women. She found they all ______ and many enjoyed having the power of control, though not all wanted it.
7. But they also felt ______.
8. Partly that was because of ______ that working women will still take care of the children. Also, men who are not the main earners may feel threatened.
9. The job market continues to suffer the effects of last year's financial crash. Now, a judgment has been reached in the first case involving ______on Wall Street.
10. Last week, the government lost its case against two managers at Bear Stearns, the first investment bank to
fail last year. A jury found Ralph Cioffi and Matthew Tannin not ______ to investors. The hedge funds they supervised lost their value in two thousand seven. But jurors said there was no clear evidence that they meant to mislead investors. The Justice Department continues to investigate other companies.
Section B
Directions:In this section you will hear a passage twice. Then you should give brief answers to the questions printed on the examination paper. Be sure to write your answers on
the Answer Sheet.
11. What is the SETI project looking for?
12. Why do some scientists think there is intelligent life on other planets?
13. How many other galaxies are there in the universe?
14. How does the SETI project look for life in other galaxies?
15. Why is locating other intelligent life so exciting according to the teacher?
16. Why does the SETI project look for radio signals?
17. How fast do radio signals travel?
18. How long is needed for a radio signal to travel from the nearest galaxy to earth?
19. How fast does the fastest rocket travel?
20. Why doesn’t the SETI project use rockets to look for intelligent life?
Section C
Directions: In this section you will hear two passages. Each passage will be read twice. After each passage there will be some questions or unfinished statements. For each of
them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best
choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Questions for Passage One of Section C
21. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Danny?
A. He suffers from insomnia.
B. He doesn’t get enough sleep.
C. He hates school.
D. He often listens to classical music far into the night.
22. According to sleep experts, kids like Danny __________.
A. are extremely lazy
B. need to see the doctor
C. are not lazy kids
D. are learning disabled
23. Teenagers’ biological rhythms __________.
A. prefer later wake-up times
B. prefer earlier bedtimes
C. favor earlier wake-up times
D. favor the school hours
24. According to Breus, insufficient sleep __________.
A. will not affect a driver with a tremendous amount of experience
B. is caused by a form of depression
C. can ensure good academic performance
D. can affect a kid’s athletic performance
25. Some research studies show that children’s grades rise __________.
A. because they go to bed earlier than before
B. because of later school start time
C. because they adapt themselves to the class schedules
D. because they have good teachers
26. Headmaster Peterson changed his school’s start time to __________ on a trial basis.
A. 8:00
B. 9:00
C. 8:30
D. 7:30
27. Headmaster Peterson __________ the results.
A. was disappointed at
B. was dissatisfied with
C. was regretful about
D. was surprised by
28. The benefits of the new class schedule include the following EXCEPT _________.
A. the students were less sleepy during the day
B. the students were more alert
C. only 50% of the students felt tired during the day
D. fewer students were late for the first period in the morning
Questions for Passage Two of Section C
29. __________ is the leading cause of disability in older people according to the World Health Organization.
A. Dementia(痴呆症)
B. Loss of memory
C. Blindness
D. Hearing problem
30. People with dementia may show the following symptoms EXCEPT__________.
A. becoming far-sighted
B. forgetting family members
C. intellectual deterioration
D. becoming furious
31. Renata Sousa and other researchers studied the causes of disability __________.
A. among 50,000 old people
B. in some developed countries
C. among people who are 65 or younger
D. in seven developing countries
32. According to the new study, dementia was the largest cause of disability in the elderly in __________.
A. London
B. Mexico
C. Venezuela
D. rural India
33. The researchers suggest that more attention should be given to __________.
A. chronic diseases of aging people
B. heart disease and cancer
C. chronic diseases of the brain and mind
D. aging problem
34. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about a separate study of children?
A. Children in the study were from eighteen low and middle income countries.
B. The researchers were all from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the U.S..
C. It’s about the causes of disability in children.
D. It also appeared in the Lancet medical journal.
35. Children who __________ were more likely to be disabled.
A. attended school at a very early age
B. lacked vitamin D supplements
C. were overweight
D. were bottle-fed
Part II Reading Comprehension (20 points )
（特别说明：阅读部分都是课外的，是负责出题的老师原创的阅读考题。文章要求选自近期的较权威的英语报刊杂志。）
Directions:In this part you are required to read three passages. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the
Answer Sheet.
