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第一讲句子构成成分分析
句子构成
构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。
一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing 、To do五种。
1 名词：
Success is the result of good judgment.
Life lights the candle of hope.
2 代词：
We live and learn.
I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am.
3 主语从句：
How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.
What is worth doing is worth doing well.
4 V-ing:
Losing can be a real beginning.
Believing in yourself is the secret of success.
5 To do:
To light the candle of heart is better than to curse the darkness of the outside world.
To know is wisdom and to do is a skill.
二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。
1 表状态用系动词：
Life is full of ups and downs.
Life is hope and hope is life.
2 表动作用及物或不及物动词：
Many hands make light work.
I came I saw I conquered.
3 表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be
Every dog has its day.
In a full heart, there is room for everything.
4 情态动词＋动词原形：
A man may die, nations may fall, but an idea lives on.
三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing 、To do五种。
1 名词：
Reading enriches our mind.
Haste makes waste.
2 宾语从句：
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Temptation discovers what we are.
3 复合结构：
If you lack confidence you will find it hard to win.
4 V-ing:
You are never a loser until you quit trying.
Reading is like opening a window to the outside world.
5 To do:
Winners expect to win in advance.
One should learn to forgive.
四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。
1 名词：
Life is not a bed of roses.
Today is our only sure possession.
2 形容词：
Time is fleeting and art is long.
Change is constant.
3 V-ing:
Courage is doing what others think you can’t do.
Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
4 To do:
To change attitude is to change life.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist.
5 从句：
The real measure of success is how happy we are.
Love is what links two souls.
五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“……..的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。
1 形容词：
A warm smile is the universal language.
Each moment in history is a fleeting time.
2 名词：
Adversity teaches one a great deal about survival skills.
Life education is the basis for success in the knowledge society.
名词做定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数以下为常用名词修饰名词词组）
1 Information technology
2 Information center
3 Credit card
4 Generation gap
5 Beauty contest
6 Communication skills
7 Information age
8 Knowledge economy
9 Peace talks
10 Service industry
11 Water scarcity
12 Survival skills
13 Press conference
14 Safety standard
15 Life insurance
16 Weather forecast
17 Reception desk
18 Coffee break
19 Body guard
20 Heart attack
21 Department store
22 Stock market
23 Office building
24 Science fiction
3 V-ing:
Failure is a learning experience.
The starting point of all achievements is desire.
4 To do:
There is no time to lose.
One’s greatest power is the power to choose.
5 定语从句：
That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.
Success is a process that never ends.
六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、To do 、V-ing 、V-ed 六种。
1 副词：
Still water runs deep.
One should have clearly defined goals.
Excellency is doing ordinary things extraordinarily well.
Clearly, one’s fate is in his/her own hands.
2 状语从句：
When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you.
Nothing is ordinary if one knows how to use it.
3 状语从句省略结构：
If possible, go after your dream forever!
4 To do ：
To associate with friends, one should be honest and open.
To leap higher, one can draw back.
5 V-ing ：
Lacking a clear world outlook, life becomes a kind of burden.
Bad books are poison, doing harm to one’s heart and soul.
6 V-ed ：
United we stand; divided we fall.
Well done, the smallest task becomes a miracle of achievement.
七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的情况）常做宾语补足语的有形容词和To do 两种。
1 形容词：
Histories make men wise.
Love makes the world more colorful for all.
2 To do:
Difficulties train one to be great.
Motive urges one to make progress.
八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称之为同位语。常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。
1 名词：
We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.
Never give up your dream, the source of happiness.
2 从句：
Failure is a sign that one should explore other opportunities.
The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory.
九、插入语
插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。
1 Indeed的确，
2 Surely无疑，
3 However然而，
4 Obviously显然，
5 Frankly坦率地说，
6 Naturally自然，
7 Luckily (或happily)for somebody算某人幸运，
8 Fortunately/Luckily幸好，
9 Roughly 大体上来说，
10 Briefly简单地说,
11 Strange to say说也奇怪，
12 Needless to say不用说，
13 Most important of all最为重要是，
14 Worse still更糟糕的是，
15 In a few words(或in sum，in short)简而言之，
16 In other words换句话说，
17 In a sense在某种意义上，
18 In general一般说来，
19 In my view在我看来，
20 In conclusion总之，
21 In summary概括地说，
22 To be true 诚然，
23 In the first place首先，
24 In addition此外，
25 Of course当然，
26 To my knowledge据我所知，
27 For instance(或example)例如，
28 As a matter of fact事实上,
29 Strictly speaking严格地说，
30 Generally speaking一般地说，
31 Judging from根据…判断,
32 To be sure无疑，
33 To sum up概括地说，
34 To tell the truth老实说,
35 I am sure我可以肯定地说，
36 I believe我相信，
37 I wonder我不知道，
38 That is也就是说，
39 It seems看来是，
40 As I see it照我看来，
41 What is important (serious)重要(严重)的是，
42 In a nutshell总之，
43 In the final analysis归根结底，
44 At any rate不管怎么说，
45 On the contrary相反，
46 In the long run从长远来看，
47 By contrast对比而言，
48 Morally speaking 从道德的层面上来说，
49 In comparison相比之下，
50 In theory从理论上来说，
第二讲名词性从句讲解
A主语从句：
㈠主从可由以下这些引导词引导：that\ whether\ whoever\ which\ what\ whatever\ wher e\ how\ when\ why\ if
⑴That 引导主从，在主从中不做成份。句型一 That + 完整句=名词可做主语
That everyone may receive at least a moderate education is significant.
