人大考博英语小作文复习重点指导——介绍信 大部分年份人大的考博英语的作文部分都包含大小作文两部分，其中小作文占10分，分为求职信、祝贺信、道歉信、询问信、推荐信、感谢信、邀请信、辞职信等等二十多种应用文。每个类别都有相对固定的语言模式，都有固定词语要求。
介绍信是社交书信中较常用的，一般是向收信人介绍第三者并希望得到他的支持、帮助或者照顾。根据介绍人、被介绍人与收信人之间的关系以及介绍的目的，可以分为普通社交介绍信和公务介绍信两种。
公务介绍信往往比较正式，有一定的规律可循。介绍信一般都包括：第一部分详细叙述被介绍人的情况，如姓名、年龄、学历等;第二部分说明情由，即被介绍人此行的目的;第三部分写明被介绍人希望得到哪方面的帮助并向收信人致谢。
写作“三步曲”：
说明被介绍人的身份→提出希望收信人做的事情→像收信人表示感谢或者表示希望能合作愉快。
注意：
语言上介绍信应措辞礼貌得体，对被介绍人的说明应简洁明了、重点突出。
（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 交流群105.619.820）范文解析：
Directions: Your close friend in college, Li Ming, is going to pursue his postgraduate study in the foreign university where you studied before.
Write a letter of no less than 100 words to your former teacher Professor Smith to introduce Li Ming’s characters and so on, expressing your hope for help from Prof. Smith.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Wang Hua”instead. Do not write the address.
Dear Prof. Smith,
I take great pleasure in introducing to you Mr. Li Ming, my classmate and best friend.
He is going to pursue his studies as a postgraduate in your university after his graduation here. We’ve lived and studied together for almost four years. No friend deserves so much love and respect as he does. His performance in the school years was outstanding. In addition, he has a very pleasant personality and staying with him is always pleasant.
Will you please give him some guidance regarding the postgraduate entrance examination? If it is convenient, could you introduce him to the future tutor? It would be appreciated of you can give him some help.
Yours truly,
Wang Hua
◆常用句式：
1、Please allow me to introduce one of my best friends to you.
请允许我向您推荐我最好的朋友。
2、I am writing to introduce Li Ming, one of my college classmates in Beijing.
我写信是要介绍我在北京时的大学同学李明。
3、I am very glad to have this chance to write to you to …
很高兴能有这次机会向您写信……
4、I take pleasure in introducing to you the bearer Mr. Li.
很高兴能向您介绍这封信的持有者李先生。
5、The bearer of this letter is Mr. Li whom I personally know to be a most deserving person for your position.
这里介绍的这封信的持有者李先生，我个人认为是这个职位的最佳人选。
6、Thanks for your attention and hope to receive your reply.
多谢您的关注，希望能收到您的回复。
7、It would be appreciated of you can give her some help.
如果您能给他提供帮助，我将不胜感激。
8、I would be most grateful of you could lend due attention to this letter and contact me at…
如您能对此信给予一定的关注并通过……和我联系，我将非常感谢。
9、In addition, I want to express my sincere thanks for your attention.
另外，真诚地感谢您的关注。
一、人大考博英语题型：
人大考博英语的题型一般3-4年会进行一次变化，一般会在下面两种题型设置之间进行调整。
题型一：
词汇 完型 阅读 翻译 作文
20题10分 20题10分 4篇20题20分 英译汉10分
汉译英10分
20分
题型二：
词汇 阅读 翻译
小作文
（应用文写作）
大作文
20题10分 4篇20题20分 英译汉10分
汉译英10分
10分 20分
二、人民大学考博英语复习参考书：
育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》《考博词汇》，是最为权威的考博英语备考资料。同时也得到了育明考博学员的肯定和证明，并且每年都会再版更新。可以联系育明考博购买邮寄，或在全国各大书店及卓越亚马逊及当当网下单。
（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八）
三、育明考博-人大考博英语复习答题指导
1、词汇备考：
人大考博英语词汇以六级和考博词汇为主，有少量六级以上词汇出现。有时也会加入一些考察语法的题目主要包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词。对考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。在词汇的备考中虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。考生应当根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考博词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇等进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博词汇》进行有针对性的词汇备考。
