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锁定加压钢板原理及临床应用

锁定加压钢板原理及临床应用
锁定加压钢板原理及临床应用

SUMMARY

摘要

The principle of the locking compression plate (LCP) is represented by the combination of two completely different anchorage technologies and two opposed principles of osteosynthesis in one implant it combines the principles of conventional plate osteosynthesis for direct anatomical reduction with those of bridging plate osteosynthesis. Since the LCP can be used as a conventional plate using only dynamic compression, as a pure internal fixator using locking head screws,or as both combined, it provides the surgeon with multiple variations. Nevertheless, these new possibilities mean that preoperative planning and an understanding of the different biomechanical principles of osteosynthesis are essential if good clinical outcomes are to be achieved and maximum benefit is to be attained from the options offered by the LCP system.

锁定加压钢板为两种完全不同的固定技术的结合,该内植物包含两种相反的接骨术原理,即以直接解剖复位为特点的传统钢板接骨术和桥接钢板接骨术。LCP既可仅当作动力加压钢板使用,亦可通过锁定螺钉而进作为内支架使用,或是上两种方式的联合,这为外科医师提供多种选择。然而,这些新的可能性亦即意味着,若要想获得LCP系统带来的最大价值及好的临床结果,则必须理解不同的生物力学接骨术原理及做好术前准备。

The current article provides biomechanical background to and guidelines for the use of LC plates in the operative treatment of fractures and also reports experimental and clinical results obtained with LCP。

本文既提供骨折手术治疗时LCP使用的生物力学背景及指南,亦报告应用LCP获得的实验及临床结果。

INTRODUCTION

引言Since the first instance of internal fixation with a plate(carried out by Hansmann in Hamburg in 1886 (8) and the later integration of this principle into operative fracture treatment as a result of Lambotte’s work, both the implants used and the related principles of fracture treatment have been in a state of continuous development.

自第一例应用钢板内固定治疗(1886年,Hansmann在Hamburg实施)及其后Lambotte将这些整理为骨折手术治疗的原则以来,内植物及骨折治疗的相关原则正持续发展。

While in the early years of internal fixation with plates various principles were pursued in parallel, the standardization of the indications for and techniques of internal fixation with compression plates by the Swiss Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) was one of the achievements of the 1950s that were later taken further by the Working Group on Matters Concerned with Internal Fixation (AO). The object of the technique of operative treatment of fractures with compression internal fixation described in the first edition of the AO Manual of Internal Fixation was thus stable internal fixation with the purpose of giving the bone primary strength to allow ;early functional mobilization it was intended that this should be achieved by applying the principle of interfragmentary compression with the object of absolute stability. The dynamic compression plate (DCP) was developed to realize this objective of internal fixation, and it allowed axial compression of the fracture zone by way of eccentric drilling for compression screws. In keeping with this principle, such an internal fixation operation led to primary bone-fracture consolidation without visible callus formation. Conventional plating methods are based on the use of an adequate number of anchoring screws to press the plate against the bone with high compressive forces, creating a stable bone-implant connection. When this technique is used, biocortical screws yield the best possible anchoring force. Even tiny fragments were adapted

in the course of this interfragmentary compression, which required wide exposure of the fracture zone. Denudation of the individual fragments and exposure of the fracture zone consequently led to increased rates of infection, nonunion, and delayed healing, owing to lacking bone and soft tissue vitality.

早年时期钢板内固定遵循着不同的原则,二十世纪五十年代,瑞士内固定协会标化了加压钢板内固定手术技术及手术适应症,随后这些理论由AO进一步发展。第一版AO内固定手册描述骨折加压钢板内固定治疗的目的是坚强内固定,以便术后初期骨骼有足够强度来早期活动,而这可通过骨折块间加压达到骨折端绝对稳定得以实现。动力加压钢板的发展实现了这一内固定目的,它通过偏心钻孔、加压螺钉的放置完成骨折区轴向加压。与这一原则相映,如此内固定手术可导致无可见骨痂形成的一期骨愈合。传统钢板固定方法基于采用足够数量螺钉通过高压应力将钢板固定于骨面而产生稳定骨-内植物连接。应用此技术时,双皮质螺钉固定产生可能的最大把持力。然而,很小的骨折块采用折块间减压技术时,亦要求广泛的骨折区暴露。单个骨折块的剥离及骨折区的暴露因骨、软组织活力的丧失而随之导致感染、骨不连和骨折延迟愈合。

During the 1980s, the principle of absolute stability through interfragmentary compression, which is still valid today in the operative treatment of joint fractures,was increasingly reconsidered against the backdrop of the raised complication rates for osteosynthesis with compression plate systems performed to treat diaphyseal fractures. Not the smallest factor in these considerations was that of the outcomes obtained with medullary nailing, a technique that led to satisfactory treatment results by way of secondary bone healing with callus formation though absolute stability was not achieved. Logically, this led to the concept of internal fixation with bridging plates (1, 7) for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures. According to this principle, the fracture zone of fragmented fractures of a shaft or metaphysis remains undisturbed during surgery following realignment taking account of the axis, length, and rotation, and the bridging plate is anchored in the main fragments proximal and distal to the fracture. In contrast to conventional internal fixation, then, this form of internal fixation yields only relative stability and the secondary bone healing with callus formation is thus no longer an undesirable side-effect, but rather the object of treatment. The nonexposure of the fracture zone means that additional devascularization of bone fragments is avoided. In view of this, the term ?biological plate osteosynthesi s― has been introduced for bridging internal fixation (1, 18).

二十世纪八十年代,这一今天仍适用于关节内骨折的治疗原则-骨折块间加压坚强内固定,伴随加压钢板系统治疗骨干骨折后并发症发生率的增高被重新斟酌。髓内钉固定后伴有骨痂形成的二期骨折愈合带来的良好临床结果是促人思考原因之一,因为绝对稳定并无骨痂形成。逻辑上,这引出桥接钢板内固定治疗骨干骨折的原则。根据该原则,骨折手术治疗时,不干扰骨干及干骺端骨折碎块,仅恢复骨折端力线、长度及去旋转,通过桥接钢板技术将远、近主骨块固定。与传统内固定相反,该种内固定方式仅相对稳定,伴有骨痂形成的二期骨愈合不再是临床不想看到的,而是内固定治疗的目的。不暴露骨折区意味着避免格外骨折块失活。有鉴于此,术语生物钢板接骨术因桥接内固定而引入。

Principle and Development of the Locking Compression Plate

锁定加压钢板原理及发展

The revolutionary new aspect of the locking compression plate (LCP) is the combination of two completely different anchorage technologies in one implant.

锁定加压钢板革新之处为一种内植物接合了两种完全不同的内固定技术。

Development of the LCP principle is based on experience gained with the PC-Fix and LISS

systems. In contrast to these systems, the LCP with combination holes gives surgeons the opportunity to combine principles of internal fixation and dynamic compression, depending on the fracture site. The LCP can be used as a compression plate, a locked internal fixator, or a combination of both, depending on the patient’s individual situation (4, 16).

LCP原则的发展基于pc-fix和LISS系统获得的实践。与这些系统相对,拥有联合孔的LCP 让术者根据骨折的位置而选择内固定和动力加压。根据患者个体情况,LCP可作加压钢板、锁定内支架或两种结合用。

Application of LCP

LCP应用

Relative to conventional plate osteosynthesis, the new generation of LCP requires an adaption to the surgical technique. The importance of the reduction technique and minimally invasive plate insertion and fixation relates to ensuring that bone viability is undisturbed.Understanding of the biomechanical background of bridging plate osteosynthesis is essential if good clinical results are to be obtained. Most of the pitfalls encountered by surgeons using the LCP system have nothing to do with the implants and must be attributed to nonobservation of important basic principles of the concept of biological osteosynthesis (24). These principles are summarized below.