That we should act in the right spirit is necessary.
⑵Whether引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型二Whether+完整句=名词可做主语Whether you can succeed in making your dream come true depends on hard work more than luck.
Whether it rains or shines makes no difference to proactive people.
⑶Whoever引导主从，在主从中做主语。句型三Whoever +不完整句=名词可做主语Whoever wants to reach a distant goal must take many small steps.
Whoever dares wins.
⑷Which 引导主从，在主从中做定语。句型四Which+不完整句=名词可做主语
Which way you turn is up to you.
⑸What 引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型五What+不完整句=名词可做主语What’s done can’t be undone.
What we do willingly is easy.
⑹Whatever 引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型六Whatever+不完整句=名词可做主语
Whatever is at the center of our life will be the source of our wisdom and power. Whatever you love and trust in this world loves you in return.
⑺Where 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型七 Where+完整句=名词可做主语
Where we enjoy love is home.
⑻How 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型八 How+完整句=名词可做主语
How you think and act will influence your life.
(9)when 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型九When+完整句=名词可做主语
When the sun is shining is the best time to repair the roof
When you can make it depends on your effort.
(10)why引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型十Why+完整句=名词可做主语
Why helping others brings about happiness is based on the fact that the more we give, the more we have.
㈡主语从句与形式主语it 的关系
主从如果过长时，可用it替代，将原来的主从放在后面。
㈢MBA英语写作中形式主从的使用
1It is often the case that
2It is a fact that
3It seems that
4It is said that
5It is reported that
6It is believed that
7It is universally accepted that
8It is announced that
9It is estimated that
10It must be admitted that
11It is obvious that
12It must be stressed out that
13It is widely-accepted that
14It cannot be denied that
15It can be foreseen that
16It is as clear as crystal that
17It goes without saying that
18 It is acknowledged that
19 It is well-known that
20 It is estimated that
B宾语从句：
㈠以下这些引导词通常可引导宾从：that\ whether\ if\ which\ how\ what\ whatever\ whe re
⑴That
Sometimes we need to remind ourselves that thankfulness is indeed a virtue.
⑵Whether\if
Attitude determines whether\if people are successful and able to enjoy life.
⑶Which
A straw shows which way the wind blows.
⑷How
Our motives shape how we see the world.
⑸What
I don’t fear what is ahead.
The secret of life is not to do what you like, but to try to like what you do.
Our thoughts make us what we are.
⑹Whatever
I am prepared to learn whatever I need to know.
If you have a plan, you can deal with whatever comes along.
I am willing to pay whatever price is required to win.
⑺Where
My past experiences brought me to where I am today.
㈡宾语从句拓展句型
宾语从句是MBA英语写作非常常用的一种从句。它一般在议论文中用来提出观点，在图表作文中用来定位。
Some people think that
Some people believe that
Some people do believe that
Some people do strongly believe that
Some people hold that
Some people point out that
Some people insist that
Some people maintain that
Some people argue that
Some people contend that
Some people deem that
Some people are convinced that
Some people are fully convinced that
Some people are firmly convinced that
Some people take it for granted that
We should admit that
Nobody can deny that
Some people agree that
Some people conclude that
Some people assert that
The table shows that
The bar chart displays that
The line graph illustrates that
The pie chart describes that
The map presents that
The diagram reveals that
These two charts indicate that
C表语从句：
（一）以下这些引导词通常可以引导表从：that \ whether\ what\ where\ how\ why\ whe n
⑴That
The only certainty is that nothing is certain.
⑵Whether
The test of our progress is whether we can provide enough for those who have to o little.
⑶What
Purpose is what gives life meaning.
The future isn’t what it used to be.
Success is what I’m d ying for.
⑷Where
Your big opportunity may be right where you are.
⑸How
Sharing is how we express love.
⑹Why
That’s why we say attitude is everything.
⑺When
The biggest victory is when we recognize that we ought to control our thoughts. ㈡表语从句拓展句型
表语从句是MBA英语写作中非常常用的一种从句，可构成各种句型。
The first thing to be mentioned is that
Another point to be considered is that
The last thing to be shown is that
The first advantage of (doing) something is that
Another advantage of (doing) something is that
The third advantage of (doing) something is that
The first disadvantage of (doing) something is that
Another disadvantage of (doing) something is that
The third disadvantage of (doing) something is that
The first possible reason is that
Another cause is that
The third element is that
The first measure to be taken is that
Another solution is that
The third step is that
That is why
Why…is that…
A hot topic discussed by people is whether
A is to
B what
C is to D
A is to
B as
C is to D
My view is that…
D同位语从句：
同位语从句一般只由that来引导
We should care for each other in the knowledge that we are more alike than we a re different.
We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.
第三讲定语从句讲解
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whos e和关系副词when, where, why引导。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用: 1 把主句与从句连接起来2 在从句中担当一定的句子成分。关系代词在从句中可做主语,宾语,表语,定语;关系副词在从句中只能做状语。
（一）定从引导词
⑴由关系代词引导的定语从句
① who先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语
The man who has no inner life is miserable.
