The cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan could total $2.4 trillion through the next decade, or nearly $8,000 per man, woman and child in the country, according to a Congressional Budget Office estimate scheduled for release Wednesday.
A previous CBO estimate put the wars' costs at more than $1.6 trillion. This one adds $705 billion in interest, taking into account that the conflicts are being funded with borrowed money.
The new estimate also includes President Bush's request Monday for another $46 billion in war funding, said Rep. John Spratt, D-S.C., budget committee chairman, who provided the CBO's new numbers to USA TODAY.
Assuming that Iraq accounts for about 80% of that total, the Iraq war would cost $1.9 trillion, including $564 billion in interest, said Thomas Kahn, Spratt's staff director. The committee holds a hearing on war costs this morning.
"The number is so big, it boggles the mind," said Rep. Rahm Emanuel, D-Ill.
Sean Kevelighan, a spokesman for the White House budget office, said, "Congress should stop playing politics with our troops by trying to artificially inflate war funding levels." He declined to provide a White House estimate.
The CBO estimates assume that 75,000 troops will remain in both countries through 2017, including roughly 50,000 in Iraq. That is a "very speculative" projection, though it's not entirely unreasonable, said Loren Thompson, a defense analyst at the non-partisan Lexington Institute.
As of Sept. 30, the two wars have cost $604 billion, the CBO says. Adjusted for inflation, that is higher than the costs of the Korea and Vietnam conflicts, according to the Washington-based Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
Defense spending during those two wars accounted for a far larger share of the American economy.
In the months before the March 2003 Iraq invasion, the Bush administration estimated the Iraq war would cost no more than $50 billion.
伊拉克和阿富汗战争的费用可以通过未来十年,总额为2.4万亿美元或近8000美元每个男人,女人和孩子,据国会预算办公室估计定于周三发布。
前国会预算办公室估计,战争的成本超过1.6万亿美元。这一利息增加了7050亿美元,考虑到冲突正在用借来的钱资助。
新的估计周一还包括布什总统请求另一个460亿美元的战争拨款,众议员John Spratt D-S.C说。预算委员会主席,国会预算办公室提供的《今日美国》的新数据。
假设伊拉克约占总额的80%,伊拉克战争将耗资1.9万亿美元,包括5640亿美元的利息,索兰托的员工主任托马斯·卡恩说。委员会今天上午举行听证会战争成本。
“数量是如此之大,它,让人匪夷所思,”众议员拉姆?伊曼纽尔说,已经。
Sean Kevelighan白宫预算办公室的一位发言人说,“国会应该停止玩弄政治与我们的军队试图人为地夸大战争拨款水平。”他拒绝提供白宫估计。
国会预算办公室估计,假设两国的75000军队将继续到2017年,包括在伊拉克大约有50000。这是一个“非常投机”的投影,但并不是完全不合理,国防分析师Loren Thompson说无党派莱克星顿研究所。
截至9月30日,这两场战争已经花费6040亿美元,国会预算办公室说。通胀调整后,比朝鲜和越南冲突的成本,根据华盛顿战略与预算评估中心。
国防开支在这两场战争占更大比例的美国经济。
在2003年3月入侵伊拉克前的几个月,布什政府估计伊拉克战争成本不超过500亿美元。
美国独立的国会预算办公室10月24日发表报告预测说，到2017年，美国用于伊拉克和阿富汗战争及其他与反恐战争有关的总费用将高达2.4万亿美元。在分析人士看来，这可能仍是保守估计。
文章内容转载如下：
报告说，军费总支出是从2001年算起一直持续到2017年，不包括每年的常规国防预算。目前美国在海外约有21万驻军，由于美国总统布什曾一再表明，大部分美军还会长期留驻伊拉克和阿富汗，因此报告假设2013年至2017年间伊、驻阿军人数仍有7.5万，其中驻伊军队约5万人。