有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。
普遍的记忆规律是：30分钟后再重复一遍，12小时后，1天后，3天后，7天后，15天后重复记忆，就会记得很牢。
针对词汇的记忆我们育明考博的英语专业课老师提出了三大关键词“快速、多次、重复”，并且这三大关键词也得到了历届学员的肯定与证明。
2、完型备考：实用答题方法
有些年份在人大考博英语的试题中是没有完型填空部分的，但是大家也不能忽视了对它的准备，还是应当结合历年真题进行有针对性的备考。一般完型短文的长度为250－300词，有20个空白分值比例为10分。空白处删去的词既有实词也有虚词，主要考察考生对文章的宏观理解掌握以及固定搭配、时态语态和语法结构。
育明教育的英语专业课老师推荐的完形填空答题方法：
A.无关词排除法：完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。
B.同现词对比法：完型文章由于常常有明确的中心主线，所以作者往往会使用一些重点词汇围绕着中心主线贯穿全文。同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。因此，文章的整体导向这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
C.复现词对比法：复现是完型文章中词汇的另一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词
汇在文章的不同地方出现。复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。
D.关联词推断法：关联是完型文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词以连续排比的结构出现。在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。
F.时间关系解构法：完型文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。
G.整体结构对照法：由于总分之间的基本关系是互相支持，互相印证的对照关系，而且总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开。当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的相关联已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分找到。
3、阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策
说明：阅读理解部分有4篇文章，总阅读量在2200-2600字左右，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点话题。每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。
在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science 就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。另外，还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。
除了知识的积累和真题练习，我们还应当掌握阅读理解中每一种出题类型的答题技巧和经验。
A. 细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。
B. 判断词汇和短语的意义题
内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
C. 推理判断题
合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。
D. 主旨大意题
答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。
E. 观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。
作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。
4、翻译备考：翻译答题要求
翻译部分主要测试考生用正确的词汇及语法结构，运用基本的英汉、汉英翻译理论与技巧，按照英汉习惯表达思想的能力。翻译考核内容分为英译汉和汉译英。
英译汉为一篇150词左右的短文或若干段落，要求译文忠实于原文，汉语流畅。
汉译英为一篇100词左右的汉语段落。要求译文忠实于原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。
A.英式思维 拆分语法结构
在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。例如： 例1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
拆分句子：
1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;
2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;
3.方式状语：in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner是方式状语。其中的reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned 是并列定语，修饰manner;
4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 是定语从句，其先行词是manner;
5.拆分后句子的总结构是：
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干) which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)
B.直译和意译
在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。
1.能直译就直译
例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say," United we stand, divided we fall "