②which 先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语
Love is the key which opens the gate of happiness.
③ that 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语
To live is an art that everyone must learn.
④whom 先行词是人，在定从中做宾语
It is unwise to make friends with those whom one does not know well.
⑤ whose 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语
Success is a journey whose initial step is always tough.
⑵关系副词引导的定从，where\why \ when 这三个词在定从中做状语，后面加一个完整句。
1. There will be moments in life when one is presented with new options.
2. Work is the place where happiness lives.
3. Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they are not doing well.
㈡定从分类：
?限制性定从：由一个定从直接加在先行词后，无逗号隔开，去掉后影响整句的意思。Success is a process that begins from within.
Passion is any emotion that moves you.
? 非限制性定从：与主句之间用逗号隔开，去掉后不影响整句的意思。
The youth need to have ambition and dreams, which are vital.
The youth need to have ambition and dreams, which is vital.
㈢介词提前放在引导词前共有如下三种情况：
①定从中的某介词的需要：
Experience is a school which you will never graduate from.
Experience is a school from which you will never graduate.
Honesty is the foundation which many other qualities are based on.
Honesty is the foundation on which many other qualities are based.
②先行词决定：
Each of us has a purpose for which we were created.
③由句意决定：
Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together.
Life is a flower of which love is the honey.
(四) 只可用关系代词that的几种情况。
1. 先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few，mu ch等不定代词时。
All that glitters is not gold.
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
Attitude is the first quality that marks the successful man.
3. 先行词被the only，the very，the last等修饰时。
To face fear is the only method that really works.
(五) 只可用which 而不用that 的几种情况
1. 在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that。
One may go wrong in many different ways, but right only in one, which is why it i s easy to fail and difficult to succeed.
2. 关系代词前面有介词的时候。
Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image.
第四讲状语从句讲解
㈠时间状语从句
通常有下列连词引导: when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, every time, each time。
1. When a person feels encouraged, he can face the impossible.
2. Every time you help somebody else, you help yourself.
㈡地点状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: where, wherever, no matter where, everywhere, anywhere。
1. Your liberty to swing your arms ends where my nose begins.
2. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
㈢条件状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: if, unless, suppose, supposing, provided, providing, on condition that, as long as, in case, once, assuming, so long as。
1. If one thinks small, he will stay small.
2. All dreams are of no value unless they are followed by action.
3. As long as the world lasts, there will be mistakes.
㈣原因状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: because, as, since, now that, not that…but that, in that, considering that。
1. People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges.
2. When I was young, I admired people with wealth. Now that I am mature, I admire people with wisdom.
㈤结果状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: so…that…, such…that…, so that。
1. I like to see a man live, so that his country will be proud of him.
2. Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it
㈥目的状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。
1. We should greet each new day with a plan so that the high road upon which we travel could be marked well.
2. Be helpful to those on their way up, in case you should need them on your way down. ㈦让步状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: although, though, as, even if, even though, whatever, no matter (how, what, where, when) , while, whether, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however。
1. Although the world is full of suffering, they can always be overcome.
2. While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.
3. No matter how much we have learned, there is always more to learn.
㈧方式状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: as, as if, as though, in the way that, in the same way that, in the manner that, in the same manner that。
1. If we couldn’t do as we would, we should do as we can.
2. Look at everything as though you were seeing it either for the first time or last time.
㈨比较状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: as…as，than, not so… as，the…the…。
1. Wisdom is more precious than wealth.
2. The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance.
第五讲非谓语动词讲解一
不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否定结构是在to前面加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。
⑴（主）
To love is the most beautiful word in the world.
To err is human.
不定式做主语，可以用it当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。
It is enough to have one close friend in one’s life.
It is no exaggeration to say that friendship is to people what sunlight is to flowers.
⑵（宾）
We resolve to make a dull job interesting.
Never intend to know everything, or you will know nothing.
下面的动词常常可加不定式做宾语
attempt 企图 enable 能够
afford 负担得起 neglect 忽视
demand 要求 long 渴望
arrange 安排 destine 注定
mean 意欲，打算 begin 开始
expect 期望 omit 忽略，漏
appear 似乎，显得 determine 决定
manage 设法 cease 停止
ask 问 hate 憎恨，厌恶
pretend 假装 dread 害怕
need 需要 agree 同意
desire 愿望 love 爱
swear 宣誓 volunteer 志愿
wish 希望 bear 承受
endeavor 努力 offer 自愿
beg 请求 fail 不能
plan 计划 bother 扰乱；烦恼
forget 忘记 prefer 喜欢，宁愿
care 关心，喜欢 happen 碰巧
prepare 准备 decide 决定
learn 学习 regret 抱歉，遗憾
choose 选择 hesitate 犹豫
profess 表明 claim 要求
hope 希望 promise 承诺，允许
start 开始 undertake 承接
want 想要 consent 同意，赞同
intend 想要 refuse 拒绝
decide 决定 learn 学习
vow 起 contrive 设法，图谋
incline 有…倾向 propose 提议
seek 找，寻觅 try 试图
⑶（表）
The most important thing is to have a code of life.
Faith is to believe what you do not see and the reward for this is to see what you believe.
⑷（后置定语）
The deepest urge in human nature is the desire to be important.
The important thing in life is the determination to attain a great aim.