Passage One
It is becoming increasingly clear that the comfort of a good fit between man and machine is largely absent from the technology of the information age. Consider the humble wristwatch, which has been transformed into a kind of wrist-mounted personal computer, with a digital display and a calculator pad whose buttons are too small to be pressed by a human fingertip. In fact, the very usefulness of the digitization of time is open to question. People generally care less about knowing the time to the nanosecond than about seeing how long they’ve got until lunch. With digital watches that requires a little figuring (the purpose of the calculator pad, perhaps), whereas with the old analog watches, the ones with hands, it’s clear at a glance. Worse, by replacing the watch’s conventional stem-winding mechanism with a puzzling arrangement of tiny buttons, the manufacturers created a watch that was very hard to reset. One leading manufacturer was upset to discover that a line of its particularly advanced digitals was being returned as defective by the thousands, even though the watches actually worked perfectly well. Further investigation revealed that they were coming back soon after purchase and afterwards in two large batches—in the spring and the fall, when the time changed.
Charles Mauro, a consultant in New York City, is a prominent member of a branch of engineering generally known as ergonomics, or human-factors—the only field specifically addressing the question of product usability. Mauro who has won many awards for industrial design and human-factors research, was brought in to provide some help to the watch manufacturer, which was experiencing what Mauro calls “the complexity problem.”With “complexity”defined as “a fundamental mismatch between the demands of a technology and the capabilities of its user”, the term nicely captures the essence of our current technological difficulty. That mismatch might be measured by the increasing length of the instruction manuals required to work so many of the new gadgets. About the digital-watch manufacturer Mauro asks, “Can you believe that the company actually expected you to carry around a thirty-page manual in your wallet?”
The complexity problem is everywhere, but it is most apparent around the house. Americans’ deficiencies in programming the VCR are so well known that they have become a laughing stock. According to one consumer survey, a third of all VCR owners have given up trying to program their machines for time-delayed viewing. It is a measure of Americans’ desperation that a multi-million-dollar industry has sprung up to sell other technology, involving reference numbers, to provide assistance. And our troubles are not confined to the VCR. According to a survey by the marketing specialist Laurence Feldman, 50% of Americans can’t work other programmable equipment either, and, thanks to the availability of the computer chip everywhere, that now includes almost everything: telephones, fax machines, thermostats, even coffee makers. Soon we may add the house itself to the list, as plans proceed to link up these various unworkable components into a single
unworkable whole, the “smart house”, in which occupants will run everything—security system, coffee pot, kitchen stove—from a single remote-control unit at their fingertips.
When facing some puzzling piece of high-tech gadgetry, consumers naturally feel that there is something wrong with them if they can’t figure it out. In truth it is usually not their fault. Mauro attributes the confusion to the fact that most products are “technology-driven”, their nature determined not by consumers and their needs and desires but by engineers who are too often fascinated by the countless capabilities of the microprocessors that lie at the devices’hearts. The main effect of the extra capabilities is in a great many cases to badly confuse the essential functions.
Donald Norman, a cognitive scientist at a leading computer manufacturer, believes that the fundamental confusion is due to the essentially inscrutable nature of the technology. “I n the mechanical systems of the old days, you could wiggle a switch or move a knob or a lever and see something happen,” he says, “T oday’s technology concerns information that is invisible and abstract, so the designers have to give a sense of control by different means.”
All too often those means are dense instruction manuals, which Mauro regards as the clearest sign of design failure. The best-designed products require no instructions at all: their appearance tells you what to do as surely as a coffee mug’s handle says “Hold here.” This idea is reinforced by product-liability laws, which first consider the product’s physical design, then its labeling, and finally its instructions. In the minds of most engineers that list is reversed.
36.What is the writer’s opinion about keeping time digitally?
A.He likes it because it helps keep him on time better.
B.He prefers it because it is easier to understand.
C.He believes it has caused simple devices to become more complex.
D.He does not think it is really necessary for everyday life.
37.What does the writer of this text seem to think about the stem-winding mechanism on a wristwatch?
A.It is an easy device to use for setting the time on a watch.
B.It needed to be replaced by a more delicate mechanism.
C.It cannot be used to set the time on a watch accurately enough.
D.It is even worse than a mystifying set of buttons.
38.Why does the writer tell us that fewer than half of all owners of machines like VCRs and fax machines
know how to program them?
A.To explain why the complexity problem exists.
B.To illustrate the seriousness of the complexity problem.
C.To show us examples of successful technology.
D.To help us appreciate manufactures’ problems.
39.What is the key difference between older mechanical systems and newer, more advanced technology?
A.Older systems were simpler but less reliable than the newer technology.
B.Modern technology appeals primarily to the younger generation.
C.The connection between form and function was clearer in older mechanical systems.
D.Newer systems lose their usefulness more quickly than older mechanical systems.
40.What does the writer seem to suggest is the cause of the complexty problem?
A.The complexity of modern life promotes technological complexity.
B.People enjoy products which challenge their ability to use them.
C.The right questions are not asked before developing new products.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e19235860.html,panies can make better profits on more advanced products.
41.What does the writer think about people who are unable to use new technology the way it was intended
by the manufacturer?