译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去”。
2.不宜直译就意译
例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters。
译文：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
分析：原文表层信息--关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说象征着革命)。
原文深层信息--a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。斗牛场上，
人们用红布来激怒牛。
3.直译与意译相结合
例：The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won't end if you don't pass a test. So don't worry excessively about a single test。
译文：考试的目的在于显示你对某一科目的掌握程度。一次考试不及格天是不会塌下来的。因此不必为一次考试过分担心。
另外，我们不能忽视词语词组的翻译应以适应上下文为主要标准。例如“work”，在考博翻译中往往不能翻译成“工作”，而要翻译成“研究工作”；作为名词，也不能翻译成“作品”，而应当翻译成“研究成果”。这是考博翻译的一些具体要求和得分点之所在。
C.英语简单句拉长变多长句
Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves (参考译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门学问的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。)
英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整： less through…and more from构成一个复杂的状语，修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零“…产生兴趣…，这与其说是因为…，还不如说是因为…”
5、写作部分介绍
（1）题量和分值
人大考博英语的写作部分题量大（400词），分值高（30%），考试时间为50分钟。目前，大部分院校写作一般占总分的15%或20%，字数在200词至250词之间，时间为半小时或40分钟。通过比较可知，人大考博英语的写作部分分值比重最大，而在50分钟内完成400词左右的两篇写作题量是比较大的。
（2）题型与出题形式
题型：根据2006年人大考博英语新大纲，人大考博英语的写作部分包含两种题型，第1题是应用文写作，第2题是文学文写作，考查范围较广，很少有院校写作部分会涉及应用文写作。
出题形式：对于文学文写作，1998年人大考博英语出题形式为图表作文，1999年至今人大考博英语出题形式都为无提纲标题作文，值得说明的是，1999年至2001年人大考博英语要求写出提纲，然后为正文内容，2002年之后人大考博英语则没有对提纲作出要求。无提纲标题作文可以使考生有较大的自由发挥空间。对于应用文写作，出题形式为试题一般会规定相应的情景，给出写作需要包含的要点，对格式、语体的限制性较大。 （3）写作文体
在2006年以前，人大考博英语只考文学文写作，一直为议论文。根据人大考博英语新大纲，2006年增加了应用文写作，为工作应用文或生活应用文，包括私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
（4）写作题材
综观人大历年考博英语写作试题，文学文写作的写作题材多为社会热点、教育、道
德素质（人生观、价值观）类；应用文写作内容关于生活或工作方面。如下表： 考试年份 考试话题 写作题材
1998年 捕鼠能手 社会问题
1999年 医生 道德素质
2000年 教育对人类社会的作用 教育
2001年 个人对社会的贡献 道德素质
2002年 全球化的机遇与挑战 社会现象
2003年 社会科学、人文学科在21世纪
的重要作用
教育
2004年 谈对全球化的了解 社会现象
2004年（样题） 2008北京奥运的展望 社会热点
会议安排 工作方面
2006年（样题）
扩大眼界 道德素质
四、育明考博部分辅导课程介绍
考博英语全程班：
阶段课程 开课时间 课时
价格
（元）
备注
一、基础夯实 A班：8月21日-25日
B班：9月12日-17日
40课时授课+12
课时练习
2500
二、强化提升
A班：10月3日-7日
B班：11月7日-11日
C班：12月12日-16日
40课时授课+12
课时练习
3000
三、考前押题 A班：2月20日-22日
B班：3月6日-8日
24课时授课+8
课时模考
3500
1、全程班：4980元
2、一二阶段连报：4000元
3、一三阶段连报：4200元
4、二三阶段连报：4500元
秉承“高能高分，实力至上”的原则
主要授课内容有：1、导学规划；2、听力技巧和方法。
3、考博单词精讲精练，特别是形近词、意近词和固定搭配的重点突破。
4、常考语法讲解；
5、完形填空精讲讲练；
6、阅读理解360透析法以及其它技巧和方法；
7、翻译“631”法以及其它技巧和方法；8、作文“厚重、灵动、美观”法以及其它注意事项；
9、模拟考试、10 、预测押题。
考博英语六人行精品班：
课程名称 阶段课程 开课时间 价格（元） 备注
一、基础夯实 六人行
二、强化提升 每周开课一到两
次，上课时间灵
9800 1、送所有面授小班
2、不过第二年免费
三、考前押题
四、复试指导
活决定 重修小班 人大考博英语一对一课程：
课程代码 课时
单
词
语
法
阅
读
听
力
完
型
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E1 38 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 一年 √ √ 1次
E2 52 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 二年 √ √ 1次 √
E3 68 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 三年 √ √ 2次 √
E4 82 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 四年 √ √ 2次 √
E5 96 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 五年 √ √ 3次 √
E6 110 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 六年 √ √ 3次 √
E7 140 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 七年 √ √ 4次 √ √ √ √