下面的名词常常可加不定式做定语
ability 能力，本领 drive 驱动
movement 运动，活动 ambition 抱负，野心
effort 努力，尝试 need 需要，需求
campaign 战役，运动 failure 失败
opportunity 机会 chance 机会
force 力，压力，要点 promise 许诺，希望
courage 勇气 intention 意向，意图
reason 理由，原因 decision 决定
method 方法，方式 determination 决心，决定
motive 动机，目的 struggle 奋斗，努力
tendency 倾向，趋势 wish 希望，愿望，祝愿
⑸（状）
To achieve happiness, we should make sure that we are never without an important goal. Lift a stone only to drop it on your own feet..
Life is too short to worry about everything.
⑹（主补）
Time is often said to be money.
Positive thinking is considered to be an essential factor of success.
⑺(宾补)
Difficulties train one to be great.
When you want the present to be better than the past, it is time to learn from the past.
下面的动词习惯于用不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask 要求，邀请 get 请，得到
prompt 促使 allow 允许
forbid 禁止 prefer 喜欢，宁愿
announce 宣布 force 强迫
press 迫使 bride 收买
inspire 鼓舞 request 请求
assist 协助 hate 憎恶
pronounce 断定，表示 advise 劝告
exhort 告诫，勉励 pray 请求
authorize 授权，委托 help 帮助
recommend 劝告，推荐 bear 容忍
implore 恳求 remind 提醒
beg 请求 induce 引诱
report 报告 compel 强迫
invite 吸引，邀请 summon 传唤
command 命令 intend 想要，企图
show 显示 drive 驱赶
mean 意欲，打算 train 训练
cause 引起 instruct 指示
require 要求 deserve 应受
direct 指导 leave 使，让
tell 告诉 like 喜欢
tempt 劝诱 entitle 有资格
order 命令 warn 告诫
enable 使能够 need 需要
urge 激励，力说 encourage 鼓励
oblige 不得不 want 想要
condemn 指责，谴责 lead 引起，使得
teach 教 entreat 恳求
permit 允许 wish 希望
⑻插入语：
英语中常用的不定式做插入语：
1 To start with,
2 To begin with,
3 To sum up,
4 To conclude,
5 To summarize,
6 To be brief,
7 To be short, 8 To illustrate,
9 To be honest, 10 T o be fair,
11 To be sure, 12 T o be true,
13 Sad to say, 14 So to speak,
15 To make matters worse, 16 To make things worse, 17 That is to say, 18 Needless to say,
19 Strange to say, 20 To tell the truth,
21 To put it like this, 22 To put it differently,
23 To put it from another way, 24 To be exact,
25 To be precise, 26 not to mention…
27 to name just a few. 28 to name but a few.
(9) 不带to的不定式:
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有: feel 觉得
observe 注意到，看到
overhear听到
watch注视
listen to听 perceive察觉，感知
notice注意
see看见
look at看
hear听
2) 另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。
3) 在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to。
Every bird loves to hear himself sing.
Take your way. Let the world talk!
Working can help one (to) create a rich and balanced life.
(10) 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态主动被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
A不定式的时态
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
4) 完成进行时：动作的持续性。
B不定式的语态
(一般式：to be done；完成式：to have been done)。
(11)不定式的复合结构
It is good for one to have self-knowledge.
It is possible for everybody to be successful.
Confidence makes it easy for one to achieve the goal.
The secret of success is for one to be ready for the opportunity when it comes.
All adversity is really an opportunity for us to grow.
For things to change, one has to change.
（12）关系代词或副词加不定式
How to act in this changing world is a real challenge.
Experience tells one what to do and confidence helps one do it.
第六讲非谓语动词讲解二
㈠V-ing:
1 做主语：
Having a goal in itself is a state of happiness.
It is no good learning without practice.
2 做宾语：
Change requires taking the right direction.
Life consists not in holding good cards, but in playing them well. 以下动词常常加doing做宾语:
acknowledge 承认，自认 confess 坦白
cease 停止 tolerate 忍受
mention 说到，讲到 avoid 避免
admit 承认 contemplate 细想
dislike 不喜欢，讨厌 endure 忍受
advocate：提倡，主张 complete 完成
dread 害怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏
enjoy 喜爱 bear 忍受
defer 拖延 envy 嫉妒
can't help 不禁 delay 延迟
escape 逃跑，逃避 can't stand 受不了
deny 否认 excuse 借口
consider 考虑 detest 嫌恶
fancy 幻想，爱好 favor 偏爱
mind 介意 repent 悔悟
figure 描绘 miss 错过
resent 怨恨 finish 完成
pardon 原谅，饶恕 resist 抵抗，阻止
forgive 原谅 permit 允许
resume 恢复 imagine 设想
简明英语语法表 词性 词性定义例句 名词指人，地点或事物 Noun This young driver turned her new car quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge 名词 yellow bus and came to a stop. 形容词描述名词所指得人或物 Adjective The young driver turned her new car quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge 形容词 yellow bus and came to a stop. 动词表示一种状态或一个动作 Verb The young driver turned her new car quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge 动词 yellow bus and came to a stop. 副词修饰动词，形容词和其他副词 Adverb The young driver turned her new car 副词 quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge yellow bus and came to a stop. 连词连接句子的两个部分 ConjunctThe young driver turned her new car ion 或短语 quickly into a busy street. Bang! She 连词 hit a huge yellow bus and came to a stop.