相对传统钢板接骨术,新一代LCP要求适应该手术技术。复位技术及确保骨活力的微创钢板固定技术不得违犯。若想获得良好临床结果,必须理解桥接钢板接骨术生物力学背景。术者应用LCP遭遇的陷阱大部分与内植物无关,此应归因于忽视生物接骨术重要的基本原则。这些原则综述如下。

Length of the LCP

LCP的长度

One of the most important steps in the application ofLCP is selection of plates of appropriate length. The lesser soft tissue trauma resulting from the less extensiveexposure of the bone has been seen as a reason for usingshort plates in the past with conventional plating systems, but this no longer applies when LCP are used. Inthis case longer plates can be selected without associated traumatization of the soft tissues, and the lengthselected needs to take account only of the biomechanical situation in the fracture. When the internal fixation is planned the object should be to keep plate loading,which is influenced by both the length of the plate and the placement of the screws, as low as possible. In thecase of LCP the ideal plate length can be determined by the plate span width and the plate screw density (20):the plate span width is the quotient of plate length divided by overall fracture length. This quotient should generally be more than 2-3 for comminuted fractures and higher than 8-10 in the case of simple fractures (6).应用LCP最重要的一步是选好适当长度的钢板。过去,在应用传统钢板时,因钢板越短,要求骨折的剥离越少,软组织创伤就越小而选用短钢板,这一原则不再适用于LCP。此时,因长钢板使用时并无伴随的软组织损伤,钢板长度的选择只需考虑骨折生物力学的需要。实施内固定时,目的是尽可能降低钢板载荷,而钢板载荷受钢板长度荷螺钉位置影响。理想的LCP长度由钢板的跨越宽度及螺钉的密度决定:钢板跨越宽度为钢板长度与骨折总长度相除之商。对于粉碎性骨折而言商数应为2-3倍,对简单骨折则为8-10倍。

Number and Positioning of Screws

螺钉数目和位置

A second value is of equal importance: screw density (quotient of screws inserted divided by number ofplate holes). Experience has shown that this value shouldbe under 0.4-0.5. In contrast to conventional plateosteosynthesis, when LCP are used it is no longer possible to recommend a

definite number of screws or cortices to be used in each fragment. Anchorage in the main fragments proximal and distal to the fracture zone remains important nevertheless, it is much more important that the number of screws inserted is as small as is consistent with the provision of high plate leverage so that screw loading is kept low. Two monocortical screws should be the minimum for each main fragment, to keep the construct stable. For safety reasons, we generally recommend two to three screws per main fragment, so that stability will be ensured even if insertion of one of the screws is less than optimal. The use of biocortical screws in each fragment does not improve the situation from the aspect of screw failure, but does improve that of the interface between screw and bone, and it is therefore recommended that at least one of the screws in the main fragment (6) should be a biocortical screw. Axial pullout of the screws is determined by the outer diameter of the screw. An increase from 4.5mm (conventional cortical screw) to 5.0mm (Locking Head screw) provides already 70% holding force in a monocortical Locking Head screw (LHS) compared to a 100% of the holding force of a conventional bicortical 4.5mm screw.

同样重要的第二数值为螺钉密度(即为植入螺钉数目除以钢板螺孔数之商)。经验显示该值应小于0.4-0.5。与传统钢板接骨术相比,应用LCP时不再推荐每块骨折块固定的确切的螺钉数或皮质数。骨折远、近端主骨块的固定仍然重要,但更重要的是尽可能少的植入螺钉数与高钢板力矩一致,以使螺钉载荷更小。为保持内固定结构体稳定,至少应用两枚单皮质螺钉固定主骨块。从安全角度考虑,即使多置入一枚螺钉并非更佳,但为确保稳定,我们一般推荐每主骨块固定两至三枚螺钉。双皮质螺钉的应用并未改善螺钉失败,但其增加螺钉-骨结合,因此建议每主骨块至少使用一枚双皮质螺钉。螺钉的轴向拔出力由螺钉外径决定。外径从4.5mm(传统螺钉)增至5.0mm(锁定螺钉),使得单皮质使用的锁定螺钉提供传统双皮质固定的普通螺钉的70%把持力。

The positions of the screw holes actually used relative to the fracture are also very important when LCP are used. Dynamic loading tests have shown that in the case of fractures where there is no bone contact between the main fragments (comminuted fractures), when screws are not inserted in the holes at each side of the fracture, with an effective increase in the length of bone bridged, this leads to premature failure of the implant. In these biomechanical tests, plate failure was regularly found to occur at the DCP screw hole on which finite element analysis revealed the most intense Misse stresses (27). Such stress is reduced by increasing the bridging length, since the forces are distributed over a larger area of the plate. In the case of simple fractures with bone contact when fracture spaces are small this is not a problem. On the other hand, additional screws increase the stress on the implant, as greater loads are required to achieve bone contact (27). On the basis of these results, it can be recommended that in the case of simple fractures where there is bone contact one or two combination holes be left unused on each side of the fracture space, while in the case of complex fractures with an extensive fragmented zone and resultant lack of bone contact the holes closest to the fracture should be used. A small interval between plate and bone also causes attenuation of the leverage exerted on the bone-implant complex, while a sufficiently long plate increases the axial rigidity, as mentioned above (6). However, an aiming device should be used in every case during drilling for the locking head screws, since axial deviation of thedirection of drilling by more than 5° leads to significantly impaired stability (10).

应用LCP时,相对骨折处而言螺孔位置也非常重要。动态载荷测试显示,当骨折处无骨接触(粉碎性骨折)时,若螺钉未置在骨折两边的螺孔,随桥接骨长度的增加,内植物将更早失败。在这些生物力学测试中,使用有限元对DCP分析发现,Misse应力最大的钢板螺孔处常常失败。该应力可通过增加桥接长度减小,因载荷分布于钢板更长区域。当骨折间隙小

时,有折块端接触的简单骨折不是问题。另一方面,增加螺钉将提高内植物应力,因此时要使骨折端接触需更大载荷。基于这些结果,建议有骨折断面接触的简单骨折可不固定骨折两端螺孔,而骨折范围大、无断面接触的粉碎骨折则需固定。内植物-骨界面小间隙消弱结构体杠杆作用,但如上所述,足够长的钢板提高内植物装置轴向刚度。然而,植入锁定螺钉钻孔时应使用瞄准装置,因为钻孔方向轴向偏移大于5o可导致稳定性明显受损。

The principles detailed above apply to bridgingosteosynthesis to be performed for correction of diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures. In the case of metaepiphyseal fractures this principle can be deviated frominsofar as the combination holes in the area of the joint allow anatomical realignment and internal fixation in keeping with the principle of interfragmentary compression, while at the same time the metaphyseal region can be well served by a bridging osteosynthesis. The number of screws in the area of the joint depends solely on the object of refixation with interfragmentary compression. This combination of two different principles of internal fixation in a single implant is one of the main advantages of the LCP. In cases where both – conventional screw and locking head screws are applied –it is necessary to apply the LHS after the conventional screw.If the conventional screw would be applied after the LHS, the screw – bone interface would be overloaded and the screw would be worthless.

上述祥则适用于骨干及干骺端骨折的桥接固定。应用于干骺端骨折时,与骨折块间加压原则一致,可通过联合孔对关节内骨折块实施解剖复位固定,而同时,在干骺端则可施行桥接钢板技术。关节区域螺钉数仅依赖于骨折块间加压再固定目的。两种不同内固定原理在同一钢板结合是LCP主要优点之一。当普通螺钉和锁定螺钉同时应用是,应先使用普通螺钉。若普通螺钉后使用,螺钉-骨界面载荷将过大、螺钉亦无效。

Shaping of the

LCP LCP塑形

In conventional plate osteosynthesis, stability is provided by adapting the implant to the bone. The screwsare used to apply a compressive preload at the interfacebetween plate and bone. This means that accurate shaping of the plate is essential. When the LCP is used as an internal fixator, exact adaptation of the implant to the bone surface is not necessary. Nevertheless, even in the case of diaphyseal fractures it can be beneficial to bend the plate between the screw holes in such a way as to ensure that the different screws face in different directions, increasing resistance to detachment in keeping with the principle of polyaxial anchorage. This is of most benefit in bone affected by osteoporosis. It is also beneficial to bend the LCP in the area of the metaphysis,though in this case no more than a rough adaptation is necessary, to prevent an extreme amount of space between the plate and the bone. This ensures less stress on the soft tissue and also leads to diverging directions of the screws, affording increased resistance of the osteosynthesis to detachment.

普通钢板内固定时,稳定性由内植物施加于骨而提供。此时螺钉在钢板-骨界面产生加压预载荷。这意味着钢板需精确塑形。当LCP用作内支架时,内植物无需与骨面精确匹配。然而,甚至在骨干骨折时,遵照多轴固定原则,为保证不同螺钉位于不同方向以提高内植物抵抗分离阻力,在两螺孔间折弯钢板是有益的。这在骨质疏松性骨折时最为重要。同样,在干骺端时,LCP无需精确塑形,但适当折弯仍为有益。因为这保证软组织更小应力,也致使螺钉改变方向而提供更大阻力对抗结构体分离。

Anatomically Preshaped LCP

解剖型LCP

Since it is not necessary for the plates to be tailored precisely to the bone for each patient, in the further cour se of the LCP’s development preshaped plates were devised for use in fractures in

various anatomical regions. This plating system has been supplemented by preshaped LCP implants that can be used in the case of corrective osteotomies close to joints. Preshaped plates have several advantages: intraoperative shaping is no longer required the plate systems themselves help in achieving anatomical reduction, and aiming blocks help in insertion of the locking head screws. In addition, there is a defined placement for each of the given plates and clear rules on how to use each, which are expected to lead to more standardized procedures.

因LCP无需与每个患者骨精确匹配,解剖型LCP逐渐得到发展并应用于不同骨折区域。预塑形的LCP已能用于近关节截骨矫形治疗。预塑形的钢板有几个优点:术中无需再塑形、钢板本身帮助骨折解剖复位,瞄准器帮助锁定螺钉植入。另外,系统提供每块钢板螺钉的确切放置位置及使用规则,这亦使手术更为标准。

These preshaped LCP systems for various anatomical regions have been introduced into clinical practice in addition to the basic, straight 3.5- / 4.0-mm and 4.5-/ 5.0-mm LCP systems and the T- and L-plates. The 3.5-/ 4.0 mm and the 4.5-/5.0-mm LCP are also available for use as reconstruction plates. One purpose the last is suitable for is internal fixation in the region of the symphysis pubis.

