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(完整版)齿轮英语文献

(完整版)齿轮英语文献
(完整版)齿轮英语文献

Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears

Gears are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth. Gears transmit motion from one rotating shaft to another, or to a rack that translates. Numerous applications exist in which constant angular velocity ratio (or constant torque ratio) must be transmitted between shafts. Based on the variety of gear types available, there is no restriction that the input and the output shafts need be either in-line or parallel. Nonlinear angular velocity ratios are also available by using noncircular gears. In order to maintain a constant angular velocity, the individual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profiles must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers.

Any two mating tooth profiles that satisfy the fundamental law of gearing are called conjugate profiles. Although there are many tooth shapes possible in which a mating tooth could be designed to satisfy the fundamental law, only two are in general use: the cycloidal and involute profiles. The involute has important advantages: it is easy to manufacture and the center distance between a pair of involute gears can be varied without changing the velocity ratio. Thus close tolerances between shafts are not required when utilizing the involute profile.

There are several standard gear types. For applications with parallel shafts, straight spur gear, parallel helical, or herringbone gears are usually used. In the case of interesting shafts, straight bevel or spiral bevel gears are employed. For nonintersecting and nonparallel shafts, crossed helical, worm, face, skew bevel or hypoid gears would be acceptable choices. For spur gears, the pitch circles of mating gears are tangent to each other. They roll on one another without sliding. The addendum is the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle (also the radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle). The clearance is the amount by which the dedendum (tooth height below the pitch circle) in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear. The tooth thickness is the distance across the tooth along the arc of the pitch circle while the tooth space is the distance between adjacent teeth along the arc of the pitch circle. The backlash is the amount by which the width of the tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth at the pitch

circle.

The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point,which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation;in helical gears,the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual engagement of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.

Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears .The pinlon or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.

Worm gearing are either single-or double-enveloping. A single-enveloping is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angle are usually quiet different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quiet large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to

specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg.shaft angle.

When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shafts, some form of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gears are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg., they may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of the teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact that the teeth are tapered.

Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of spur gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.

It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.

斜齿轮,蜗杆和圆锥齿轮

齿轮是通过轮齿连续啮合的方式传递运动的机器零件。齿轮把运动从一个回转轴传递到另一个回转轴,或者传递到一传动齿条上。多数应用中都以恒定的角速度(或者恒定的扭矩比)而存在,恒定角速比中必应用于轴向传动。在各种各样有用类型齿轮的基础上,输入轴和输出轴需要在同一条直线上或者相互平行都不受任何限制。由于使用非圆柱齿轮,非线性角速比也是很有用的。为了保持恒定的角速度,每个轮齿的齿廓必须服从齿轮啮合的基本规律:为了让一对齿轮能传递一个恒定的角速度比,它们接触齿廓的形状必须要是这样的:公法线通过两齿轮中心连线上的固定点。

满足齿轮基本规律的任何两个啮合齿廓称为共轭齿廓。尽管在设计中有许多配合的齿廓能被设计出来,以满足基本啮合规律。通常使用的只有两种类型:摆线型和渐开线型齿廓。渐开线齿廓有若干重要的优点:它不但容易加工,而且在不改变速比的情况下可以改变一对配合的渐开线齿轮的中心距。当使用渐开线齿廓时,可不要求精密的轴间公差。

有几种常用的标准齿轮。常用于平行轴的的齿轮有直齿圆柱齿轮,平行轴斜齿轮,人字形齿轮。在相交轴的情况下使用直齿圆锥齿轮和螺旋齿轮。用于非相交和非平行轴的齿轮有交错轴螺旋齿轮,蜗杆,端面齿轮,斜齿圆锥齿轮,准双曲面齿轮。对于直齿圆柱齿轮,相互啮合齿轮的节圆是彼此相切的。他们互相滚动而无滑动。齿顶高是齿轮伸出超过节圆的高度(也是节圆和齿顶圆之间的径向距离)。顶隙是一个给定齿轮的齿根高(在节圆以下的齿高)大于与它啮合的齿轮的齿顶高的那个量(差值)。齿厚是沿着节圆的弧度跨齿的距离,齿间距是沿着节圆的弧度相邻轮齿之间的距离。齿侧间隙是齿间距的宽度超过在节圆处啮合轮齿的厚度的差值。

直齿圆柱齿轮轮齿的初始接触处是跨过整个齿面而伸展开来的线。斜齿轮轮齿的初始接触是一点,当齿进入更多的啮合时,它就变成线。在直齿圆柱齿轮中,接触线是平行于回转轴线的。在斜齿轮中,该线是跨过齿面的对角线。它是轮齿逐渐进行啮合并平稳地从一个齿到另一个齿传递运动,那样就使斜齿轮具有高速重载下平稳传递运动的能力。斜齿轮使轴的轴承承受径向和轴向力。当轴向推力变得大了或由于别的原因而产生某些影响时,那就可以使用人字齿轮。双斜齿轮(人字齿轮)是与反向的并排地装在同一轴上的两个斜齿轮等效。他们产生相反的轴向推力作用,这样就消除了轴向推力。当两个或更多的单向齿斜齿轮被装在