由此估算出的2.4万亿美元军费总开支中，用于伊拉克战争的约有1.9万亿美元。不过，比起该委员在几个月前的预测，这次的估算一下子多出了7050亿美元，这是因为此次预测考虑了上次漏掉的一个重要因素--美国为发动战争向别国借款需支付的高额利息。
无党派背景的战略和预算评估中心的国防问题分析专家史蒂夫?科希阿克表示：“我认为完全可以说，这场战争的资金是靠发行国债来筹集的。”民主党的来自马萨诸塞州的联邦众议员麦戈文则说：“以借贷的方式筹集军费，既不承担责任、也没有偿还计划，我想这是最不负责的做法；这是灾难性战争的另一种遗毒，将留待我们的子孙来收拾残局。”
对国会预算办公室提出这一报告，白宫官员颇不以为然，并批评这份报告依据的只是“大量揣测”。2003年伊战前，布什政府曾鼓吹的战争前景是将战争开支控制在500亿至600亿美元间，并且主要靠出售伊拉克石油来筹资。
这个美好的计划显然早已破产。该报告指出，迄今为止，美国用于伊拉克和阿富汗两场战争的总费用已达6040亿美元，远远超过了朝鲜战争，甚至超过了13年越南战争的开支。布什政府已经要求国会再拨款1964亿美元，作为今年10月1日开始的2008财政年度用于这两国的军事开销。
具有左翼色彩的智囊机构、美国进步中心的国防问题分析专家劳伦斯?考伯表示，未来战争开支的确难以预测，如果非要说这份报告是以“揣测”为基础的话，那也是“保守的”揣测。他和科希阿克都认为，至少有一件事情是显而易见的：随着军方陈旧设备的更新换代，在伊、阿两国驻军的成本正在变得越来越昂贵。
科希阿克说，伊拉克驻军人数自2003年以来其实变化不大，但是国会在2004年、2005年和2006年为伊、阿战争每年追加的拨款平均在1000亿美元左右。按照布什政府现在提出的要求，明年的拨款将逼近2000亿美元大关。这就意味着，美国每在外派驻一名士兵的成本将高达100万美元。
UNITE 5
Chinanews, Beijing, Nov. 12—Although China produces all kinds of delicious food in the world, it is known that Western food will become the main kind of food served during the 2008 Olympic Games.
The information was recently released by Li Qing, head of the Service Department for the Beijing Olympic Games. In attending a forum titled “WTO and China: Beijing International Forum (2007)” last Friday, Li said Beijing was fine-tuning the scheme and making some useful improvements for the Olympic menu. About 70% of the dishes served at the Olympic Games will be Western food, and Chinese food and other flavors will account for 30% of all dishes. Currently, some food companies that can provide excellent services with strict management have been chosen as the food providers for the Olympic Games.
So far, hotel accommodation, catering and medical service work for the Olympic Games has been proceeding smoothly. Beijing municipal government has done a lot of work in guaranteeing food safety and sufficient food supply.
“In ensuring food safety, we have made the Olympic Food Safety Action Plan and the Olympic Games Food Safety Criteria. We have applied strict requirements and supervision in choosing Olympic Games food providers,” Li said.
So far, the preparation work for the Olympic Games medical and accommodation services has been basically finished. In Beijing, about 21 hospitals and 122 hotels have been chosen to provide services for the Olympic Games.
负责人指出,北京,11月12-Although中国生产世界上各种各样的美味的食物,众所周知,西方食品将成为主要的食品在2008年奥运会期间。
李青是最近发布的信息,北京奥运会服务部门主管。在出席一个论坛题为“WTO和中国:北京国际论坛(2007)“上周五,李肇星说中国政府调整方案,使一些有用的改进为奥运菜单。大约70%的菜肴在奥运会将西餐,和中国食品和其他口味将占30%的菜。目前,一些食品公司,可以提供优质的服务和严格的管理已被选定作为奥运会的食品供应商。
到目前为止,酒店住宿、餐饮、医疗服务奥运会的筹备工作进展顺利。北京市政府已经做了大量的工作在保证食品安全和充足的粮食供应。
“在确保食品安全,我们取得了奥运食品安全行动计划和奥运会食品安全标准。我们有严格的要求和监督在选择奥运会食品供应商,”李说。
迄今为止,奥运会的准备工作医疗和住宿服务已基本完成。在北京,大约21医院和122家酒店都被选为奥运会提供服务。
UNITE 6
Even infants can tell the difference between naughty and nice playmates, and know which to choose, a new study finds.
