊的爱情故事闻名于世的经典爱情小说――《傲慢与偏见》为例，来分析作品 中倡导的独特的西方爱情婚姻观。 关键词：英美文学《傲慢与偏见》简?奥斯丁爱情婚姻观 梁山伯与祝英台凄美的爱情悲剧让我们唏嘘不已，崔莺莺和张生冲破重重障碍最终有 情人终成眷属让人为之欣慰，这是中国古典文学名著中的经典爱情故事。当我们把目光转 向英美文学，罗密欧与朱丽叶的忠贞爱情深刻地为我们诠释了爱情的真谛;于连?索雷尔 两段截然不同的爱情经历和其最终悲剧性的结局却告诉我们当爱情被虚荣占据后，结果唯 有悲剧。 英美文学名著中描写爱情的名家之作非常之多，众多的爱情经典让我们回味无穷，为 我们展示了各式各样、色彩纷呈的爱情婚姻观。正如有多少个读者，就会有多少个不同的 哈姆雷特一样，每个读者都会在这些名作中找到自己的影子，产生共鸣。以下就以《傲慢 与偏见》为例，来分析英美文学中各式各样、与众不同的爱情婚姻观。 一《傲慢与偏见》简介及主旨分析 英国知名女作家简?奥斯丁Jane Austen的代表作《傲慢与偏见》，以日常琐事为事 件出发点，运用非常考究的语言，通过对不同人物性格的详实刻画，以及当时处于社会压 迫与反抗不同地位的各个阶层间复杂关系的深刻剖析，以现实主义的手法形象、生动地描 述了18世纪末-19世纪初饱受封闭守旧思想禁锢下英国乡村的风土人情。 作品中，奥斯丁以其独特的观察力、诙谐幽默的语言，通过对班纳特家的五个女儿及 其密友在对待婚姻时的不同抉择，真实地描述了中小地主及资产阶级“绅士”和“淑女” 之间荒诞的婚姻与爱情，展现了女主人公们在爱情婚姻观方面不断学习、探索和前进的心 路历程，继而提出了自己主张“既不赞同为了金钱而结婚，也不认同将婚姻当做儿戏而草 率对待”这一鲜明的爱情婚姻立场。纵然时过境迁，我们依然能从中体会到不同凡响的艺 术效果。 二一段相互吸引至真至纯的爱情故事 简是班纳特家中的大女儿，属于那种漂亮大方、温柔可爱的大家闺秀式的女孩子，她 看待任何的人和事物都总会往好的一面去联想。她身上散发出的与众不同的独特气质深深 地吸引了年轻英俊且极度富有的宾利。但两人身份地位的悬殊预示着二者结合的不可能性，达西也曾因简的家庭背景差而极力反对宾利与其结婚。但随着剧情的发展，两人终因相互
华裔美国作家笔下的历史再现1 [摘要] 作为美国的少数族裔，华裔美国人在很长一段时间里都处于“无史”或历史被扭曲的窘境，他们在美国艰苦奋斗，勉力生存的族裔经验，往往消弭在美国WASP主流的宏大历史话语之中。以赵健秀、徐忠雄、汤亭亭、谭恩美等为首的华裔美国作家在其文学创作中勾沉、展现华裔美国人在美国长期被消音的历史，通过铭刻先人们在美国奋斗的轨迹，建构出华裔美国人的“另类”历史，以此颠覆、匡正和改写美国历史。他们笔下的历史再现既是其个人、族裔身份确认的必须，更是少数族裔“逆写帝国”、反抗美国“内部殖民”的一种政治策略。 [关键词] 华裔美国文学；历史；再现 再现历史一直是华裔美国文学一个非常重要的特色。检视华裔美国文学发展史不难发现，无论是在美国土生土长的华裔作家，还是从中国大陆、香港、台湾去的新移民华人作家，无不执著于对历史的书写。从汤亭亭（Maxine Hong Kingston）的《女勇士》（The Woman Warrior, 1976）、《中国佬》（China Men, 1980）、谭恩美（Amy Tan）的《喜福会》（Joy Luck Club, 1989）、《灶神之妻》（The Ki tchen God’s Wife, 1991），《接骨师之女》（The Bone Setter’s Daughter, 2005）等作品所侧重的华裔个人和家族历史记忆，徐宗雄（Shawn Wong）的《家乡》（The Home Base, 1979）、赵建秀(Frank Chin)的《唐老鸭》（Donald Duk, 1991）对华裔美国人族裔历史的钩沉和追寻，体现了不同代际、不同性别的华裔美国作家群对于找回过去、再现历史的的高度关注。 而对历史的再现并不仅仅是华裔美国作家的创作特色，在美国生活的其他少数族裔，诸如土著美国人、非洲裔美国人，拉丁裔美国人、以及华裔以外的其他亚裔美国人，也对个人、族裔及国家历史的书写孜孜以求，其中最具有代表性的当数1993年的诺贝尔文学奖获得者、美国黑人女作家托尼·莫里森（Toni Morrison）。她不仅在自己的创作实践中努力建构其族裔的历史，而且在各种访谈中强调记忆过去、再现历史对于少数族裔的重要性：在《记忆场域》一文中，她说：“我必须相信我自己的记忆，我也必须相信他者的记忆。因此记忆在我的写作中分量很重。”2，由此强调回忆与再现在少数族裔文学中所占的重要地位。 本文以华裔美国文学中的叙事文本为研究对象，在后殖民理论视角中剖析华裔美国作家如何通过记忆、想象、梦境、灵视等方式再现华裔家族、族裔及民族、国家历史，探讨其再现的原因和意义，以揭示再现历史与华裔美国人的身份追寻、族裔政治及生存策略之间的复杂关系。 一、 从其源头开始，大多数的华裔美国文学文本都具有自传或者半自传的性质：第一个用英文写作的华人李恩富（Yan Phou Lee, 1861-1938）于1887年出版的《我在中国的孩童时