同一轴上时,齿轮的齿向应作选择,以便产生最小的轴向推力。

蜗轮和交错轴斜齿轮是相似的。小齿轮即蜗杆具有较小的齿数,通常是一到四齿,由于它们完全缠绕在节圆柱上,因此它们又被称为螺纹齿。与蜗杆相配合的齿轮叫做蜗轮,蜗轮不是一个真正的斜齿轮。蜗杆和蜗轮通常用于垂直相交轴之间的传动,它们能够传递很大的角速度减速比。蜗轮不是斜齿轮,因为它的齿顶面做成中凹形状以配合蜗杆的曲率,目的是形成线接触而不是点接触。然而蜗杆蜗轮传动机构中存在齿间有较大滑移速度的缺点,正像交错轴斜齿轮那样。

蜗杆蜗轮机构有单包围和双包围机构。单包围机构就是蜗轮包裹着蜗杆或部分包裹着蜗杆的一种机构。当然,如果每个构件各自局部地包围着对方的蜗轮机构就是双包围蜗轮蜗杆机构。这两者之间的重要区别是,在双包围蜗轮组的轮齿间有面接触,而在单包围蜗轮组的轮齿间只有线接触。一个装置中的蜗杆和蜗轮正像交错轴斜齿轮那样具有相同的齿向,但是其斜齿齿角的角度是极不相同的。一般情况下,蜗杆上的螺旋角相当大,而蜗轮上的螺旋角非常小。正是由于这个原因,通常规定蜗杆的导程角,那就是蜗杆齿斜角的余角:也规定了蜗轮上的齿斜角,该两角之和就等于90°的轴线交角。

当齿轮要用来传递相交轴的运动时,就需要某种形式的锥齿轮。尽管锥齿轮通常被加工成为90度的轴交角,但是它们可以被加工成任意角度的轴交角。轮齿可以被铸造,铣削和滚切加工。只有滚切加工的轮齿可以达到一级精度。在典型的锥齿轮安装中,其中一个锥齿轮常常装于支承的外侧。这意味着轴偏差更明显并且在轮齿的接触上有更大的影响。另外一个难题,发生在难于预示锥齿轮轮齿上的应力,实际上是由于轮齿被加工成锥状造成的。

直齿锥齿轮易于设计且制造简单,如果他们安装的精密而确定,在运转中会产生良好效果。然而,对于直齿圆柱齿轮,在节线速度的较高时,他们将发出噪音。在这些情况下,通常设计使用螺旋锥齿轮,实践证明是切实可行的,那是和配对斜齿轮很相似的配对锥齿轮。在斜齿轮的情况下,螺旋锥齿轮在啮合运动中比直齿锥齿轮更平稳,因此在遇到高速时螺旋锥齿轮是更有用处的。

在汽车差速器的应用方面,有一个带偏心轴的类似锥齿轮的机构,那是常常所希望的。这样的齿轮称为准双曲面齿轮机构,因为他们的节圆表面是双曲回转面。这种齿轮之间的轮齿作用是沿着一根直线上产生滚动与滑动相结合的运动并和蜗轮蜗杆的轮齿作用有着更多的共同之处。

土木工程外文文献及翻译

本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目:Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源:国道数据库 文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2008.3.25 院(部):土木工程学院 专业:土木工程 班级:土木辅修091 姓名:武建伟 学号:2008121008 指导教师:周学军、李相云 翻译日期: 20012.6.1

外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the

齿轮专业英语大全教材

齿轮专业英语大全 齿轮Toothed gear ;Gear 齿面Tooth flank 长幅内摆线Prolate hypocycloid 齿轮副Gear pair 平行齿轮副Gear pair with parallel axes 相交齿轮副Gear pair with intersecting axes 齿轮系Train of gears 行星齿轮系Planetary gear train 齿轮传动Gear drive; Gear transmission 配对齿轮Mating gears 小齿轮Pinion 大齿轮Wheel; Gear 主动齿轮Driving gear 从动齿轮Driven gear 行星齿轮Planet gear 行星架Planet carrier 右侧齿面Right flank 左侧齿面Left flank

同侧齿面Corresponding flank 异侧齿面Opposite flank 工作齿面Working flank 非工作齿面Non-working flank 相啮齿面Mating flank 共轭齿面Conjugate flank 可用齿面Usable flank 有效齿面Active flank 上齿面Addendum flank 下齿面Dedendum flank 短副内摆线Curtate hypocycloid 渐开线Involute; Involute to a circle 延伸展开线Prolate involute 缩短渐开线Curtate involute 球面渐开线Spherical involute 渐开螺旋线Involute helicoid 阿基米德螺旋面Screw helicoid 球面渐开螺旋面Spherical involute; helicoid 圆环面Toroid 圆环面的母圈Generant of the toroit 圆环面的中性圈Middle circle of the toroid 圆环面的中间平面Middle-plane of the toroid

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

鞋类英语单词(整理)

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