A.They ought to return the product to the manufacturer.
B.They have no choice but to read the manual more thoroughly.
C.They must accept responsibility for their own failures.
D.They often feel inadequate even though they shouldn’t.
42.What does the writer think a company should do once it has the ability to develop a technologically more
advanced product?
A.
B.Build it quickly to beat the competition.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e19235860.html,cate consumers about the complexity of the new product.
D.Find ways to make its instruction manual easier to read.
E.Consider how easy the new product will be to use.
43.From a technological point of view, which of the following device would the writer probably be most
happy to use himself?
A.A high-tech VCR.
B.A manual typewriter.
C.A programmable coffee maker.
D.A multiple-function telephone and fax machine.
Passage Two
Water is one of the elements every country takes for granted. However, global will soon find the bereft water supply a priority. In countries such as Europe and the United States, there is an especially evident apathetic concern for the water supply, since people only need to turn on the tap and find water at their disposal. The water shortage around the world may also soon find these countries. Credible scientists say the lack of available clean water may be one of the biggest issues facing the world in the twenty-first century.
There are many culprits for the concurrent water shortage. First, people are using far more water than they have previously. Secondly, there are many more people than ever before. Finally, many valuable and available sources of water are becoming far too polluted to be consumable. These reasons are inevitably going to cause a severe lack of our most valuable resource. With repercussions inevitably looming, innovative methodologies will have to be construed prior to the ulterior effects taking hold. Stating that water-intensive agricultural activities are unsustainable, the HRD minister said there is need for new technology to encourage farming with the use of less water. "We have to realize that we cannot afford to continue producing agricultural commodities the way we have been over the years," he said, giving the example of how rice and wheat crops guzzle a lot of water. What, then, is the solution? “Obviously, w e have to cross and conquer new frontiers of science," he said, adding that we will need to produce seeds that will exhaust less water and spawn new technology to increase productivity.
China, with 1.26 billion people, is the one area worrying most people most of the time, says the author of a recently published water article. Authors of such articles are coincidentally found in the drier areas of Northern China. In one article, a scientist stated that the water table is dropping one meter per year due to depletion, and the Chinese admit that 300 cities are running short currently. They are diverting water from agriculture workers and local denizens are still facing a potentially catastrophic outcome. Scientists state
that some Chinese rivers are so polluted with heavy metals that they can no longer be used for irrigation at all, which will cause a complete debacle in commercial farming occupations.
In the United States, many more people are beginning to drill wells to provide personal sources of drinking water. Water is abundant in enormous quantities in underground lakes called aquifers. Until recently, scientists thought that this underground water supply was unadulterated and safe from pollution. But in the 1980s, people in the United States began to find illnesses in their families. Upon closer inspection, scientists realized that these chemicals were from well water. In one example, people found that previous military locations had dangerous chemicals on the ground that had slowly seeped into aquifers.
In India, home to 1.002 billion people, key aquifers are being disseminated, and the soil is growing saltier through contamination with irrigation water. Irrigation was a key to increasing food production in India during the green revolution, and as the population surges toward a projected 1.363 billion in 2025, its crops will continue to depend on clean water and clean soil. Israel, with a population of 6.2 million, has invented many water-conserving technologies, but water withdrawals still exceed resupply. Depletion of aquifers along the coast is allowing seawater to pollute drinking water. Like neighboring Jordan, Israel is largely dependent on the Jordan River for fresh water.
Water found in aquifers is not renewable, like that found in rivers or streams. Once chemicals reach the aquifer, the water is no longer drinkable. It is also very expensive and nearly impossible to completely remove chemicals from aquifers. Military sites are only one cause of contamination. Many others, including farming methods and waste, are prevalent around the world. With thousands of these polluting locations in each country, the amount of water that may be consumed in the future will be severely inhibited, at the very same time it is becoming more and more critical to the world population.
The situation is indeed serious. Some aquifers are large and fortunately many have not been severely damaged yet. If the world does not want to see a critical shortage in the near future, we must find a way to limit the contaminants and change the attitude toward water. Only then can we deter the amount of pollution that affects our underground water supply. Real changes must be made to our prevention techniques, or we will be forced to change in other, not so preferable ways.
44.If the passage were extended, it would be mainly about ______.
A. types of water pollution in foreign countries.
B. how to drill wells to provide alternative water supplies.
C. water pollution and methods of prevention.
D. pollution in underground aquifers.
45.Scientists have expressed the inevitable consequence that ______.
A. clean water is no longer available in much of America and Europe
B. drought is causing a shortage of water in America and Europe
C. many people will soon be without clean water due to pollution
D. well water problems will exist in the twentieth century
46.One reason for water pollution is ______.