E8 200 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 八年 √ √ 5次 √ √ √ √ √
E9特别保录 无限
制
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 八年 √ √
无限
制
√ √ √ √ √ √ 备注：1、一对一均送全程小班。2、E3以上班次送6人行课程。3、不过均可第二年免费重修小班
五、人大考博英语写作复习答题
（1）应用文写作
①掌握私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等应用文的结构、格式，比如称呼、落款、结束语等，建议考生背诵一些这方面的范例。
②抓住试题给出的要点。写作时不能游离要点，废话太多，或抓住一点，不及其余，而应在全面的基础上有的放矢、一语破的。
③注意选词炼句。充分认识到基础写作与应用写作的区别，不能用基础写作的思维和表达方法来写应用写作，要注意选词造句的不同，语言必须精炼、简洁。
④要能换位思考，能让自己站到试题所要求的特定身份的位置上去，以特定身份去思维。
（2）文学文写作
①掌握议论文的组织结构
由于人大考博英语文学文写作一直为议论文文体，掌握议论文的组织结构则尤为必要。议论文的展开方式一般为三段式：首段确认所讨论的问题，并解释讨论该问题的重要性；正文常提出证据加以论证；结论常常就开头提出的问题进一步确认、证实、加强，以概括性的语言结束全文。考生可以把这种结构作为写作摸板。
需要注意的是，这里提到的三段式指的是文章内容包含三部分，在具体成文时不一定严格按三自然段来写，尤其是在第二部分展开时可以分多个段落，如“First…Secondly…Finally”、“On the one hand…On the other hand…In addition”等结构。
②从多角度分析问题
人大考博英语文学文写作采用无提纲标题作文的出题形式，这就给考生很大的自由发挥空间，考生可以从多角度分析问题，如2004年人大考博英语写作部分标题为My Understanding of Globalization，考生可以从经济市场角度分析，也可以从文化的全
球化来入手。
③关注常考的写作题材
人大考博英语文学文写作题材多为社会热点、教育、道德素质类，所以考生应该留心国际和国内的社会热点问题和社会时事，如当今伊朗的核问题，中国规范房地产改革交易秩序等问题，关于教育、道德素质等方面的新闻事件要格外留意，这方面所涉及的词汇要注意积累。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
2016人大经济学院国民经济学专业考博真题参考书 一、人大经济学院国民经济学专业考博真题（育明考博课程中心独家） 2012年人大国民经济学专业考博专业一“经济理论”真题 一、宏观经济学部分 1、什么是资本黄金水平？如何判断一国资本处在大于或小于资本黄金水平？中国资本积累过高，我国采取哪些来影响资本积累过高？ 2、“流动性陷阱”约束下的货币扩张性影响？ 3、新古典经济学（NEC）怎样说明政策的无效性？ 二、政治经济学部分 1.资本论中的经济危机理论 2.为什么说资本主义生产过程是劳动过程和价值增值过程的统一 3.什么是平均利润。其形成机制是什么，对超额利润的影响 三、微观经济学部分 1.根据效用函数求支出函数和希克斯需求曲线 2.一个实证分析关于酒精饮料的需求价格弹性对它征税相关的酒精饮料为什么理论上需求弹性低。为什么库克的回归结果弹性是-1.8。对它征税有没有用应该用什么政策。 人大经济学院历年考博真题、考试信息、辅导课程咨询育明考博陈老师扣扣：547063862 2013年人大国民经济学专业考博专业一“经济理论”真题 一、宏观经济学部分（30分） 1、从哈罗德多马模型到索罗模型到新增长理论的现代经济增长理论的发展，现代经济增长理论的发展趋向是什么？ 2、货币和通货膨胀的关系，凯恩斯和货币主义有什么不同，为什么有这样的不同 二、政治经济学部分（40分） 1、如何理解资本主义生产是劳动过程和价值增值的统一 2、什么是平均利润，平均利润的形成机制对超额利润的影响 3、（略） 三、微观经济学部分（30分） 1、给出一个效用函数(柯布-道格拉斯型)，求希克斯需求函数和支出函数， 2、需求价格弹性，学者们原来以为酒精饮料的需求价格弹性低，但调查发现，酒精饮料的需求价格弹性为-1.8，1、问酒精的价格弹性为什么高，其属于什么产品。2、如果酒精的需求价格弹性低，
我的2019人大经济学考博经验，人大初试复试难度详解！ 2018-2019年的考博之路已经告一段落，自己成功考上了中国人民大学经济学院政治经济学专业的博士。记得自己是从2018年十一长假之后正式开始了我的复习考博历程，现总结人大考博札记，供日后考博人大的学弟学妹们参考。 首先说明一点，人大很公平。自己没有老师推荐，是自行联系导师，没有人脉没有关系，完全靠自己考上了人大的博士。因为本人参加了不止人大这一个学校的考试，相比其他省市的其他学校而言，人大是比较公平的。如果你的初试是第一名，人大是一定会要你的（除非有很明显的缺陷），人大非常重视初试排名，所以你的一切努力重点都应该放在初试上。 一、关于联系导师及注意事项 每个博士生导师手里的名额很有限，所以报考博士前必须先跟你要报考的老师联系，看他手里是否还有名额，一般来说导师不想要你他是不会让你报名的，事先给导师打个电话或发个E-mail（网站上一般都会有联系地址），介绍一下你
的情况。特别是你硕士阶段研究的方向和取得的成绩，并表示你愿意成为他的学生并努力学术。 首先，建议第一封e-mail主要内容是关于个人介绍：年龄、求学经历、学术成果、工作经历等，主要目的就是让导师通过这封e-mail对一个陌生的同学能够有个全面的认识和了解。 把第一印象做好，为以后的进一步联系作准备。其次，关于信的内容可以简要的谈谈自己对未来所报考导师，实验室和课题的了解和理解，让导师能够真实的感受到你的诚心、信心和决心。再次，主要是表达一下自己报考的强烈愿望，因为大家也知道好多同学联系了很多的导师和学校，最后报考的也是其中的很少几个。 联系博导需注意以下几点： 1.要了解他的基本学术观点和学术著作。以免导师提起他的著作时，我们一无所知。尽量多了解他的论著，也为以后的考试做打算。 2.多种联系方式并用。比如说第一次打电话老师记住你的名字了，第二次很可能就忘了。那我觉得还可以写e-mail，还可以写写信，传统的联系方式或许更能打动导师
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 客观题部分 请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！ II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria 7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools. A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived. A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.