2019考研英语语法小讲：修辞倒装 1.在以never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, not only, not until, nor, little, nowhere, hardly….when, no sooner….than, by no means, under no circumstances 等开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。 例如： Never have I come across such a difficult problem. 我还从没有遇到过这样困难的问题。 Seldom do I read such magazines. 我很少读这种杂志。 No sooner had they left than the bus arrived. 他们刚走，公共汽车就来了。 Never before have I met him. 我以前从未见过他。 Hardly did I think it possible. 我想这几乎不可能。 Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but we should try our best to overcome them. 我们不但应该不怕困难，而且要尽努力克服困难。 Not until midnight did it stop raining. 直到半夜雨才停。 (正常语序是：It did not stop raining until midnight. 注意not位置的变化) Very seldom do you find that two clocks or watches exactly agree. 你很难发现两个钟或表的时间完全一样。 By no means will this method produce satisfactory results.
高中英语倒装句 倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装 1全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1）here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。Here is your letter. 你的信。 2). up，down，out，away，in , off, ahead放于句首Up jumped the cat and caught the mouse. Ahead sat an old woman. 3）表示地点，时间，方向等的介词短语放在句首时例如：After the head walked a group of workers. 4.“作表语的现在分词/过去分词/形容词+系动词+主语”形式的完全倒装 Seated in the front were the guests. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： Here he comes. 他来了。Away they went. 他们走开了。 2部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, scarely, in no way, under no circumstance, at no time决不, not until…等。例如： Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如： The mother didn\'t leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题 1）---Why can\'t I smoke here? ----At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit 2）Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn\'t man know D. did man know 2.Not only…but also前面倒装，后面不倒装 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 3．Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner…than等，要倒装。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 典型例题No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B.has the game begun C. did the game begin D.had the game begun 4so, neither, nor作部分倒装 so/neither/nor+be/can(should/will/could…..)/do(did/does)+sb表示\"也\"、\"也不\" 的句子要部分倒装。例如： 典型例题---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don\'t know, _____. A. nor don\'t I care B. nor do I care C. I don\'t care neither D. I don\'t care also 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\"的确如此\"。例如： Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It\'s raining hard.---So it is. 5 only在句首后接状语用总分倒装。例如： Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如： Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。 注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。
第二单元句子成分（Members of Sentences) 英语句子由词或词组构成。每一个词或词组在句中具有各自的功能。我们把词或词组在句中的功能称为“句子成分”。共有六种成分： （1）主语（2）谓语（3）宾语（4）表语（5）定语（6）状语 其含义简述如下： 1、主语（Subject）: 主语是句子中需要加以说明和描述的对象，如： ●The plane has just taken off. 飞机刚起飞。 主语 ●Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。 主语 ●May I ask you a question? 我可以问个问题吗？ 主语 主语一般有名词或代词来充当。 2、谓语（Predicate）: 谓语表示主语的动作，如： ●I played basketball yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我打了篮球。 谓语 ●Everyone enjoy s the challenge of quizzes. 人人都喜欢猜谜语。 谓语 谓语一般由动词来充当。 3、宾语（object）: 宾语是表示动作的对象或承受者，如： ●Peter bought a new dictionary. 彼德买了一本新词典。 宾语 ●I shall answer your question after class. 我课后再回答你的问题。 宾语 宾语通常由名词或代词来充当。 4、表语（Complement） 表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，如： ●He is a poet. 他是一位诗人。
表语 ●The soup is delicious. 这汤味道真好。 表语 ●My luggage is in the car. 我的行李在车里。 表语 表语一般有名词或形容词来充当。 5、定语(attributive) 定语用来修饰名词或代词，如： ●The family are fond of classical music. 这家人喜欢古典音乐。 定语 ● A happy person makes a better parent. 性格开朗的人更能成为一名好的家长。 定语 定语主要由形容词来充当。 6、状语(adverbial) 状语用来说明事件发生的地点、时间、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、程度、比较和方式等。例如： （1）动词： ●He speaks French fluently. 她法语说得很流利。 状语 ●The match was put off because of rain. 比赛因天雨而推迟。 状语 （2）形容词：I’m very happy to see you all. 我很高兴见到大家。 状语 (3 ) 副词：The traffic is moving pretty slowly 交通很堵。 状语 （4）整个句子：Luckily, he wasn’t injured. 幸运得很，她没有受伤。 状语 状语主要由副词或短语来充当。 练习 2.1 指出下列句子中的划线部分做什么句子成分： 1.Experience is the best teacher. 2.I encourage you all work hard, help each other and build a better future. 3.Finally, I’d like to summarize the main points. 4.Was the bridge built last year? 5.Did you buy a gift for your father on Father’s Day ? 6. A company isn’t just a name and a building. 7.Probably, we’ll drop in on professor Jackson. 8.He called a moment ago.