A. Israel, the United States, and China consume too much water
B. people have not refilled aquifers as desired by government experts
C. there are not enough underground aquifers
D. aquifers are being polluted with military waste
47.Recently, scientists have discovered reasons to conclude that ______.
A. new aquifers with renewable rain water
B. the greatest problems of the previous century was lack of drinking water
C. damage to military bases hurts underground water
D. we have more waste and garbage than we did in the last century
48.In can be inferred that people can prevent water shortages by ______.
A. conserving water in every household
B. educating each other about the need for conservation and reducing pollution
C. demanding fellow citizens and governments take the problem seriously
D. All of the above
49.“The amount of consumable water will be severely inhibited.” What does the author mean by this?
A. Most of the damage comes from aquifers, which is the most deleterious to water resources.
B. Pollution could cause water shortage around the world, leading to unenviable consequences.
C. People are slow to change which limits the ability to change water prevention methods.
D. Military bases will never be able to be cleaned up entirely so new ideas will need to be construed
expeditiously.
50.Well water is becoming polluted by military bases. What is the best method to prevent this?
A. Removing military bases from countries with aquifers.
B. Creating penalties that secure tax dollars for the inevitable cleanup.
C. Identifying aquifers and finding ways to stop people from drilling wells into them.
D. Creating awareness of the sensitivity of underground water supplies to pollution.
Passage Three
Are women in leadership roles judged more harshly than men because people are just harder on women? Or is it because women are simply worse at leadership than men? Or could it be that people come under more scrutiny when they take jobs that are usually held by the opposite sex? A new paper out of Yale University's School of Management suggests it may be the last one.
Victoria Brescoll, assistant professor of organizational behavior, specializes in studying the effect that stereotypes have on the perception of a person's role within an organization or corporation. "There was so much talk about race and gender barriers being broken," she said, that she wanted to see how well people who broke the barriers did once they got to the other side. And often it's, well, not so well.
The difficult position in which glass ceiling crackers often find themselves is poised at the edge of a glass cliff, an idea conjured up by two British professors in 2004. It suggests that after women break through the glass ceiling, they are left stranded at an invisible precipice—in a high-risk position. One wrong step and they plummet into the abyss of professional failure.
Recently, with women running successful election campaigns and dominating higher education, it would seem that stereotypes are toppling like fruit carts in an old movie car chase. But that doesn't mean they don't still exercise some influence over people's expectations. And it is those stereotypical expectations that may lead people to judge women holding traditional men's jobs (or men holding traditional women's jobs) more harshly when they fumble. "Stereotyping thrives on ambiguity," says Brescoll in the study, published in the
journal Psychological Science. "Mistakes create ambiguity and call the leader's competence into question, which, in turn, leads to a loss of status."
To test her thesis, Brescoll and two co-authors Erica Dawson and Eric Luis Uhlmann first made a list of all the high-status professions that were primarily associated with one gender over the other. Not surprisingly it was vastly easier to think up male-dominated prestigious jobs than female-dominated ones.
Then they devised scenarios in which people of equal merit held jobs typically dominated by the other gender (such as a female police chief or a male head of a women's college) and handled a crisis badly. The scenarios described the police chief or college president failing to send enough police officers or campus security officers to respond to a protest. (In some scenarios, however, following tradition, the police chief was male and the women's college president was female.)
The researchers asked 200 people read the scenarios. When asked to judge the leader who made the not terribly significant mistake, the study volunteers said worse things about the person who was the non-typical gender: the male women's college president and female police chief. They were judged more harshly than people who made the same mistakes, but who were the usual gender for the job.
This gender-based difference held up when the jobs involved aerospace company CEOs or judges too. We tend to magnify the mistakes of people we think don't know how to do the job.
Brescoll's study was of individuals in high-status jobs, but a similar phenomenon may be in play at lower-status occupations too. A recent story in the New York Times Motherlode blog detailed how young male babysitters often find themselves at a disadvantage, partly because everybody wonders why a young male would ever want to babysit, and then fears the worst.
On one hand, it's a bit of a relief to know that bias is not just directed at women, but "driven by reactions to individuals in roles inconsistent with their gender," as the study puts it.
On the other, it's not all good news. "Though women and minorities have made progress in reaching high-status positions," say the authors, "the present research draws attention to an unsettling bias that may readily undermine these achievements."
In other words, as far as things have come, they have a way to go.
51. In paragraph one, the new paper out of Yale University suggests that women leaders are judged more
harshly because ______.