除基本的直的3.5/4.0mm及4.5/5.0mm外,根据不同解剖区域预塑形的T型、L型的LCP 系统均已应用于临床。这些3.5/4.0mm及4.5/5.0mmLCP亦可作重建钢板用,此适用于耻骨联合区域内固定。

The following preformed LCP systems are currently available. The PHILOS plate is a system that has already proved its worth in clinical practice for use in the region of the proximal humerus, and it is available in a short version with two different lengths (with 2 and with 8 combination holes). The distal humerus LCP is available for distal fractures of the humerus. In addition to the conventional 3.5-mm T-plate, the 2.4-mm LCP system for the distal radius is an option offering advantages over the larger 3.5-mm system in the case of small epiphyseal fragments. For applications in the hand a number of special plates with combination holes are available, which are subsumed under the LCP compact hand system. An anatomically preformed LCP has been introduced to supplement the LISS system for correction of distal fractures of the femur in the vicinity of the knee,and an analogous system, the LCP proximal tibia system, for proximal fractures of the tibia and fractures of the tibial head. Two alternates are available for osteosynthetic treatment of fractures of the distal tibia: the distal tibia LCP and the pilon LCP. The latter is characterized by a larger number of alternate holes in the region of the distal epiphysis of the tibia, which makes the treatment of depression fractures of the distal tibia easier. The LCP system for treatment of fractures of the lower extremities is also supplemented by the LCP metaphysis plate for distal medial tibia (a 12-hole LCP), the LPC condyle plate (applied, for example for internal fixation of the metatarsals), and the wide, arched LCP, which is available in several lengths and is useful (for example) in the treatment of periprosthetic fractures, or also following knee arthrodesis, because it takes account of the actual retrocurvature of the femur, thus allowing all the screws to be centrally anchored in the bone when the plate is fixed laterally (6).

下述LCP系统当前可用。PHILOS钢板系统已在肱骨近端骨折临床实践中显示价值,该系统有两种不同长度(2孔和8孔)可利用。肱骨远端LCP亦可用于肱骨远端骨折。除普通3.5mmT-型钢板外,对于桡骨远端骨折,2.4mmLCP系统在小的骨骺骨折中较大的3.5mm系统提供更多优点。在手外科中,大量归类于LCP简装手外科系统的有联合孔的特种钢板可使用。解剖型LCP已引入LISS系统以矫正膝关节周围股骨远端骨折,类似胫骨近端LCP 系统用于胫骨近端及平台骨折。胫骨远端亦有两种选择:胫骨远端LCP和远端平台LCP,

后者特别之处为胫骨远端骨骺区域有更多螺孔供选择,使得处理胫骨远端塌陷骨折更为容易。专用于下肢骨折的LCP系统有胫骨远端内侧干骺端LCP系统(12孔)、LCP髁钢板(如用于跖骨内固定的)及不同长度如用于假体周围骨折、膝关节融合的宽的弓形LCP。后者因考虑了股骨的实际反屈使得当钢板置于股骨外侧时所有螺钉都可置于骨骼中央。Biomechanics – In V itro Studies

生物力学——体外研究

The biomechanical properties of the LCP were thoroughly studied before the system was introduced into clinical use (27, 29). Nevertheless, in parallel with the first clinical evaluation studies a number of additional studies were conducted, and these confirmed the initial results of biomechanical testing prior to clinical application and reemphasized the advantages of the LCP system over conventional fixation systems for special applications.

LCP的生物力学特性在该系统引入临床前已被彻底研究。然而,与一期临床研究同时,大量其他研究亦在进行。这些研究证实临床应用前的生物力学测试初期结果并再次强调在特殊情况下LCP相对普通固定系统的优点。

In an experimental cadaveric model of a C2 radius fracture, the palmar locking compression T-plate proved to yield better stability than conventional plating systems (13). The LCP was found to be mechanically supe rior to the LC-DCP in terms of both antero-posterior stability and torsion in a cadaveric study on the distal radius conducted by Gardner (5). Additionally, in other experimental work, such as a biomechanical examination of plating systems used for the treatment of distal humerus fractures, the LCP system proved to be reliable in achieving primary stable fracture fixation (11). In the proximal humerus, the elasticity of the LCP-PH even seems to lead to load reduction in terms of reduced peak stress at the bone-implant interface, which results in a significantly lower rate of early loosening in weak bone than when rigid implants that provide higher initial stiffness are used (14). In another in vitro experimental study in an equine long bone fracture model, LCP constructs showed the best performance because they had the highest yield strength above which irreversible deformation occurred in this study the LCP system was compared against a clamp-rod internal fixator and the LC-DCP (2).Although these studies provide consistent evidence for the biomechanical superiority of the LCP, it must be mentioned that there have been other well-designed studies that have not revealed any biomechanical advatage of the LCP system over conventional plating systems, such as that performed by Trease’s group, who compared locked and nonlocked palmar and dorsal osteosynthesis of the distal radius (28). Nevertheless, not a single study has revealed any biomechanical disadvantage of the LCP system against conventional plating systems.

在C2型桡骨骨折尸体模型实验中,T型掌侧锁定加压钢板证实较普通钢板系统更稳定。在桡骨远端尸体研究中,就前后稳定性及扭转稳定性而言,在力学上,Gardner发现LCP系统优于LC-DCP。此外,在其他实验研究中,如用于肱骨远端骨折的钢板系统生物力学实验,LCP系统证明获得可靠的一期骨折稳定固定。在肱骨近端中,就骨-内植物界面峰值应力减少而言,LCP-PH的弹性甚至致使载荷降低,这在骨质较差骨固定中,较提供更大初期刚度的坚固内植物明显降低内植物松动率。在另一马的长骨体外实验研究中,与夹棒内支架及LC-DCP比较,LCP结构体在不可逆形变发生前有着最高屈服强度。尽管这些研究一致论证了LCP优越的生物力学特性,但值得一提的是,亦有设计良好的研究并未揭示LCP系统较普通钢板系统更佳的生物力学优势,如Trease’s团体比较的锁定与非锁定固定桡骨远端掌侧、背侧的研究。然而,并无研究发现LCP系统较普通钢板系统生物力学劣势。

CLINICAL RESULTS

临床结果

Since the introduction of the LCP in 2001, various papers have dealt with clinical results obtained with this osteosynthesis system. Overall, satisfactory results have been reported for all published studies. The first clinical study, involving 169 patients treated with LCP, was published by Sommer in 2003, and the authors came to the conclusion that the new system could be regarded as technically mature, since the majority of the patients reported good to excellent clinical outcomes. The numerous options it offers for fixation had made it especially valuable in complex fracture situations and in revision operations after other implants had failed (25). One of the commonest fracture localizations in which the LCP system is used is the distal radius. In contrast to the earlier assumption that open reduction and internal fixation by a dorsal approach is the best policy in cases of dorsally displaced fractures of the distal radius, it has been found that palmar locking plates are safe and effective implants for use in the treatment of dorsally displaced fractures of the distal radius, avoiding any damage to the dorsal extensor s (22). When 2.4-mm LC plates were used good or very good results were obtained even in over 80% of distal radial fractures in osteoporotic bone. Nevertheless, relative to other treatments, intervention with LC plates involves much higher real costs(21). This cost factor is offset by the great advantage of the palmar fixed-angle plate system, which is that the early active movement throughout the range c an be facilitated without compromising fracture reduction (15). Good results were also reported by Imatani following the treatment of metaphyseal radius fractures (9).

自2001年LCP介绍以来,大量文章谈及应用该系统所得临床结果。总的来说,所有已版的研究都报告了满意的临床结果。第一个有169位患者使用LCP的临床研究于2003年由Sommer出版,作者得出如此结论:新的固定系统技术上是成熟的,因为大多患者报告了好的或极好的临床结果。系统为固定提供的多种选择使其在复杂骨折及骨折翻修时显示特殊优越性。LCP系统应用的最常见骨折位置之一为桡骨远端骨折。与早期认为桡骨远端背侧移位骨折应采用背侧切开复位内固定治疗假设相反,人们发现,采用掌侧锁定钢板处理此类骨折是安全有效的,同时避免了对背侧伸肌腱损伤。使用2.4mmLCP时,甚至总体80%桡骨远端骨质疏松性患者都获得好或非常好结果。然而,相对其他治疗而言,LCP的介入确实增加了费用。而掌侧成角稳定的钢板系统优势抵消了这一代价,因它允许早期全范围主动活动而不损害骨折复位。Imatani亦报告了桡骨干骺端骨折治疗后好的临床结果。

In further studies LC plates have been successfully used for the treatment of transverse fractures of the sacrum or sternum (23), of periprosthetic fractures (3), and also of fractures and osteoporotic nonunions of the distal humerus (11, 12, 19).stal humerus (11, 12, 19).