Babies as young as 6 to 10 months old showed crucial social judging skills before they could talk, according to a study by researchers at Yale University's Infant Cognition Center published in Thursday's journal Nature.
The infants watched a googly-eyed wooden toy trying to climb roller-coaster hills and then another googly-eyed toy come by and either help it over the mountain or push it backward. They then were presented with the toys to see which they would play with.
Nearly every baby picked the helpful toy over the bad one.
The babies also chose neutral toys -- ones that didn't help or hinder -- over the naughty ones. And the babies chose the helping toys over the neutral ones.
"It's incredibly impressive that babies can do this," said study lead author Kiley Hamlin, a Yale psychology researcher. "It shows that we have these essential social skills occurring without much explicit teaching."
There was no difference in reaction between the boys and girls, but when the researchers took away the large eyes that made the toys somewhat lifelike, the babies didn't show the same social judging skills, Hamlin said.
The choice of nice over naughty follows a school of thought that humans have some innate social abilities, not just those learned from their parents.
"We know that they're very, very social beings from very, very early on," Hamlin said.
A study last year out of Germany showed that babies as young as 18 months old overwhelmingly helped out when they could, such as by picking up toys that researchers dropped.
David Lewkowicz, a psychology professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton who wasn't part of the study, said the Yale research was intriguing. But he doesn't buy into the natural ability part. He said the behavior was learned, and that the new research doesn't prove otherwise.
"Infants acquire a great deal of social experience between birth and 6 months of age and thus the assumption that this kind of capacity does not require experience is simply unwarranted," Lewkowicz told The Associated Press in an e-mail.
But the Yale team has other preliminary research that shows similar responses even in 3-month-olds, Hamlin said.
Researchers also want to know if the behavior is limited to human infants. The Yale team is starting tests with monkeys, but has no results yet, Hamlin said.
一项最新研究发现，就连婴儿也能区分好玩伴和坏玩伴，而且知道自己应该选哪一个。
据耶鲁大学婴儿认知中心进行的一项研究显示，6到10个月大的婴儿在他们会说话之前便表现出至关重要的社会判断能力，该研究刊登在22日出版的《自然》杂志上。婴儿们看见一个有曲球眼的木玩具想要爬上过山车小山，然后另一个有曲球眼的玩具从旁边走过，
要么帮前一个玩具翻越小山，要么就帮着推一把。然后，研究人员把这两个玩具放在婴儿们面前看，他们会选哪一个。几乎所有的婴儿都选了帮助他人的那个，不选淘气的那个。与淘气的相比，婴儿们也更愿选中立的玩具—既不帮忙也不妨碍他人。而与中立的相比，他们又更愿选帮助他人的那个。
这份研究报道的第一作者、耶鲁大学的一位心理学研究员基利-哈姆林说：“令人难以置信的是，婴儿也具有这种判断力。它表明，我们不需要太多的教导就具有这些基本的社交技能。”哈姆林表示，男孩和女孩的反应没有差别，但当研究人员取走让这些玩具看上去更逼真的大眼睛时，婴儿们就展现不出这种社交判断技能了。选友善的不选淘气的受一系列思想的指引，而这些是我们人类天生具有的一些社交能力，不仅仅是从父母那里学到的。哈姆林说：“我们知道他们在早期就表现出社交的本质。”
去年，德国的一项研究表明，小到18个月大的幼儿会尽其所能地帮助他人，比如捡起研究人员丢下的玩具。博卡拉顿佛罗里达大西洋大学的一位心理学教授大卫-雷科维兹没有参与这项研究，他表示，耶鲁大学的这项研究很有意思。但他并不同意这种行为是与生俱来的能力，他表示，这种行为是学来的，而且在其他方面这项新研究没有证明它是一种与生俱来的能力。雷科维兹在一封电子邮件中告诉记者说：“婴儿从出生到6个月大会学到很多社交经验，因而这种能力不需要经验的设想毫无根据。”
哈姆林表示，但耶鲁大学的研究小组进行了其它的初步研究表明，甚至在3个月大的婴儿中也表现出相似的反应。研究人员还想知道这种行为是否仅限于人类的婴儿。该研究小组已开始在猴子身上作试验，但还没有结果。(
UNITE 8
Doctors say obesity, also known as severe overweight, is a complex condition. A doctor may advise medical interventions in addition to changes in behavior. But experts say the most successful weight-loss plans include a well-balanced diet and exercise.