第四节倒装 倒装语序有两类: 全部倒装和部分倒装。 全部倒装：指谓语部分全部提到主语之前； 部分倒装：指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。 倒装语序常出现在下列情况中: 1. 为避免句子部分内容重复, 英语中常用倒装句,即: so (neither, nor)+be动词(助动My fater is an engineer; so is my husband. Jane didn't attend my class yesterday; nor did Torris. "John can't swim." "Neither can I.""约翰不会游泳。" "我也不会。" [提示]如表示赞同别人的陈述, so后面的部分不倒装。 "Jim is a good-swimmer." "So he is, and so is Dick." 2. 具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时, 句子一般部分倒装,即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time,no sooner 等。 Never has my brother been abroad before. Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door. No sonner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. At no time should you give up studying.在任何时候你都不应放弃读书。 [提示] (1)如果句首的否定词修饰主语, 是主语的一部分, 则句子不用倒装。 Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month. (2) as或though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句
LECTURE 11 倒装结构 本堂目标：熟悉在何种情况下使用完全倒装、何种情况下使用部分倒装，了解倒装结构中主谓语的一致问题，掌握几种固定短语的倒装结构。 基础预习 倒装属于句法中的语序范畴。所谓倒装语序即非自然语序。自然语序的基本次序是主语在前，谓语在后，那么倒装语序的基本次序则是谓语在前，主语在后。但究竟是谓语的一部分置于主语之前，还是谓语的全部置于主语之前，又将倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装两种。 一、完全倒装 完全倒装即将谓语的全部（主要是指实义动词）置于主语之前；完全倒装出现的频率不是很高，且多为修辞性
二、部分倒装 部分倒装是指只将谓语的一部分（功能性助动词——系动词、助动词和情态动词）置于主语之前，实义动词仍保留在谓语动词之后。部分倒装主要有以下几种情况： 1．强调性倒装 强调性倒装主要指only用于句首强调状语（副词、介词短语或从句）时，句子要实行倒装。 【例】(09-翻译) 2．否定性倒装 否定性倒装指否定词、半否定词用于句首（但不为主语的一部分）时，句子要实行倒装。 【例1】
【例2】 3．so...that结构中的so位于句首时 在这种结构中，“so＋形容词”是主句表语的前置；“so＋副词”是主句状语的前置。同样，句首为to such an extent, to such a degree, to such a point等状语时，句子也要部分倒装；当谓语为be动词时，则全部倒装。 【例】 三、倒装中主谓语的一致 在倒装句中，其他成分放到句子前部，而主语则往往被置于句子后部。这时要注意辨认主语，谓语动词要同主语保持一致。 【例】
倒装句 概念：用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要，分为完全倒装和部分倒装。 一.完全倒装：句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 1.以here, there, now, then等副词或out, in, up, down, away等表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用come,go, be, lie,run,rush等。 2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时 A beautiful lake lies at the foot of the hill At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. 注意：在上述句子中，如果主语为人称代词，则主、谓不需要倒装。 In he came and back he went again. Away he went . 二.部分倒装：be/助动词/情态动词提前到主语的前面。 Is am are was were（be动词）do does did（助动词）can could would may will might（情态动词）等1.only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时, 要进行部分倒装. Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. Only after he came back was I able to see him. 注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如：Only socialism can save China. I seldom go to the cinema. 倒装：Seldom do I go to the cinema. 我很少去看电影． I have never seen such a performance. 倒装：Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没有看过这样的表演． 2.否定副词及介词短语的否定词位于句首时。 高考常考的这类词或词语有：never , not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time等。 3.not until 引导的从句位于句首引起的主句部分倒装 He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back. 倒装：Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework. 直到他的妈妈回来，他才完成作业。 The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep. 倒装：Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 等到孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间． 注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 4、as/ though (虽然，尽管）引导的让步状语从句 名词\形容词\副词\分词+as\though+主语+其他 Although I am ugly, I am gentle. 倒装：Ugly as I am, I am gentle. Though he is a child, he has to make a living. 倒装：Child as he is, he has to make a living. 注意：从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词