进一步的临床研究中,LCP已被成功用于治疗骶骨或胸骨骨折、假体周围骨折及肱骨远端骨折或骨质疏松性骨不连。

The good clinical results published so far should not blind us to the fact that complications can still arise even when LCP are used. In the studies hitherto available, the complications have not been attributable to implant failure so often as to nonobservation of the principles of bridging osteosynthesis. These complications make it plain that both a good knowledge of biomechanics and precise preoperative planning are essential if the use of LCP systems is to be successful (24). 已报告的好的临床结果不应使我们忽视,即使应用LCP,并发症仍可发生。目前可利用的研究表明,并发症并非归因于内植物失败,而常常因违反桥接固定原则。这些并发症清晰表明,若想成功使用LCP系统,应有好的生物力学知识及精确的术前计划。

A particular feature of the application of LC plates that impressed the patients in our population is a tendency to delayed fracture consolidation. Especially in cases in which too little account is

taken of the principle of biological, i.e., bridging, osteosynthesis, the stability of the LCP system might lead to delayed fracture healing, as we observed in some cases of forearm fracture, for example. Analogous observations have been reported following open wedge osteotomies of the proximal tibia (26). Nevertheless, the percentage of cases with delayed union and/or delayed fracture healing seems to be low.

使用LCP给我们周围的患者印象特点是有骨折延迟愈合倾向。尤其在那些很少被考虑生物学如桥接固定原则的患者中,LCP系统的稳定性可导致骨折延迟愈合,这正与我们在一些前臂骨折所观察到的一样。类似的结果出现在胫骨近端开放截骨术后。然而,延迟愈合和/或延迟骨折愈合比例似乎较低。

CONCLUSION

结论

The development of the LCP, which has been available for clinical use since 2001, has revolutionized internal plate fixation insofar as this system combines two different principles of internal fixation, each of which has advantages in specific situations. Thus, a single implant gives the surgeon access to the entire range of options for internal fixation, from compression screw osteosynthesis with the principle of absolute stability to?biological,― i.e., bridging, osteosynthesis with relative stability. These combination options do, however, mean that accurate knowledge of the characteristics of the various principles of internal fixation is essential. The anatomically preshaped plates make it easier for the surgeon to select from the different combinations possible by prescribing the typical type of internal fixation for each segment of the skeletal system. This is intended to help surgeons to reduce the incidence of complications such as were observed in the early years of application of the LCP as a result of nonobservation of the principles of osteosynthesis and to exploit all the options offered by the LCP system. Nonetheless, against the backdrop of the preclinical and clinical data available at present, we can conclude that the LCP system is a reliable and safe tool that extends the options open for internal fixation by plating and has advantages over other systems in terms of the stability that can be achieved with it especially in osteopenic or osteoporotic bone(17).

自2001年临床应用以来,LCP的发展革新了钢板内固定。该系统联合两种不同的内固定原则,而每种原则在在特定情况下尤其优势。因此,一个简单的内植物给术者全面选择,有遵循绝对稳定原则的加压螺钉固定,亦有相对稳定的生物固定如桥接固定。然而,这些联合选择立确意味着必须对不同内固定原则准确理解。解剖型LCP让术者根据每骨折块特征选择不同组合更为容易。这有助于术者减少如以前我们看到的因违反LCP固定原则所致并发症的发生率,亦有助于术者充分利用LCP系统提供的所有功能。然而,根据目前临床前期及临床期资料,我们可下此结论,LCP系统拓展了钢板内固定的选择,是一种安全可靠的工具;就其稳定性而言,尤其在骨质差或骨折疏松情况下,它较其他系统有更大优势。

锁定加压钢板在四肢骨折治疗中的应用

锁定加压钢板在四肢骨折治疗中的应用 目的:探讨锁定加压钢板在四肢骨折治疗中的治疗效果。方法:选取2010年12月-2012年12月笔者所在医院收治的四肢骨折患者86例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分成研究组(锁定加压钢板治疗)和对照组(单纯钢板螺钉内固定治疗),每组43例,比较两组患者的临床整体治疗效果。结果:研究组采用锁定加压钢板治疗后,优良率为95.35%,对照组采用单纯钢板螺钉内固定治疗后,优良率为69.77%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(字2=9.7709,P=0.0018)。结论:在临床针对四肢骨折患者实施治疗的临床实践过程中,采用锁定加压钢板治疗方法的临床整体治疗效果更好,是临床治疗四肢骨折的理想方法之一。 标签:锁定加压钢板;四肢骨折;单纯钢板螺钉内固定 自上世纪50年代以后,治疗四肢骨折通用的方法是通过牵引固定或石膏固定,依靠骨骼的自主连接功能恢复,这种治疗方法不但周期长,而且总体功能恢复较差[1]。在此背景下,骨科医生们尝试逐步采用切开复位内固定的方法治疗四肢骨折,特别是针对移位骨折的治疗。锁定加压钢板(locking compression plate,LCP)是一种新型内固定器材,对比常规钢板有很多优势。锁定加压钢板具有独特的成角稳定性,在加快骨骼愈合速度的同时,减少对组织的创伤,进而降低并发症的发生概率,尤其在因骨质疏松导致的病理性骨折临床治疗中,效果更加明显。在四肢骨折临床治疗中取得的疗效比较显著,得到越来越多的肯定和关注。鉴于此,本次研究以锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折为研究对象,针对临床病例资料进行了如下的研究和报道。 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料 本次研究选取笔者所在医院2010年12月-2012年12月收治的四肢骨折患者86例为研究对象。其中男56例,女30例;年龄18~78岁,平均(38.45±8.45)岁;受伤时间4~14 h,平均(7.74±1.24)h。按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组43例。两组患者性别、年龄等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2 方法 研究组患者采用锁定加压钢板进行治疗,术前采取牵引或石膏外固定稳定骨折,防止邻近组织损伤加重。对照组采用单纯钢板螺钉内固定治疗。选择硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉,于近端或远端作一个2~3 cm的切口,形成一个软组织隧道,同时保持骨折端的闭合。根据患者分组情况于骨表面置入不同钢板,在X线透视下调整钢板至合适位置后,将近端及远端分别置入1枚螺钉,利用C型臂X 线机观察骨折复位情况,成功复位后,可于近端及远端各置入2~4枚单皮质锁定螺钉;对皮肤切口逐层进行缝合。术后均实施常规的药物治疗、肢体功能锻炼

锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用付乐良

锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用付乐良 发表时间:2016-09-01T10:47:24.560Z 来源:《航空军医》2016年第14期作者:付乐良 [导读] 探析锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床疗效。 云南省昆明市第二人民医院骨科 650204 【摘要】目的:探析锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床疗效。方法:对我院从2010年到2012年间收治的55例四肢骨折的患者实施锁定加压钢板对患者进行了相应的内固定治疗。结果:经过相应的治疗之后对患者进行1年的随访,患者的骨折平均愈合时间为120天,按照HARRIS髋关节功能的相关评分标准给予患者评分,评分为优的患者有43例,评分结果为良的患者有11例。优良率高达98.1%。结论:锁定加压型锁定钢板治疗四肢骨折这种方法是治疗四肢骨折的一个理想办法。 【关键词】加压;锁定型钢板;四肢骨折 随着社会发展的速度不断加快以及人口老龄化问题的加剧,使得四肢骨折地发病率逐年递增;由于社会的飞速发展,人们的生活质量也在不断提高,使得普遍人群对于患病期间的生活质量的要求也随之增加,部分患者为了可以减少卧床休养治疗的时间,导致很多人选择了锁定加压钢板治疗这种治疗方法[1]。现结合我院从2010年至2012年间采用锁定型加压钢板治疗四肢骨折55例患者的相关临床体会,疗效较满意,相关资料现报道如下。 1. 资料与方法 1.1一般资料 对我院从2010年到2012年间收治的55例四肢骨折的患者实施定加压钢板对患者进行相应的内固定治疗。本组的55例患者种,包括男性患者32例、女性患者23例;年龄段为36~83岁,平均年龄67岁,年龄最小者36岁,年龄最大者83岁;患者的骨折按照EVANS分型:为I 型的患者44例,为Ⅱ型的患者11例,患者在受伤之后人院后对他们进行常规化的检查,医师选择能够耐受手术患者对他们进行手术,手术的时间为患者受伤之后一周内进行;受伤原因:车祸伤13例,摔伤24例,砸伤13例,其他5例.两组患者在年龄、性别、生命体征等方面均无显著差异(P>0.05)。 1.2手术方法 根据患者的骨折部位选择连续硬膜外麻醉或者是全身麻醉,患者仰卧在手术床上,给予患者的患髋垫高与床面夹角呈20。角,医师在C型臂的透视下进行牵引复位,当相关的复位满意之后,医师在患者的骨间傲向下进行切口,切开患者的表层皮肤约8cm长,在骨折部暴露后,去除骨折端内血肿块或初期形成的骨痂[2]。对于简单的关节内骨折,先将关节面部骨折准确复位,以松质骨或皮质骨螺丝钉使内外髁部骨折块间加压固定,然后将关节面部骨折与干骺端部复位,以两枚克氏针临时固定,用两块3.5毫米重建钢板按照肱骨远端的外形预弯进行固定,两钢板之间大致呈90°。对于低位的骨折,采用3.5毫米重建钢板,根据内侧柱的外形预弯,骨折的远端采用两枚螺丝钉固定[3]。同时要注意钢板塑形应尽量与骨骼贴合,双侧钢板应尽量垂直放置。复位的方法为,首先医师应测定出钢板长度和位置,而后安装好远端2枚螺钉和近端2枚螺钉,在c型臂的透视下进行髋关节近远端正位和轴位,确定好螺钉的位置和长度以及颈干角后,将患者骨折远近端的螺钉依次固定,医师再次透视患者骨折复位情况,仔细检查满意之后进行相关的冲洗和止血,最后依次闭患者的合各层组织,放置引流之后手术结束[4]。术时间为50~100min,平均61min,患者的出血量在l00~300ml之间。 1. 3术后处理 在手术完成之后,无需采取外固定方法,在手术完成当日便可开展关节功能的恢复性锻炼,但无需予以负重训练,在患者康复7周左右即开展X线检查,依据患者骨痂的愈合程度,可予以适当的负重锻炼,在术后的4个月、7个月以及10个月进行拍片复查。 1.4 统计学分析 将上述统计数据录入到SPSS19.0统计学软件中,其中计数资料采取率(%)表示,组间率对比采取x2检验或t检验;对比以P<0.05表示结果差异明显,具有统计学意义。 2. 结果 按照董纪元等人提出的相关疗效标准,患者中受伤为El都在I期愈合,没有出现感染病例。随访的时间为1年,患者的骨折区愈合3~7个月之间,随访中出现l例患者在手术结束后的第4个月时有钢板螺钉松动现象,经过医师采用支具固定制后,患者休养3个月伤口愈合,还有l例患者因为是脑卒中患者,所以卧床时间长,出先了泌尿系统感染合并轻微的褥疮,经过相关的治疗之后治愈,因为在手术之后在常规无凝血四项的异常情况下,医师使用了低分子肝素钙5000单位给予患者肌内注射3天,在回访过程中所有的患者中没有一例发生静脉血栓,按照HARRIS髋关节功能的相关评分标准给予患者评分,评分为优的患者有43例,评分结果为良的患者有11例。优良率高达98.1%。 3. 讨论 因出现高空坠落、以及大强度的体育运动或者是意外交通事故等因素所导致的四肢骨折情况,往往会使得患者骨折一端位置的骨质受到明显的损坏情况,同时骨折位置附近的软组织和血运也会受到严重的影响,以及引发多类并发症状,例如较常发生的皮肤坏死、感染以及关节功能受到限制等情况,这些大量的术后并发症状往往还会伴有感染和关节功能障碍并发症的出现,针对此种情况,可实施以关节面解剖复位、内固定以及早期的关节功能训练等,可以显著的降低由于手术治疗所导致术后并发症的发生概率,在以往的临床应用过程当中,收到了十分显著的治疗效果。传统的切开复位内固定治疗方法,在手术过程当中往往会对患者的骨折位置附近的软组织和骨质产生损伤,从而影响到患者的术后恢复时间以及功能的恢复。一般的钢板与螺钉在骨质疏松症患者的把持力方面表现较为不足,较易导致手术失败情况的发生。 锁定加压钢板是带有锁定螺纹孔的骨折固定器械,它可以保证螺钉和钢板通过锁定螺纹孔成为一体,达到角稳定作用。普通钢板在生物学上的缺陷是它对骨膜加压,影响骨折断端的血运;较易发生下列并发症:感染、内固定失败、骨折延迟愈合和骨不连。而锁定钢板遵循生物学原则,不需要依赖钢板与骨骼之间的摩檫力。解剖钢板在抗前后应力强度上,优于单块钢板,同双钢板无明显区别,在抗扭转强度上,优于单块钢板和双钢板。同时又可保证肘关节活动时不受碰撞,且双叉对称分布,抗旋转能力强。四肢骨折是在骨科常见骨折之一,常常发生于上老年人身上,而且女性老年人多于男性,该病约占骨科骨折患者中的36.7%,在笔者本次的研究中,研究的对象符合这一个统计结果。如果不采用手术治疗,相关的治疗就要要求患者长时间的卧床治疗,这样会使得患者无法长期接受,并且容易发生并发

锁定钢板

适应症 大多数手术治疗的骨折并不需要行锁定钢板固定。只要遵循骨科手术原则,大多数骨折都能够通过传统钢板或髓内钉的手段获得愈合。但的确有些特殊类型骨折易于发生复位丢失、钢板或螺钉断裂以及随之而来的骨不愈合。这些类型常被称为“未被解决”或“问题”骨折,包括关节内粉碎骨折、关节周围短小骨块骨折以及骨质疏松骨折。此类骨折都是锁定钢板的适应症。但决定使用锁定钢板之前必须仔细考虑手术是否符合锁定钢板所意味的确切原则(你的手术计划是什么?)。锁定钢板的适应症主要包括四类不同的经典原则:(1)加压原则,用于骨质疏松的骨干骨折;(2)中和原则,也是用于骨质疏松的骨干骨折;(3)桥接原则(锁定内固定器原则),用于粉碎的骨干或关节外干骺端骨折;(4)结合原则(混合钢板原则),用于粉碎的关节内干骺端骨折。使用锁定钢板来固定骨折的医师必须了解其确切适应症,分辨角度稳定植入物所利用的是四种不同的原则中的哪种。例如,非粉碎的骨质疏松骨干骨折需要切开复位牢固内固定,而锁定钢板的锁定头螺钉与传统螺钉比较,具有抗拔出力更大的优势。所以对此类骨折,锁定钢板的使用是根据加压原则,具体是通过向心放置螺钉于动态加压孔中或是先在骨折一段拧入锁定头螺钉后再利用加压装置来进行加压。在同一原理的基础上,锁定钢板也可根据中和原则来保护骨质疏松骨中的拉力螺钉,因为锁定头的螺钉抗拔出力大大增加。但关键点是明白:锁定头螺钉不能提供折块间加压。只有使用加压装置或者在混合锁定板上的“混合孔”上向心打入普通螺钉才能获得加压(先打拉力螺钉,然后打锁定钉)。 锁定钢板固定骨折的经典和理想的适应症是桥接原则和联合原则。两种原则都适用于粉碎程度较重的骨折—年轻患者的高能量骨折或老年患者的骨质疏松骨折。桥接原则的典型方式是经皮微创钢板固定(又被称为MIPO或MIPPO技术),这时角度稳定钢板被用作内夹板来桥接负荷跨过骨折端。使用这种方法时,需要通过间接复位技术纠正肢体对线、短缩、旋转畸形,而非直接暴露或复位骨折端。与加压和中和原则的提供绝对牢固固定以使骨折直接愈合比较,桥接概念提供的是相对牢固的弹性固定,其产生的骨折愈合是通过骨痂形成而产生的间接愈合。对充分的桥接钢板固定而言,应该在骨折端附近空出3-4个螺钉孔(后文中还有具体讨论)。联合原则指在一块钢板上联合使用加压和桥接两个生物力学原则。尽管最初的锁定钢板,例如点接触钢板(PC-Fix)和微创固定系统(LISS)都是角度稳定装置(只有锁定孔,具有特有的生物力学和生物学特性),术者们还是希望能够在同一钢板上同时体现锁定和加压两种固定理念。在21世纪早期首次出现了锁定加压钢板(LCP),是由瑞士的Robert Frigg在奥地利的Michael Wagner的理念基础上设计而成。 联合技术适用于在骨折的一个节段是简单骨折,而在另一节段是粉碎骨折(例如干骺端、骨干粉碎骨折)。在上述情况下,钢板通过动力加压技术或通过动力加压孔打入拉力螺钉的方式对简单骨折进行加压,而同时钢板作为锁定内固定器通过桥接方式使关节内骨折块与骨干对线。只有允许同时放置锁定头螺钉以及普通螺钉的钢板才能应用联合原则。禁忌症 尽管锁定钢板已经被广泛使用,其适应症也较宽,但我们必须认识并避免锁定钢板的几项禁忌症。如果不加选择地使用锁定钢板,特别是违反上述几条基本原则时,就可能发生固定失败以及骨折不愈合。锁定钢板作为锁定内固定器使用时一项典型禁忌症是需要折块间加压的简单骨折。例如使用锁定内固定技术治疗简单的前臂骨干骨折易于发生骨折不愈合。与此类似,采用微创技术治疗经皮放置锁定钢板治疗简单骨折也是禁忌症之一。这些固定方式违反了骨折间隙加压的原则,因而导致不愈合(这一原理在Stephan Perren 的综述中有具体论述)。最后,间接复位和锁定钢板固定也不适于移位的关节内骨折,因为此类骨折需要开放解剖复位及折块间加压、牢固固定。 由于价格昂贵,锁定钢板一项相对禁忌症是传统钢板就能进行满意固定的骨折。例如前臂骨干骨折使用传统钢板治疗的愈合率超过90%。虽然有人宣称使用单皮质螺钉理论上减少了软组织剥离因而增加骨折愈合率,但据我们所知还没有任何一项对照试验证实上述观点。在某些国家的医疗卫生体系中,滥用锁定钢板可能对整个医疗体系造成负面影响,因为这样消耗了有限的医疗资源,也许这些资源用于其它用途效益可能更明显。

锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用

锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用 摘要目的对四肢骨折采取锁定加压钢板治疗的临床效果进行分析。方法回顾性分析105例行锁定加压钢板固定治疗的四肢骨折患者的临床资料,分析和总结临床疗法。结果本组105例患者的锁定加压钢板内固定术均成功完成,手术时间为(60.7±5.8)min;术后随访3~8个月,5~7个月骨折完全愈合,平均完全愈合时间(5.6±0.7)个月,愈合率100%。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未出现感染、不愈合等情况。通过Johner-wruh功能测评,优47例(44.8%),良54例(51.4%),中4例(3.8%),差0例,优良率为96.2%(101/105)。结论采用锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折,固定性佳,创伤小,效果确切,预后良好,有着重要的应用价值。 关键词锁定加压钢板;四肢骨折;固定术 四肢骨折是临床常见的骨创伤,以往的牵引或石膏固定等传统疗法需较长时间固定患肢,易造成患侧关节僵硬,不利于血运,会影响到骨愈合速度[1-5]。近年来,锁定加压钢板作为骨折内固定治疗的新方法,在临床上逐步应用开来,该方法不会和骨膜向接触,可最大化减小对骨折部位血供影响,具有创伤小、康复快、安全性高等特点。鉴于此,作者对本院收治的105例四肢骨折患者作为本次研究对象,现将具体的情况做如下分析。 1 资料与方法 1. 1 一般资料对2015年10月~2016年10月本院骨外科诊治的105例四肢骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾分析,均通过CT、X线等影像学检查确诊。其中,男63例,女42例;24~65岁,平均年龄(4 2.8± 3.1)岁;骨折部位:锁骨22例,胫腓骨25例,股骨27例,肱骨26例,前臂尺桡骨5例。所有患者均在骨折后48 h内入院诊治。 1. 2 方法术前对骨折位进行CT、X线等常规检查。同时,按常规方法语言牵引稳定,以免加重软组织损伤。对骨折时间较短,骨折部位肿胀不严重的行急诊术,对局部肿胀严重、复合创伤的进行针对性治疗,等患者身体状况好转后择日手术。本组患者均行锁定加压钢板内固定术,具体操作:行仰卧位,实施硬膜外麻醉或者全身麻醉(全麻),对手术区域常规消毒、铺巾,严格遵循无菌原则操作。在骨折部位近端或者远端做一2~4 cm长度切口,根据实际情况选择,然后对对周围软组织妥善剥离,注意保护骨膜,以免损伤。先把骨折部位的骨块复位,满意后用多枚克氏针暂时固定,再将备好合适的加压钢板进行锁定,为确保和患肢最大限度的匹配,事先要对钢板进行适当塑形处理,以保证固定效果,减少钢板对周边组织的影响。锁定加压钢板沿着患肢骨膜间隙到肌肉下妥善置入,置于骨骼表面,然后在X线透视下对钢板位置进行调整,在满意后把钢板紧紧贴住骨干,然后用2~3枚螺钉进行内固定,如患者合并骨质疏松,则选用双皮质螺钉固定。在术中可用C臂X线机监测和掌握骨折复位和内固定情况。

锁定加压钢板原理及临床应用

SUMMARY 摘要 The principle of the locking compression plate (LCP) is represented by the combination of two completely different anchorage technologies and two opposed principles of osteosynthesis in one implant it combines the principles of conventional plate osteosynthesis for direct anatomical reduction with those of bridging plate osteosynthesis. Since the LCP can be used as a conventional plate using only dynamic compression, as a pure internal fixator using locking head screws,or as both combined, it provides the surgeon with multiple variations. Nevertheless, these new possibilities mean that preoperative planning and an understanding of the different biomechanical principles of osteosynthesis are essential if good clinical outcomes are to be achieved and maximum benefit is to be attained from the options offered by the LCP system. 锁定加压钢板为两种完全不同的固定技术的结合,该内植物包含两种相反的接骨术原理,即以直接解剖复位为特点的传统钢板接骨术和桥接钢板接骨术。LCP既可仅当作动力加压钢板使用,亦可通过锁定螺钉而进作为内支架使用,或是上两种方式的联合,这为外科医师提供多种选择。然而,这些新的可能性亦即意味着,若要想获得LCP系统带来的最大价值及好的临床结果,则必须理解不同的生物力学接骨术原理及做好术前准备。 The current article provides biomechanical background to and guidelines for the use of LC plates in the operative treatment of fractures and also reports experimental and clinical results obtained with LCP。 本文既提供骨折手术治疗时LCP使用的生物力学背景及指南,亦报告应用LCP获得的实验及临床结果。 INTRODUCTION 引言Since the first instance of internal fixation with a plate(carried out by Hansmann in Hamburg in 1886 (8) and the later integration of this principle into operative fracture treatment as a result of Lambotte’s work, both the implants used and the related principles of fracture treatment have been in a state of continuous development. 自第一例应用钢板内固定治疗(1886年,Hansmann在Hamburg实施)及其后Lambotte将这些整理为骨折手术治疗的原则以来,内植物及骨折治疗的相关原则正持续发展。 While in the early years of internal fixation with plates various principles were pursued in parallel, the standardization of the indications for and techniques of internal fixation with compression plates by the Swiss Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) was one of the achievements of the 1950s that were later taken further by the Working Group on Matters Concerned with Internal Fixation (AO). The object of the technique of operative treatment of fractures with compression internal fixation described in the first edition of the AO Manual of Internal Fixation was thus stable internal fixation with the purpose of giving the bone primary strength to allow ;early functional mobilization it was intended that this should be achieved by applying the principle of interfragmentary compression with the object of absolute stability. The dynamic compression plate (DCP) was developed to realize this objective of internal fixation, and it allowed axial compression of the fracture zone by way of eccentric drilling for compression screws. In keeping with this principle, such an internal fixation operation led to primary bone-fracture consolidation without visible callus formation. Conventional plating methods are based on the use of an adequate number of anchoring screws to press the plate against the bone with high compressive forces, creating a stable bone-implant connection. When this technique is used, biocortical screws yield the best possible anchoring force. Even tiny fragments were adapted

对于微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定在治疗四肢骨折

对于微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定在治疗四肢骨折 目的探讨微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定在治疗四肢骨折的疗效分析。方法选取本院2012年3月~2014年3月收治的四肢骨折患者80例,随即分为治疗组和观察组,各组40例,观察组患者实行常规治疗法,治疗组实行微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗法,对比两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果治疗组患者的手术时间和术后恢复时间都要优于观察组、并发症发生率也更低(P<0.05)。结论微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗法应用于四肢骨折患者临床效果较为理想,具有术后恢复快、疗效好等特点,十分值得在临床上推广。 标签:四肢骨折;微创;经皮锁定加压钢板内固定 伴随着经济社会的快速发展,近年来四肢骨折患者呈現出了上升趋势,针对这种情况,如何采取科学有效的治疗措施进行治疗,是目前必须面对的一大难题。当前,通常还是以采取传统治疗的方法较多,但是传统方法有诸多的弊端。本院近期选取了本院的80例患者进行了实验,一组患者实行常规治疗法,一组患者实行微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗法,该方法取得了较为理想的临床效果,现报道如下。 1 资料与方法 1.1一般资料选取本院2012年3月~2014年3月收治的四肢骨折患者80例,随即分为治疗组和观察组,各组40例,其中,男性48例;女性32例,年龄在16~68岁,平均年龄(35.4±0.24)岁,肱骨外科颈骨折24例、股骨远端骨折12例、胫骨近端骨折29例、Colles骨折15例。观察组患者实行常规治疗法,治疗组实行微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗法,对比两组患者的临床治疗效果。 1.2方法治疗组患者实行微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定进行治疗。治疗内容:在治疗前,将患者骨折部位进行固定,然后对骨折类型进行分类确定,然后选择麻醉方法,一般有两种,一种是全身麻醉,另一种是腰硬联合麻醉,然后进行照片,测量和观察需要矫正的骨头的旋转角、长度等,然后进行矫正,最后实现复位,经皮临时用1~2 根克氏针固定,在骨折的周围,利用手术刀等工具,切开一个口子,然后利用剥离子在肌肉、骨膜等人体软组织潜行分离,进而形成一个组织隧道,根据实际情况,选择好钢板,然后植入组织隧道中去,钢板的两端上一些螺丝钉进行固定,借助照片机,对钢板的放入情况进行观察,看是否到位。针对老年患者来说,骨质已经开始松散,尽量使用双皮质的螺丝钉进行固定。在钢板植入完成后,对伤口进行清洗,然后缝合好伤口。对照组患者实行常规的治疗方法。 1.3疗效判定标准患者骨折部位愈合较好,骨折部位功能恢复理想,工作和生活逐步进入正轨视为显效。患者病情有明显豪装,患肢有明显改善,但尚未完全康复,生活和工作还有一定的影响,还不能从事较重的工作视为有效。患者病