People who want to avoid weight gain have to balance the number of calories they eat with the number of calories they use. To lose weight, you can reduce the number of calories you take in, or increase the number you use, or both.
Experts at the National Institutes of Health say to lose weight, a person should do an hour of moderate to intensive physical activity most days of the week. This could include fast walking, sports or strength training.
You should also follow a nutritious eating plan and take in fewer calories than your body uses each day.
A recent study looked at four of the most popular dieting plans in the United States. Researchers at Stanford University in California studied more than three hundred overweight women, mostly in their thirties and forties.
Each woman went on one of the four plans: Atkins, The Zone, Ornish or LEARN. The women attended diet classes and received written information about the food plans.
At the end of a year, the women on the Atkins diet had lost the most, more than four and
one-half kilograms on average. They also did better on tests including cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
Christopher Gardner led the study, reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He says the Atkins diet may be more successful because of its simple message to lower intake of sugars. Also, he says the advice to increase protein in the diet leads to more satisfying meals.
He says there was not enough money to also study men, but that men would probably have similar results.
But last week, another report suggested that only a small minority of people have long-term success with dieting. The report in the journal American Psychologist was based on thirty-one studies.
Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, medical school found that most dieters regained their lost weight within five years. And often they gained back even more. But those who kept the weight off generally were the ones who exercised.
医生说肥胖,也称为严重超重,是一个复杂的条件。医生可能会建议的医疗干预措施除了行为的变化。但是专家说,最成功的减肥计划包括一个均衡的饮食和锻炼。
那些想要避免体重增加的数量必须平衡卡路里他们吃的卡路里。减肥,你可以减少你所摄入的卡路里数量,或者增加使用数量,或两者兼而有之。
美国国立卫生研究院的专家说减肥,一个人应该做一个小时的适度强化身体活动大多数日子。这可能包括快走,运动和力量训练。
你也应该遵循一个营养的饮食计划和吸收更少的热量比你的身体每天使用。
最近的一项研究看着四个最流行的节食计划在美国。加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学的研究人员对三百多名超重的女性,大多是在三四十岁、。
每个女人在四个计划之一:阿特金斯,欧元区,Ornish或学习。妇女参加饮食类和收到书面食品计划的信息。
每年年底,阿特金斯饮食法的女性失去了最多,平均超过4千克。他们也更好的测试包括胆固醇水平和血压。
克里斯托弗·加德纳领导了这项研究,发表在《美国医学协会杂志》上。他说,阿特金斯饮食法可以更成功,因为它简单的信息降低糖的摄入。此外,他说,建议增加饮食中的蛋白质会导致更令人满意的食物。
他说还没有足够的钱来研究男性,但是,男人可能会有相似的结果。
但上周,另一份报告显示,只有一小部分人长期成功节食。该报告于美国心理学家期刊的文章是基于31个研究。
UNITE 10
Modesty is one of the traditional virtues the great sage Confucius (551-479B.C) advocated. Although a great scholar, Confucius admonished his students, "When walking in the company of three, there must be one I can learn from"(三人行，必有我师焉San renxing, bi youwoshiyan). To Confucius modesty and humility are required qualities for a society to sustain itself while pride will lead to destruction.