倒装句 倒装的两种考法： 1. 放在单项选择题中，考查考生的倒装语法知识是否熟练掌握； 2. 放在完形填空和阅读理解中，设置理解障碍。 倒装的两种形式： 1. 完全倒装：将整个谓语动词提到主语前。 2. 部分倒装：即半倒装，将谓语的一部分即助动词提到主语前。 一、完全倒装 1】表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off, over, back等标志词放在句首，句子用完全倒装。 【翻译句子】 (1)车来了。Here comes the bus. (2)铃响了。There goes the bell. (3)孩子们冲出来了。Out rushed the children. (4)那个男孩离开了。Away went the boy. 【疑难】 Here it is. In she came. Away he went. 【疑难剖析】当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。 2】地点状语放在句首且谓语动词为come, live, lie, go, sit, stand等时用完全倒装。【完成例句】 (5)河的南面有一家小工厂。In south of the river lies a small factory. (6)山谷里传来一声喊叫。From the valley came a cry. 3】such, the following等放句首时，句子要完全倒装。 【翻译句子】 (7)Such are the facts. 情况就是如此。 (8)生活就是这样。Such is life. (9)The following is the answer to the question. 这个问题的答案如下。 4】There lie / exist / stand / live ＋主语＋…是there be 句型的变式 【翻译句子】 (10)山顶上有一幢高楼。There is a tall building on the top of the mountain. (11)山顶上耸立着一座古塔。There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain. 5】“表语＋系动词＋主语”的结构。 【例句观察】 Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests. 出席晚会的有格林先生，还有一些别的宾客。 Seated on the ground are a group of young men. 坐在地上的是一群年轻人。 【注意】此时，主语较长，可还原为正常语序即：主＋系动词＋表语。 二、部分倒装
2018考研英语十二大基础语法体系之一致关系 语法基础贯穿英语的各个题型，基础复习阶段，词汇和语法都是基础和重点。小编带大家一起来梳梳理十二大基础语法体系，下面是一致关系语法知识点，大家注意学习和应用。十二大基础语法体系之一致关系 一致关系 英语的一致有三种:主谓一致，代词一致，肯定与否定一致 (一)主语与谓语的一致 英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要用单数形式;主语若是复数，谓语动词也要用复数形式 例如: She likes to eat well.她好吃 We all like good food.我们都喜欢好饭菜。 Everybody was happy with the decision. 人人都对这个决定感到高兴。 I am a doctor.我是个医生。 (二)概念一致 1. And连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 His opinion and mine are different他的观点和我的是不同的。 Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死对头。 What she says and what she does are totally different. 她说的和做的完全不同。 但是如果and连接的是指一个单一概念时，谓语动词用单数。 Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年来一直是我的早餐。 Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律师和老朋友要娶她。 All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有这些努力和牺牲都白费了。 由and连接的单数主语分别有many a，ever y，each，no修饰时，动词用单数。 如：During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。 No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education. 男孩和女孩都没有拒绝教育的权利。Man a man and man a woman was moved b this picture。许多男男女女都被这幅画感动。2.如果主语是一个抽象概念(如不定式、动名词、主语从句等)谓语动词用单数形式。如果主语是用and连接的两个或多个抽象概念，谓语动词用复数形式。 如：Swimming jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports exercises.游泳、慢跑和骑自行车都是很好的运动形式。 To live to eat is not a very goad attitude toward life. 活着就是为了吃不是好的生活态度。 To live to eat and to eat to live are very different attitudes toward life. 以what，who，why，haw, whether等wh一词引起的从句做主语时，谓语动词通常用单数;由and连接的两个主句如果指两件事，动词用复数。
第十九章名词性从句 本章重点、难点：对名词性关系从句和名词性疑问从句的理解，名词性从句作宾语的 各种情况。 19.1 概述 名词性从句是指一个分句在句子中相当于名词充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。这种分句通常由从属连词that、whether（if）引导，也可由连接代词what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose等引导，还可以由连接副词where, when, how, why等引导。 19.2 主语从句 主语从句是指一个分句充当句子的主语，它可以由that, what, whatever, who, whoever, when, where, how, why, whether等引导。 19.2.1 由that引导的主语从句 主语从句是陈述事实的时候，从句用that引导。that在从句中没有作任何成分，只起连接作用。在大多数情况下，为了保持句子平衡，从句用形式主语it代替，把that从句放到句子后面，尤其句子是主系表结构的时候。如： It is impossible that he should come over himself. It’s strange that he should have left without saying“goodbye”. It’s a pity that he has missed the lecture. It occurred to me that he had left for Hong Kong. It was said that he was translating the book into Chinese. 主语从句的引导词that一般不能省略，但从句放到后面的时候间或也省略that。如：It’s good you gave me such help. It’s natural he should pass the exam. 在少数情况下，为了强调从句，或为了保持句中的平衡，可以不用形式主语it代替，而是直接把that从句放到主语的位置上，这时，不能省略that。如： That he hasn’t finished the task is a fact. That we need advanced equipment is obvious. That she became a teacher may have been due to her mother’s influence. That he is feeling better is the best news that we’re expecting. That he didn’t attend the meeting made the manager angry. 用it作形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配： 1. it be + 形容词+ that-从句，如： It is strange (surprising, possible, necessary, natural, obvious, true, important, good, unlikely, fortunate, quite clear, etc.) that... 2.it be + -ed分词+ that-从句，如： It is said (believed, thought, arranged, decided, expected, known, reported, etc.) that... 3.it be + 名词+ that-从句，如： It is a surprise (a pity, a shame, a fact, a wonder, a good thing, an honor, common knowledge, good news, etc.) that... 4. it be + 不及物动词+ that-从句，如： It appears (happens, seems, came about, turned out, occurred to me, etc.) that...