微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术对四肢骨折患者的疗效观察 刘喜娇

微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术对四肢骨折患者的疗效观察刘喜娇 发表时间:2017-04-14T13:24:50.590Z 来源:《中国蒙医药》2017年3月第3期作者:刘喜娇 [导读] 观察微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术对四肢骨折患者的疗效。 湖南省第二人民医院手足外科湖南长沙 410007 【摘要】目的:观察微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术对四肢骨折患者的疗效。方法:选取我院收治的84例四周骨折患者为研究对象,随机将其分为微创组和对照组,各42例。对照组采用常规复位内固定手术,微创组采用微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术,比较两组的临床疗效。结果:微创组术中出血量明显少于对照组(P<0.05),手术时间、术后住院时间和骨折愈合时间均短于对照组(P< 0.05);微创组并发症发生率2.38%,远低于对照组的21.43%(P<0.05)。结论:四肢骨折患者应用微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术的临床效果显著,且安全性高,值得在临床治疗上普遍应用。 【关键词】四肢骨折;微创;钢板内固定;疗效;并发症 四肢骨折是临床上较常见且多发的骨折类疾病,近年来随着交通事故、高空坠落等创伤造成四肢骨折发生率呈现上升趋势[1],给患者的身体健康及日常生活带来很大困扰。当前,四肢骨折的临床治疗方法较多,包括内固定、外固定等,但疗效不一,提示临床上不断探讨出四肢骨折治疗的有效方案尤为重要。为观察微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术对四肢骨折患者的疗效,本研究选取我院收治的84例四肢骨折患者,采用两种方案进行研究,现报道如下。 1 资料和方法 1.1 临床资料 本研究选取2014年8月-2016年4月在我院就诊的84例骨折患者,均经X线检查,由我院骨科专家确诊。将其采用随机数字表法将其分为微创组和对照组,各42例。其中,微创组男24例,女18例,年龄19-64岁,平均(43.68±5.31)岁,骨折部位:胫腓骨处19例,肱骨12例,股骨9例,尺桡骨2例;骨折病因:交通事故26例,高空坠落11例,其他3例;对照组男25例,女17例,年龄20-65岁,平均(44.07±5.26)岁,骨折部位:胫腓骨处18例,肱骨13例,股骨10例,尺桡骨1例;骨折病因:交通事故27例,高空坠落13例,其他2例。两组在性别、年龄、骨折部位、骨折病因等临床资料上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 1.2 方法 两组入选患者术前行均全身麻醉,待麻醉稳定后,取骨折手术准确体位,将手术部位充分暴露。微创组采用微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术,采用克氏针将手术部位固定,插入所选锁定加压钢板,并采用螺钉和克氏针于接骨板近远端固定,保证骨折近端贴附于接骨板,经C臂X线机透视骨折近端,待骨折端复位,锁定加压钢板位置准确后,于适宜处拧入锁定螺钉,结合患者实际情况,选用人工骨填塞缺损处,经透视确认骨折复位且锁定加压钢板固定准确后,闭合切口,并放置相对应引流操作。 对照组采用常规复位内固定手术,对骨折处进行常规复位操作,剥离局部骨膜,将骨折固定器套在骨折处后方,并将钢板置入骨面,钻孔后拧紧螺钉,缝合切口,术毕。 1.3 观察指标及评定 比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间和骨折愈合时间等指标和并发症发生率,并发症发生率为术后并发症发生例数在各组中所占比例。 1.4 统计学分析 本研究中数据运用SPSS18.0软件行统计学处理,术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间和骨折愈合时间等指标为计量资料,用()描述,采用t检验,术后并发症发生率为计数资料,用[n,%]描述,采用检验,以P<0.05表示两组差异比较有统计学意义。 2 结果 2.1 术中及术后各项指标情况 微创组术中出血量明显少于对照组(P<0.05),手术时间、术后住院时间和骨折愈合时间均短于对照组(P<0.05),详情如表1. 2.2 术后并发症发生率 微创组术后出现切口感染1例,未出现关节僵硬和骨不连,并发症发生率2.38%(1/42),对照组中出现切口感染5例,关节僵硬3例,骨不连1例,并发症发生率21.43%(9/42)。微创组并发症发生率远低于对照组( =5.562,P=0.018)。 3 讨论 四肢骨折在临床上主要指发生在胫腓骨、肱骨、股骨、尺桡骨等处的骨折,此类骨折多是由于车轮碾压等直接或交通事故、高空坠落等间接暴力造成机体四肢某些部位骨折。若四肢骨折患者在临床上未得到及时有效治疗,则很可能影响其以后的生活质量。常规复位固定术是临床上较常见的四肢骨折手术,具有一定成效,但临床效果并未达到理想效果,且术后很容易出现切口感染、关节僵硬、骨不连等并发症[2],影响术后效果,提示临床上不断探讨出有效且安全的四肢骨折治疗方案具有重要的现实意义。 微创经皮锁定加压内固定手术,作为较新的一种四肢骨折治疗方案,正逐步应用于临床。在应用微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术时,需先做一个小切口,建立皮下隧道,采用复位技术在骨折复位后加压钢板内固定骨折处,并采用微创经皮加压钢板以利于血运畅通,保留骨折端的软组织及骨膜。锁定加压钢板的钉板由螺纹锁定,板钉成角具有很强的稳定性,可保证骨折端稳定,有效避免骨折面与钢板摩擦,以减少术后并发症的发生。国内外相关研究表明[3-5],微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定手术的临床疗效显著,具有创伤小、恢复快等特点,可减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间、住院时间等,且患者的术后效果好,安全性高。本研究结果显示,微创组术中出血量明显少于

锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用_0

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锁定加压钢板临床应用指南

锁定加压钢板临床应用指南 摘要 锁定加压钢板(LCP)结合了LISS和PHILOS的优点,是一种需要适宜的手术技术和对传统内固定钢板概念重新思考的新型钢板。对于对这种新型内植物概念尚不清楚的外科医生们,需要遵循下列原则以避免手术失败和可能的并发症。为保证骨的活力不被干扰,需强调复位技术和微创钢板的插入和固定的重要性。正确理解内固定力学背景,选择合适的钢板长度、螺钉的种类和数量,从而采取合理的固定方式——较高的钢板跨越比和较低的钢板螺钉密度。高钢板跨越比可减少钢板载荷,钢板工作长度较长能够依次减少螺钉的载荷,从而仅需要拧入较少的螺钉,保证了较低的钢板螺钉密度。理解螺钉的工作长度有助于正确选择单皮质或双皮质螺钉。根据骨骼质量来选择螺钉类型,尤为重要的是避免骨与螺纹界面有潜在的拔出应力而导致螺钉的移位。本章最后将讲述固定的关键性原则。 关键词:内固定,接骨板,锁定加压钢板,桥接钢板,微创内固定钢板。 简介 基于对骨的生理学、骨折固定的生物力学、骨折愈合理解的进步和对先前失败的总结,近来骨折复位内固定发生了革命性进展。内植物设计的改进在避免潜在并发症,获得骨折手术治疗最初目标等方面起到了重要作用,如全面恢复受伤肢体的功能,恢复骨组织的生物学和力学完整性,将软组织的活力和结构以及损伤骨的刚度和强度恢复至骨折前水平。不可能将新型植入物独立于手术之外,新的微创技术已经将该种植入物的潜能最优化,能够满足骨折的力学要求和保留受损组织的生物学完整性。这些改进影响了我们对目前仍广泛应用的内植物的理解。该过程需要对外科手术的每个步骤仔细的分析,很多先前认为正确的手术技术和理念已经不再适用,需要废除。锁定加压钢板正是内固定钢板中革命性进展中的一种新型植入物。本文的任务是对该种钢板相关技术的目前状况给出一些指导,同时我们也充分的认识到,很快这些建议会受到批判,然后重新审定,再度校正。在我们日常工作中,规章知道我们安全的应用各种器械,避免因错误使用而导致的潜在并发症和危险。下面章节将描述使用内固定器的技术细节,其力学和生物学背景信息将帮助提供正确的力学和生物学体系以获得骨折愈合。虽然在力学上两者意义不同,但本文中“钢板”和“螺钉”对应为“内固定器”和“锚”的同义词。 固定的概念一般说来,骨折内固定有两个基本原则。对于骨创伤医生来说,两者都十分有用且占有相应的地位。 对于简单骨折的各个骨折块,加压是一种安全、高稳定性的固定方法。夹板是一种更为灵活的固定方法,但主要应用于长骨骨干和干骺端复杂或粉碎性骨折。由于钢板孔道的设计,锁定加压钢板可以作为标准钢板使用标准螺钉,也可以作为内固定支架使用锁定螺钉。两种理念的同时应用称为联合固定。内固定支架的力学原理基本等同于外固定支架的力学原理。锁定加压钢板可以按不同力学原理作为不同的的内固定器械使用(表一)。