A. women are innately poor leaders
B. people are gender-biased
C. women leaders take the roles traditionally dominated by men
D. women are less committed than men
52. According to paragraph two, Victoria Brescoll ______.
A. doesn’t believe stereotypes have effect on the perception of a person’s role within an organization
B. doesn’t believe the removal of race and gender barriers really pushes us forward
C. doesn’t think the removal of race and gender barriers helps women to win equality
D. thinks the removal of race and gender barriers may result in new prejudice
53. According to the passage, the “glass cliff” refers to ______.
A. a promotion opportunity for well-educated women
B. a professional failure women may face after they break through the glass ceiling
C. a pay raise after women leaders establish themselves in the work place
D. gender discrimination women leaders have to combat in their companies
54. The underlined word “fumble” in paragraph four means ______.
A. handle their job clumsily
B. handle their job ingeniously
C. abuse their power
D. take over the leadership
55. According to Brescoll’s study, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Stereotypes still have some impact on people’s expectations
B. Gender bias only exists in high-status positions.
C. Gender bias reveals when people take the job which is not consistent with their gender.
D. a non-typical gender for a job is judged more harshly than a usual gender.
Part III Translation (25 points )
（特别说明：翻译部分五小段内容全部选自该学期所讲课文）
Directions:Please translate into Chinese the following five excerpts from the reading units we have covered this term and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.
56.When all is said and done, the college should encourage each student to develop the capacity to judge
wisely in matters of life and conduct. Time must be taken for exploring ambiguities and reflecting on the imponderables of life—in classrooms, in the rathskellers, and in bull sessions late at night. The goal is not to indoctrinate students, but to set them free in the world of ideas and provide a climate in which ethical and moral choices can be thoughtfully examined and convictions formed.
57.Now that the genie is out of the bottle, the challenge is to housebreak it as much as possible, to integrate
it into a population that grows by the year, spreading across the landscape. It will take a careful balance of planning and prudence. The automobile will remain the central source of personal transportation in all free, high-technology societies. How best to integrate it into a global ecosystem with finite resources is a question that may not easy to solve, but the first step might be to acknowledge that like it or hate it, the automobile is here to stay.
58.A family therapist described the decision not to have children as “a basic instinctual response to the world
situation today,” implying that something like the herd instinct in animals was operating as a response to the dangers of overpopulation, crowding, pollution and nuclear war, causing women to feel a reluctance to reproduce and leading them to seek new ways to realizing themselves outside of family life.
59.To return to Bentham: he advocated, as the basis of morals, ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest
number.” A man who acts upon this principle will have a much more arduous life than a man who merely obeys conventional precepts. He will necessarily make himself the champion of the oppressed, and so incur the enmity of the great. He will proclaim facts the powers wish to conceal; he will deny falsehoods designed to alienate sympathy from those who need it. Such a mode of life does not lead to a collapse of genuine morality.
60.As in accommodating the changes brought by new technology, however, governments have an important
job—to protect the losers without denying the benefits to citizens at large. This is a crucial point: if the case against trade with the third world gains ground, it will be partly because governments fail in that challenge. It will not do to provide a welfare system that pays a subsistence income t0 those whose jobs disappear, for boredom and idleness, even at a bearable standard of living, are socially corrosive.
Part IV Writing (20 points)
（特别说明：与上课内容无关）
Directions: A recent Chinese Academy of Sciences report lists Beijing as the city with the longest commuting time, Bejingers take an average of 52 minutes to get to work every day. Conditions on the road may be bad, but congestion in underground transportation is also getting alarmingly bad. Many subway commuters in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai describe feeling like they are “stuffed into over-packed subway cars like sardines” during rush hours. Chen Jie, deputy president of the Beijing Institute of Architectural Design, has proposed raising the subway ticket price dramatically for non-commuters, from the current 2 yuan to 5 or 6 yuan during rush hours. The move, he says, would “urge passengers to select other forms of transportation during peak traffic hours.”
What do you think? Should Beijing raise subway ticket prices to control traffic? What are the possible solutions to the traffic problems in major Chinese cities?Please write an essay of no less than 200 words. Be sure to choose an appropriate title for your composition and write it clearly on the Answer Sheet.
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each) 1. A. He fixed the tape recorder. B. Although old, he is still working. C. His love for music surprised the two speakers. D. He picked up the tape recorder from the garbage can. 2. A. He can't imagine what his friends have got for him. B. He always knows what Mary will say. C. He is anxious to see Mary's reaction to the gift. D. He is too busy to wait. 3. A. His car broke down. B. He is usually late. C. He never leaves his house before 9:00. D. He might be late because of the bad traffic. 4. A. No, because the man will have guests. B. No, because the man has seen the movie. C. No, because the man will go out. D. No, because the man wants to see the movie alone. 5. A. She will continue with her diet. B. She can't afford expensive food. C. She might die any day. D. She is overweight. 6. A. He should be thinking about something more important. B. He has enough money for a car. C. He spends money like water. D. He can't afford a car. 7. A. People have different tastes. B. Each of them owns a restaurant. C. The woman should tell him her own opinion. D. Many customers like the restaurant. 8. A. She has already seen it. B. She enjoys the movie. C. She regrets missing the movie. D. She doesn't care for the movie. 9. A. Setting the table. B. Polishing silver. C. Sewing napkins. D. Putting the food away. Section B ( 1 point each) Mini-talk One 10. A. A residential college. B. A family house, C. A university, D. An office block. 11. A. It is the same as the old Smith House. B. It has become smaller. C. It has become larger. D. It is the same as it was in the 1840s. 12. A. Wing 2-3rd Floor - Room 4. B. West - 2nd Floor - Room 34. C. West Wing 2 - 3rd Floor - Room 4. D. West Wing - 2nd Floor - Room 34.