The typical example of the modesty is demonstrated by the host to his visitors. He will apologize the ill-preparation and small quantity of his food, which turns out to be sumptuous banquet. And the modesty is also shown when the Chinese accept compliments. They always respond to compliments with "Nalinali. (literally where?Where?)"-figuratively meaning, "I have done nothing to deserve your compliment."
Another common way to show the Chinese modesty is that the Chinese often politely refuse offers of drinks, refreshments, gifts and other favors two or three times before graciously accepting them. Their modesty requires them not to open the gifts before the sender.
Their modesty requires them not to challenge but to respect, which results in a low profile of Chinese. This is sometimes misunderstood as no ambition or competitive spirit. Their modesty leads them more to group-consciousness rather than to individual-consciousness.
谦虚是一种传统美德的大圣人孔子(公元前551 - 479)主张。尽管伟大的学者,孔子告诫他的学生,“三人行,必有我师焉”。孔子谦逊,谦逊品质需要社会来维持本身而骄傲会导致毁灭。
谦虚的典型例子表明主人对他的访客。他将道歉糟糕的准备和少量的食物,这是华丽的宴会。谦虚也显示当中国接受赞美。他们总是与“哪里，哪里。”回应赞美。-比喻意义“,我没有值得你赞美。”
另一个常见的方式来显示中国谦虚是中国人经常婉言谢绝提供饮料、点心、礼物和其他支持说两到三次才欣然接受他们。他们谦虚需要发送方之前不要打开礼物。
谦虚需要他们不是挑战而是尊重,导致低调的中国。这是有时误解为没有野心和竞争精神。他们的谦虚让他们更有群体意识而不是个人意识。
ASSE is the American Scandinavian Student Exchange. This program was established in Sweden in nineteen seventy-six to organize exchanges with the United States. It expanded to include students in Norway, Denmark and Finland.
Today ASSE organizes international exchanges for high school students in thirty-one countries. The students live with a family and attend school for a year.
Other programs also offer high school students a chance to come to the United States. These include AFS, Youth for Understanding and the Program of Academic Exchange, or PAX.
For college students, there are programs like the International Student Exchange Program, or ISEP. This is a group of almost three hundred colleges in thirty-nine countries. ISEP is an independent organization that was supported by the United States government until nineteen ninety-six.
ISEP is a true exchange program. That means two students from different countries trade places for a semester or a year.
Work and Travel USA is also for college students. But this program is not for those who want to study in the United States. It provides international students with the chance to work for up to
four months while exploring American life.
The State Department says they generally work in hotels, restaurants and amusement parks but may also work for other employers. An organization called CIEE administers this program. It says students must understand that the money they earn from their work may not be enough to pay all of their costs.
ASSE是美国斯堪的纳维亚学生交流。这个项目于1976年在瑞典成立组织交流与美国。它扩大到包括学生在挪威、丹麦和芬兰。
今天ASSE组织国际交流31个国家的高中生。学生生活在一个家庭,上学一年。
其他程序也提供高中学生来美国的机会。其中包括AFS,理解和青年学术交流的计划,或者PAX。大学生们,有国际学生交流计划等项目,或ISEP。这是一群近300所高校在39个国家。ISEP 是一个独立的组织,直到1996年被美国政府支持。
ISEP是一个真正的交流项目。这意味着两个学生来自不同国家的贸易的地方一个学期或一年。WORK AND TRAVEL USA也是大学生。但是这个项目不是为那些想要在美国学习。它为国际学生提供的机会工作长达四个月,探索美国生活。
美国国务院表示他们通常工作在酒店,餐馆和游乐园,但也可能为其他雇主工作。一个名为CIEE的组织管理这个项目。它说,学生必须明白,他们挣到的钱从他们的工作可能不足以支付他们所有的费用。
in any system of reasoning, the evidence leads from some initial information