倒装句 英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于强调或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为两类，一是完全倒装，二是部分倒装。完全倒装是指全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是指只把助动词、情态动词或be动词放在主语之前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。 一、完全倒装 1. 用于 there be 句型。 例：There are many students in the classroom. 原句自然顺序是：Many students are there in the classroom. ★2. 表示地点的here和there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词，以及stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)。 例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。 There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。 注意：若主语为人称代词，则不倒装。如： Here you are. 这就是你要的东西。（给你。） Here it comes. 它来了。 ★3. 表示方向的副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。 Out rushed the puppy. 小狗冲了出去。 Away went the girl. 那个女孩走远了。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。 注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如： In he comes. 他走了进来。 Down it came.它掉了下来。 ★4. 表示时间或顺序的副词now, then 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如： Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。 Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。 ★5. 当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。 South of the city lies the factory. 工厂位于城市南部。
考研英语语法大全之【倒装句】详解 倒装句 英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normal word order)，如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就称为倒装语序(inverted word order)，当谓语全部置于主语之前，称为全部倒装(full inversion);当谓语一部分(如助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前，称为部分倒装(partial inversion)。 一、全部倒装 (一)there be句型 有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型，如：stand，lie，exist，live，remain，appear，come，happen，occur，rise等。 例句：Generally，there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states，large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (选自2007年Use of English) 分析：该句是复合句，其中a belief与that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互为同位语关系，形容词短语large enough to be...作定语修饰states。 译文：他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家，大到经济上可运行良好，并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。
?语言论丛? 主动形式表被动含义的探讨 唐国平 李 斐 (攀枝花学院外语系,攀枝花617000) 摘 要 本文采用了演泽法,检验了韩礼德的语态系统中主动形式表被动这一语法现象,并扩 大到词素、词汇层面,对语态系统中主动形式表被动含义进行了相关探讨 关键词 主动形式;被动含义;中动句;对象格主语;假不及物动词 对学习者来说,‘S +be +P.P ’的被动结构形成是再熟悉不过的了,但用主动形式表被动含义却是个难点。 因其在教科书中出现的频率之高,也不失为一重点。例如:在《实用英语综合教程》 (吴银庚等1995)第二册同一页就可找到2个例句: (1)Onc day a y oung female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand This practice s oon spread throughout the group.(v olume 2126para4) (2)Or even if they could learn ,they could not teach one another in the way people do.This too has proven to be untrue.(v olume 2126para4) 那么,怎样去识别主动形式表被动含义呢?其主语与动词之间有什么样的逻辑或语义关系呢?本文试图从词素、词、和句子三个层面对其进行探讨。 一、概述 韩礼德将英语的语态系统描绘如下: 语态(v oice )- 中动态(middle :a clause with no feature of agency ) 有效态(effective :a clause with agency )-主动态(active )被动态(passive ) 韩礼德认为,若将及物性分析中物质/心理/关系/行为/言语五大过程中的动作者(actor )/感受者(senser )/载体(carrier )/行为者(behaver )/言语者(sayer )置于主位且与主语重合,就表主动意义;若把该五大过程中和目标(g oal )/现象(phenomenon )/属性(attribute/value )/行为(behaviour )/受话者(receiver/verbiage )主位化且与主语重合,就有被动含义。如: (1)主动:(Eggins 1996:258)Married w omen are the real victims T oken Pr :intensive Value subject 被动:The real victims are married w omen Value Pr :intensive T oken subject 第20卷第3期V ol 1201N o 13 攀枝花学院学报Journal of Panzhihua University 2003年6月Jun 12003
倒装句 1. so + 助动词／be动词／情态动词+ 主语 某人(物)也是这样 neither + 助动词／be动词／情态动词+ 主语 某人(物)也不/没… Frank is generous. So is George. I watched that movie yesterday. So did Zac. Frank isn’t generous. Neither is George. I didn’t watch that movie yesterday. Neither did Zac. 2. There be … “存在” 主语在be动词后 There is a dog in the yard. There are five apples on the table. 3. 表示方位或方式的副词或介词短语，如：here, there, up, down, away, back, off, out, on, in front of the building等，位于句首，且主语是名词时。 介词短语+谓语vi+主语 In front of the building stands a tower. Away went the old lady. In came the manager. Here comes the bus. 注意： 主语是代词时，不倒装。 Here you are. In he came. 4. such置于句首时。 Such is human nature. Such are the facts. 将下列句子转变为倒装句。 There was a sudden gust of wind and his hat went away. There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. The door burst open and the crowd rushed in. The door burst open and in rushed the crowd. The nurse’s voice came from a speaker on the wall. From a speaker on the wall came the nurse’s voice. 5.倒装: No sooner + 助动词+ 主语+ 动词 No sooner had he returned than he bought a house and went to live there. No sooner had I opened the door than the phone rang. 6.倒装: Hardly + 助动词+ 主语+ 动词 Hardly had he had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. Hardly had I taken my seat in the theater when the play began.
简明英语语法表 词性
句子结构 主语+动词 一个句子可以由一个主语（名词或代词）和一个谓语（动词）构成。 主语动词 Fernando arrived. Alex left. 主语+动词+直接宾语 一个句子可以由一个主语，一个动词和一个直接宾语构成。一个直接宾语回答“什么”的问题。（He had what? He had a letter. Julio wanted what? Julio wanted ice cream.）一些动词像have常常跟一个直接宾语. 主语动词直接宾语 Veronique threw the ball. Evan liked Susan. He had a suitcase. 主语+动词+间接宾语 句子也可以有间接宾语。间接宾语回答“给谁”的问题。（He wrote to whom? He wrote to Junko. Junko gave the letter to whom? Junko gave Aoko the letter.） 如果间接宾语出现在直接宾语之后，你一定要用“to”。如果间接宾语出现在动词之后，但在直接宾语之前，你不必加“to”。 简单句，并列句和复合句 简单句
简单句只有一个从句。（从句是由一个主语和一个动词组成的。）但是简单句可以有一 个以上的主语，动词，直接宾语和间接宾语。 这些被称作复和宾语，复合动词和复合宾语。 并列句 并列句是由并列连词连接的两个或多个从句。一些常见的并列连词由and, but,so 和or. 复合句 复杂句是由从属连 词连接的两个或多个从句。一些常见的从属连词有：when, because 和 that 。 名词和冠词 普通名词和专有名词 普通名词是用来特指任何人，地点和事 物。