研究生基础英语期末考试样卷 Graduate English Examination (基础综合英语期末考试时间为2小时30分钟) Part I Listening Comprehension (35 points) Section A: Gap-filling Directions:Please fill in the gaps with the exact words you hear. Write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. The report will be broadcast TWICE. American Mosaic has been broadcasting a series of reports for foreign students who want to attend college in the United States. This is the _____1_____ program in this series. We hope these reports helped students think about their _____2_____ and provided ways to reach them. We explained the kinds of colleges and universities in the United States, how to get information about them and how to ____3______ for admission. We discussed admissions tests and how to prepare for them. We reported about the high cost of attending an American university and told about possible places to seek __________4 __________. We talked about the legal documents that are needed before a student can travel to the United States to attend college. We also discussed the ____5______ of using the computer to take classes at an American college without leaving home. In other programs, we told about some American colleges that are not so well known. Landmark College, for example, teaches students with __________6 __________. Johnson and Wales University offers __________7 __________. We also provided information about _____8_____ colleges and the Masters of Business Administration degree.
Observe It was ________ that 40% of patients had high blood pressure Keynes _________ that human beings fall into two classes. Too many accidents are occurring at work because employers are not _________safety regulations. label _________ on clothes should be removed for kids with sensitive skin. She carefully ________each jar with its contents and the date . Children who are ________”slow” usually get less attention from teachers. engage Only 10% of American adults_________ in regular exercise. Paul ___________as a junior clerk at a very low wage . Have you heard? Sally and Ray are getting _________. Her _________ personality has helped make her television’s favorite talk-show hostess. attribute The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally _________to improvements in diet. What __________ should a good manager possess? This, and the remaining frescoes,are not __________to Giotto. drive _______ a Rolls Royce into a swimming pool was one of the most dangerous stunts Crawford had to perform. The government must continue this _________ to find new , cleaner forms of energy. Greg certainly has the __________ to become a good lawyer. exercise Try to fit some regular _________into your daily routione. The ___________ in Chapter 3 are helpful for students learning the future tense. People who can _________ some control over their surroundings feel less anxious . Term It was always clear that Schmidt’s third ________ in office would prove a difficult one. The exams are at the end of the summer _________. He had been _________ a temporary employee , now he is a member of permanent staff. Discharge Several of the recruits were ________from the Army due to medical problems . The president called upon the soldier to _____their duty with honor . All __________and dispositions of radioactive waste from Springfields were within relevant limits . Minor We have made some ________changes to the program. Sid ___________ in political science. This film contains material unsuitable for ________ Stage T his treaty marks an important __________ in our two countries’ relationship. The orchestra was restricted to a semicircle in view of the needs of Roman drama and, in front of this was a raised __________. It cost thousands of pounds to _________ the concer t, including performers’ fees and the hire of equipment. foster The couple wanted to adopt the black child they had been ___________. Recent studies show that advertising usually _________ competition and therefore lowers prices. Half a million American children are in _________care at any given time.