2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. [404 words] 4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. Experiences are the most direct resources we ever have. Almost our every basic skill came from experiences, such as walking, articulating, reading even thinking. Without experiences, some natural born abilities even might lose. Studies have shown that a baby who was robbed by animals into forest for 12 years lost his ability to talk in human language. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that each and every skill develops by experiences, and that's why people always say practice makes perfect. Books are valuable when knowledge is beyond the scope of our experiences. Perhaps the most obvious examples are those fluent writers. They write various stories, the scopes of which are far beyond any individual's experiences. Take Joyce Carol Oates for example, her productivity has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays and literary criticism. Although some of them appear to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day. Yet either experiences or books may give us wrong information. Our direct observations always are subject to our beliefs, hopes, fears, expectations, and our bias, which might make observations unreliable. People vary in their powers of observation, and the reliability of our observations is no better than the reliability of our memories, which as we know can be deceptive. Information printed in papers sometimes is unreliable either, it may be misprinted, or even deliberately distorted. For example, Definitions such as Marxism, Capitalism, Zionism are totally different in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English between the original edition and the sanctioned Russian edition. 1
考博英语历年真题 北大2013年考博士英语真题及答案 Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20 Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suita bly complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit compose d of father,mother and children. A.refers to B.defines C.describes D.devotes to 22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that e lderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness. A.reproach ed B.favored C.plagued D.reprehended 23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation_____ ___the quality of interpersonal relationship. A.ascends https://www.doczj.com/doc/3a11846095.html,pels C.enhances D.prefers 24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of resea rch_____on the human brain. A.was…did B.has been…to be done C.was…doing D.has been…done 25. “I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not t o eat at a restaurant.You’ d better_______at hom e when you are not in the shape.” A.to throw up… to eat B.throwing up…eating C.to throw up…eat D.throwing up…eat 26.Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’ s creativity and emotional output;otherwise what they think beneficial to t he kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations. A.hold back B.hold to C.hold down D.hold over 27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’ s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals____ ____by their context,significance,and information content. A.not less than…as B.as…just as C.so much…as D.not so much… as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south. A.the windows of which opened B.the windows of it opened C. its windows opened D.the windows of which opening 29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned o ut to be a distant relation of his. A.put him up B.put him out C.put him on D.put him in30.By standers, _______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances. A.bloody and cov ered with dust,looking dazed B.bloodied and covered with dust,looked daze
中国人民大学考博英语真题常见名词单复数名词(Noun)： 博士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 一、名词的单复数 (一)不可数名词 a little/some/much/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of (lots of)/plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词 例句：The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in15th century. (1995年第14题) 分析：该句是复合句，其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构，进一步解释说明one man;who lived...是非限制性定语从句，解释说明Prince Henry。 译文：葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉，此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。 例句：If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through
中国人民大学博士入学考试考博试题真题 II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages
patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately ____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking < 9 in level lowest its to month, .last points 15> < D. plummeted C. mutated B. soared A.> < computers files destroyed that computer___ a is Melissa> < the around users of thousands frustrated> < disease vires genius < competition> < fabulous edible negligent >
考博英语作文范文【三篇】 导读：本文考博英语作文范文【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【第一篇：直面困难】任何事业，大至国家事业，小至个人生活，要有所成，必然面对各类困难，这时候，良好的面对困难的品质以及解决困难的方法论方面的问题： 坚持/毅力persistence，乐观being optimistic/positive 团结合作cooperation and teamwork 踏实肯干hardworking 创新意识和好奇心innovation and curiosity 学习意识learning 保持学习习惯(keep the habit of reading and learning 行动实践能力(the ability of action and practice “一屋不扫、何以扫天下” If you cant do great things, do small things in a great way Each person whether rich or poor has his own difficulties, because life is not always full of smiles and flowers. So it is very important to have a correct attitude to face up the difficulties. Different people have different views on it. Some people just want to evade and they haven’t tried their best, so they can’t achieve success in the end. But some people believe
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need