锁定加压钢板内固定治疗单纯闭合性

锁定加压钢板内固定治疗单纯闭合性 目的探讨锁定加压钢板内固定治疗单纯闭合性胫腓骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对同期收治的单纯闭合性胫腓骨骨折78例患者随机分为治疗组42例和对照组36例,对照组采用手法复位、夹板或石膏外固定以及口服活血化瘀、接骨中药;治疗组采用锁定加压钢板内固定术,术后石膏托外固定4~6周。结果治疗组优良率90.5%,对照组61.1%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论锁定加压钢板内固定治疗单纯闭合性胫腓骨骨折疗效显著、并发症少,有临床推广应用价值。 标签:锁定加压钢板;内固定;疗效 胫腓骨作为人体的负重骨骼,离地面距离近,骨骼位置浅,最容易遭受直接暴力骨折[1],具有类型复杂、并发症多、术后功能恢复影响因素多等特点。临床多采用固定治疗,围绕“整复、固定、锻炼”三大原则进行。常用固定方法有石膏、夹板等外固定、钢板髓内钉等内固定。但多有疗效不显著、并发症多。且不利于功能恢复锻炼。笔者所在医院采用锁定加压钢板内固定治疗单纯闭合性胫腓骨骨折42例,疗效满意,现报道如下。1资料与方法 1.1一般资料选择笔者所在医院2007年1月~2011年12月收治的单纯闭合 [2],性胫腓骨骨折患者78例,全部病例符合《常见疾病的诊断与疗效判定(标准)》 其中男52例,女26例;年龄16~51岁,平均32.1岁;左侧43例,右侧35例。致伤原因:车祸伤43例,坠落伤12例,滑倒跌伤23例,均为闭合性新鲜骨折。随机分为治疗组42例和对照组36例,骨折至手术时间2~9 d,平均4.6 d。两组患者性别、年龄、病情比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2治疗方法 1.2.1对照组采用手法复位、夹板或石膏外固定以及口服活血化瘀、接骨中药。 1.2.2治疗组采用锁定加压钢板内固定术。手术方法:采用腰硬联合麻醉,骨科牵引床辅助下复位,切开显露骨折端,清除端端积血,钳夹软组织,适当剥离骨膜,C型臂X线透视下调整至骨折复位满意,手法复位后与胫腓骨骨折内侧或外侧放置一大小合适钢板,术后石膏托外固定4~8周。 1.3疗效评定标准优:患肢等长,成角小于5°,膝关节伸屈度活动差15°以内,踝关节跖屈背伸各差1°~5°,X线片显示解剖复位或成角小于5°;良:患肢缩短小于1 cm,成角小于10°,膝关节伸屈各差16°~30°,踝关节跖屈背伸各差6°~10°,X线片显示侧移位小于骨折面1/4,重叠小于1 cm,成角小于10°;可:患肢缩短1~2 cm,成角15°以内,膝关节活动差31°~45°,踝跖屈背伸差11°~15°,X线片显示侧位移小于骨折面1/2,成角小于15°,重叠小于2 cm;差:不能达到上述要求[2]。优+良为优良。2结果两组疗效比较见表1。表1两组疗效比较

四肢骨折采用锁定加压钢板内固定临床疗效分析

四肢骨折采用锁定加压钢板内固定临床疗效分析 发表时间:2016-04-29T15:16:01.287Z 来源:《徐州医学院学报》2015年11月第35卷总第21期作者:徐奎黄铭图朱洪赵权[导读] 广西防城港市中医医院采用锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折,手术伤害少,切口愈合时间缩短,感染及并发症发生率低,患肢功能恢复好,疗效显著. (广西防城港市中医医院广西防城港 538021) 【摘要】目的探讨四肢骨折临床上采用锁定加压钢板内固定治疗的临床疗效。方法将80例四肢骨折患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例,观察组采用锁定加压钢板治疗,对照组采用钢板螺钉内固定。结果观察组骨折愈合时间明显低于对照组(P<0.05),且随访期间未发现内固定器松动、脱出或者断裂等现象;观察组术后患肢功能恢复情况明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折,手术伤害少,切口愈合时间缩短,感染及并发症发生率低,患肢功能恢复好,疗效显著,值得临床广泛推广。 【关键词】锁定加压钢板;四肢骨折;内固定术;临床疗效 【中图分类号】R687【文献标识码】A 我院自2011年1月-2014年10月收治80例四肢骨折患者,分别采用锁定加压钢板和传统钢板螺钉内固定治疗,现进行分组对比研究,报告如下。 1资料和方法 1.1一般资料 80例四肢骨折患者随机分为2组,每组40例。观察组男28例,女12例,年龄19-68岁,平均年龄(40.3±3.8)岁;骨折部位:12例胫骨,8例腓骨,10例尺桡骨,4例肱骨,6例股骨,均为闭合性骨折。对照组男26例,女14例,年龄20-72岁,平均年龄(43.5±5.4)岁;骨折部位:14例胫骨,5例腓骨,12例尺桡骨,5例肱骨,4例股骨,均为闭合性骨折。两组患者在性别、年龄等方面比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2方法 观察组采用锁定加压钢板,按照四肢不同骨折部位,选择不同的手术入路,逐层分离,不剥离骨膜,避免损伤重要血管及神经,必要时钢板可做塑形,复位骨折并维持患肢力线及长度,将钢板置于肌层下,骨膜外,使用C型臂X线机了解骨折复位情况及钢板放置位置,然后进行远端及近端的螺钉锁定,再次透视确认后,逐层缝合切口。术后常规抗感染治疗及后期负重锻炼。对照组采用传统钢板螺钉内固定治疗,对骨折进行复位,并进行钢板固定,术前术后治疗观察组。 1.3手术要点及术后处理 骨折复位时,复位情况好则可以使用克氏针将骨折部位暂时固定,并根据骨折的部位与程度来选择合适的锁定加压钢板,根据具体情况再行适当塑形,以保证钢板与骨干的贴合紧密,使固定稳固。术后常规抗感染治疗,定期复查X线了解骨折愈合及钢板内固定情况。术后1周简单的四肢主被动训练,术后6-8周可根据X线结果逐步进行负重锻炼。并定期随访6-12个月。 1.4统计学方法 采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料用均数±标准差()表示,所有的统计检验均采用双侧检验,P值小于0.05为差异有统计学意义。 2结果 2.1愈合情况比较观察组手术切口均为I期愈合,无感染病例,骨折愈合时间(26.7±2.8)周,期间无内固定器脱落、松动、断裂,无骨折术后感染、骨折畸形愈合及不愈合等。对照组有2例手术切口感染,骨折愈合时间(32.6±1.7)周,期间内固定器松动3例,骨折畸形愈合4例。 2.2临床疗效比较根据Jonerwruhs分级法[1]进行疗效评价,观察组:优25例,良12例,中3例,差0例;优良率达92.5%。对照组:优14例,良13例,中13例,差0例;优良率为67.5%。两组优良率比较,观察组明显优于对照组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。3讨论 从生物学角度来看,普通钢板是经由螺钉紧压于骨表面之上,凭借钢板和骨之间的摩擦力,最终实现牢固的目的[2],但临床发现普通钢板螺钉易松动,且因钢板的压迫还易引发骨段端血液循环障碍或者骨膜受损。锁定钢板是一种带有锁定螺纹孔的骨折固定板,在钉尾端带有锁定螺纹,可以和钢板锁定,从而稳定和固定钢板,且抗扭转及抗弯能力更强。同时锁定加压钢板具备微创内固定的特点,可以在肌层下、骨膜外进行钢板的植入,不仅能降低组织损害,而且能减小钢板对骨膜的压迫及对周围血运的影响。另外,锁定螺钉孔也无横向加压作用,能保证螺钉与螺纹间的密合度,从而防止钢板移位[3]。 总体而言,锁定加压钢板在四肢骨折治疗中具有以下优点:(1)创伤小,愈合时间短,对骨膜的损伤也不大,(2)稳定性高,且不需要对接骨板进行预折弯,(3)内固定折弯、松动、断裂的几率少。锁定加压钢板内固定其在保留断骨生物学完整性的同时,还创造了对骨折愈合更加有利的生物学环境[4]。 本观察结果显示,观察组骨折愈合时间、患肢功能恢复情况均明显优于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。且观察组术后感染率低,随访期间无发现内固定器松动、脱出、断裂等现象。因此,锁定加压钢板应用于四肢骨折具有创伤小、并发症少及固定牢固,骨折愈合情况好,四肢功能恢复情况佳,值得临床广泛推广应用。 参考文献 [1]查天文.锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用[J].深圳中西医结合杂志,2014,24(8):111-112. [2]李金戈,徐圆圆.锁定钢板在四肢骨折中的临床疗效观察[J].中国实用医学,2015,10(8):92-93. [3]袁文杰.锁定加压钢板治疗四肢骨折的临床应用[J.]现代诊断与治疗,2013,24(13):3083-30. [4]袁长军,薛瑛,张薇薇.锁定加压钢板内固定在治疗四肢骨折中的临床观察[J].中国实用医药,2014,9(35):43-44

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