Unit6 P172 1The press has been asked to respect the ___of the Royal Family during this very difficult time. A individualism B privacy C isolation D insulation 2 The pharmaceutical company attracted a___ amount of funding for research into a cure for cancer. A considerate B conservative C countless D considerable 3 A conference might help create new marketing ideas or provide a(n)___for discussion of problems. A arena B playground C stadium D stage 4 His book is the cultural___ of the year. A incident B accident C event D affair 5 The mountaintop provides a spectacular view of Innsbruck and tis____. A environments B surroundings C circumstances D vicinities 6 Finance during marriage___ is a very big issue particularly with regards to the mortgage and household bills. A separation B division C allocation D detachment 7 E d′s already____ health deteriorated after he left the hospital. A invalid B faint C fragile D crisp 8 A man driven by____ is capable of anything. A respect B embarrassment C conceit D jealousy 9 Glenn started acting____ after his wif e′s funeral. A popular B peculiar C particular D persistent 10 If a vitamin is frequently absent from the a(n)___ may develop. A efficiency B sufficiency C deficiency D proficiency P174 1 Corbett could scarcely understand some of the accents and______ himself with gazing around. (content) 2 An annual_______ of the World Bank was held in Geneva last week. (convention0 3 Do you need to be_______ to play basketball well? (tall) 4 She felt_____ calm in front of the crowd. (curious) 5 The_______ for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was adopted in 1950 to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. (convention) 6 Many of the essays are political in_______.(content) 7 Broc k′s attorney has yet to_______ the will. (execute) 8 A few______ neighbors came out to see what was going on. (curious) 9 The state will______ him in 24 hours unless his appeal is granted. (execute) 10 First impressions really do________. (count) 11 We will be_____ with a respectable result in tomorrow′s match. (content) 12 Italian neo-realism breaks with film_______ of the past. (convention)
Unit 1 1.In the race to prevent future 9/11- style attacks --- or worse --- Washington has marshaled the U.S. science establishment on a scale not seen since Sputnik. 在防止未来的“9·11”事件式攻击—或更恶劣的攻击—的竞赛中，华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科学机构做了安排。 2.“A lot of it is securi ty theater technology designed to make you feel better, ” says Bruce Schneier, author of Beyond Fear：Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World. 超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到更安全。 3.As the archive of visa applicants balloons, scans of all 10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications. 随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将使身份验证更加万无一失。 4.Resembling a sleek outhouse, the $ 150,000 walk-through machine sends a quick blast of air over your clothing to dislodge trace explosive particles。 这种价值15 万美元的从两端都可进入的机器像个造型优美的户外小屋，它在你的衣服上面迅速地吹过一股气流，从衣服上吹下微量炸药粒子。 5.Still, building technology today already seems light-years beyond pre-9／11 days。 然而，今天的建筑技术看来已经远远超过“9·11”事件以前的日子了。 6.A cyber-attack on the country’s financial networks or po wer and telecommunications grids could make other means of protecting our physical assets moot. 对国家的金融网和电力或电信网进行的网络攻击，可使我们保护有形资产的其他手段变得无实际意义。 7.Developers describe it as a “Google-esque”tool and predict that it will be available to the military and other government agencies by year’s end. 开发人员说它是“Google 式”的工具，预计到年末它就能用于一些军事和其他政府机构。 8.Such over-the-horizon concepts and the billions spent on them will never amount to 100 percent protection. “The biggest performance gains in technology result from improving th e performance of humans,” 这种种超前的构想及其数十亿美元的开支绝不等同于100％的保护。约斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室的工程师克里斯·拉蒂默告诫说：“技术的最大实践收益是改进人类实践的结果。” 9.The simple truth is that no amount of hardware will ever substitute for the kind of intelligent human decision-making needed to guard us should, for instance, an iris scan fail or a smart sensor play dumb. 简单的真理是，譬如说，如果虹膜扫描失败或智能传感器装聋作哑，即使再多的硬件也不能代替保卫我们所需的那种智慧的人类决策。Unit2 1.The intentional termination of life of one human being by another - mercy killing - is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association 有意识地结束另一个人的生命——安乐死术——违反了医学界应有的立场，也违反了美国医学协会的宗旨。 2.The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family. 在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将面临死亡时, 停止采取非常措施来延长其生命是由病人和( 或) 其直系亲属来决定 3.To say otherwise is to endorse the option that leads to more suffering rather than less, and is contrary to the humanitarian impulse that prompts the decision not to prolong his life in the first place 换句话说，就是赞成导致更多而不是更少痛苦的选择，而且这首先就是和做出不要延长其生命的人道主义的动机背道而驰的 4.This is a terrible ordeal for me and the hospital staff - much more so than for the parents who never set foot in the nursery. 这对于我和我医院的同事们是一个残酷的考验，这一考验对于我们比对那些从不踏进婴儿室一步的家长们要残酷得多 5.The doctrine that says that a baby may be allowed to dehydrate and wither but may not be given an injection that would end its life without suffering seems so patently cruel as to require no further refutation 可以让一个婴儿由于脱水和消耗体力而死去而不主张使用针剂使其尽快无痛苦地死去，这种主张很明显是残忍的，无需进一步反驳 6.It is the Down's syndrome, and not the intestines, that is the issue 起决定作用的因素是唐式综合征而不是肠梗阻，这就是问题之所在7.The fact that this idea leads to such results as deciding life or death on irrelevant grounds is another good reason why the doctrine should be rejected 这个决定孩子生死问题的想法是由不相干的理由决定的这个事实就是反对这个理论的又一个原因 8.To investigate this issue, two cases may be considered that are exactly alike except that one involves killing whereas the other involves letting someone die 为弄清楚这个问题，我们可以参考两个完全相同的案例，这两个案例唯一的区别是其中一个涉及杀人，另一个则是看着别人在死亡线上挣扎而无动于衷 9.It is important that the cases be exactly alike, except for this one difference, since otherwise one cannot be confident that it is this difference and not some other that accounts for any variation in the assessments of the two cases. 有一点很重要，那就是除了上述区别外，这两个案例应完全相同，不然人们无法首肯正是由于这一区别而不是其他区别使人们对这两个案例的评判有所不同。 Unit3 1.many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited 在19世纪很多社会、慈善募款活动就是以后天的改进会得到遗传的这一假设为默认的前提而进行的 2.being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed 因为我做好了充分的思想准备，去体验了到处发生的为了生存而进行的争斗还通过长期观察动植物的习性，这时我立刻想到，适于环境的变种将会保存下来，不适于环境的变种必然被消灭 Unit6 1.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse 文化冲击加速发生是由于我们失去自己熟知的社会标志和符号而感到焦虑的结果 2These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept这些准则体现在言语、手势、表情、习俗或日常规范里，是我们大家成长过程中获得的知识；与我们讲的语言或接受的信仰一样，也是我们文化的一部分。 3.Some of the symptoms of culture shock are excessive washing of the hands, excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants, the absent-minded stare a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home 文化冲击的一些症状表现为：过多的洗手，过度的关心饮水、食物和床上用品；害怕与服务人员进行身体上的接触，心不在焉的凝视；感觉孤立无援并对久居国外的同胞有依赖心理；稍不如意便大发脾气；对小痛小痒、皮肤发疹如临大敌，忧心忡忡，忐忑不安；最后是梦萦魂牵，欲返故里 5.However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. 然而，那些目睹他人经受文化冲击而后来能很好地调节的人们可以看出这一过程中的几个阶段 6.You take refuge in the colony of others from your country which often becomes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels known as stereotypes 你躲在来自本国的侨民聚居的地方，而这种聚居之地又往往成为那些充满感情色彩的标签的源泉，即所谓“老套话”的发源地 Unit 8 1.I enjoy the eating of strawberries and I enjoy the processes and experiences which are commonly qualified by the name of "highbrow". 我喜欢吃草莓，而且我同样喜欢那些通常冠之以“雅士”之称的方式与体验 2.Thus I derive a great deal less pleasure from jazz and thrillers than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven or the novels, for example, of Dostoevsky; 因此，比如我从爵士乐和刺激性作品中得到的乐趣比我从诸如贝多芬的音乐，或陀斯妥耶夫斯基的小说得到的乐趣少得多… 3.As for the lowbrows claim to be specially "human", I for one have never been able to understand why it should be "inhuman" to use the faculties that distinguish us from pigs and geese and "human" to use those which we share with the lower animals. 至于平民们特别“有人性”的声言，我本人从来就无法明白，为什么运用将我们同猪鹅区分开的能力就为“非人性”而运用我们同低级动物所共有的能力就为“人性” 4.But where they chiefly offend is in their pharisaical self-congratulation and contempt for others. 然而，他们主要得罪人之处是他们对自己孤芳自赏，而对他人轻视鄙夷。 5.Each highbrow did and does congratulate himself on being unique in his unlikeness to other men; 每一雅士过去和现在都庆幸自己具有与众不同的特征 6.and conversely each lowbrow now congratulates himself on being in some mystical way unique in his likeness - on being, so to say, outstandingly average and extraordinarily ordinary. 相反，现在每一平民庆幸自己以某种神秘的方式，具有与众相同的特征——即，可以这样说，普通得非凡，凡俗得离奇 7.The lowbrow lives in a world where events are isolated and unconnected; the highbrow, in one where knowledge has fused these isolated happenings into what is at least a partially comprehensible whole. 俗士生活在事件处于孤立、无联系的世界之中，雅士则生活在知识将这些孤立的事件融合成至少部分为可知的整体世界之中 8.The emotionalism which makes popular music popular is there in the best music, but transformed, refined and given a general significance by its
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生 《英语》课程试卷(B 类) 2014~2015 学年 第 一 学期（秋） 开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A 考试日期： 2015.01.10 考试方式： 开卷闭卷 其他 考试时间： 120 分钟 硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer Sheet Part I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-10 20points; 11-20 20points) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( ) 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( ) 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( ) Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) (Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面) 重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷 2014～2015 学年 第 一 学期 硕士生B 类 Part I. Reading Comprehension （40 points ） Directions : Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. Passage One As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn ’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe ’s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans ’ private lives. Europe ’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe ’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today ’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage —twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative —dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn ’t leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn ’t got time to get lonely because has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult ”. Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Sing le Woman and Prince Charming ”, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don ’t last long —if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she ’d never have wanted to do what her mother did —give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “I ’ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life ”. 1. More and more young Europeans remain single because A. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism. B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age. 命题（组题封 线 密