1定语从句
大家还一定要多做梳理，查漏补缺，放眼全局，把复习过以及没复习到的地方梳理一遍，下面传媒研考小编整理了英语句法学与语法相关内容，了解一下。
从句就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)中的一个成分，因此从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。
定语从句是中国人学英语最重要的难点之一。其实定语从句很有规律，总结如下：在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语，因此，除了在非限定性定语从句中，用that一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一，它们从句中只起状语的作用，表示时间的就用who门，表示地点的就用where，而why只修饰一个词，即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。
?关系代词：
who，which，that作从句的主语
whom，which，that作从句的宾语(可省略)
whose从句中作定语
以下情况只能用that，不能用which:
i.先行词为不定代词all, little, none，any，every，no，much, anything, nothing
ii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
iii.先行词既有人又有物的时候
以下情况只能用which，不能用that;
①引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)
②介词+关系代词的结构中
?关系副词：
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语
why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分，定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。要把其中一个句子变成定语从句，就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时，先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主语的，就用who。或that;指人并作宾语的，就用whom或that;指人并作定语的，就用whose。指物并作主语的，就用which或that认指物并作宾语的，还是用which或that认是物并作定语的，就用whose或of which。这样找好并替换以后，再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的那个句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的词语一律不变)，这个句子就变成了定语从句。然后，再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，最后，如果还有其它句子成分，就把它们放到定语从句的后面，就行了。
例如：
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在这两个句子中，the book是相同的，定语从句修饰的就是the book。把后面这一句变成定语从句，找个关系词来代替the book;在将要被变成定语从句的名子中，the book是物并作宾语，所以用which或that代替它。
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。这时，就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”，再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定语从句就完成了，主句是问句，所以句末用问号。that/which代替的是原句中的宾语，原句变成了从句，它们仍然作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以
省略，因此上句又可变成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”。
关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替之前，这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the house where I was born and brought up. = I was born and brought up in the house. 在这两个句子中，in the house是句子里的地点状语，定语从句修饰的就是the house。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中，in the house是地点状语，所以用where来代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序来代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。这时，就成了"where I was born and brought up"。再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.”，定语从句就完成了，主句是陈述句，所以句末用句号。Where代替的是原句中的状语，原句变成了从句，它就作从句的状语。
(1) The hotel is an artistic building. We'll stay in it.
……The hotel where we'll stay is an artistic building.
……The hotel (which/that) we'll stay in is an artistic building.
……The hotel in which we'll stay is an artistic building.
(2) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.
?定语从句
请大家照上面的例子，把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可以省略)：
(3)They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.
→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.
→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.
→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.
那么，“介词+关系代词”是怎么回事呢?原来上面这个例句，还有一种做法：This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在这两个句子中，the house是相同的，定语从句修饰的就是the house 。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中，the house表示物而且是介词in的宾语，所以用关系代词which或that来代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。这时，后面这一句就成了“which/that I was born and brought up in”。再把这个定语
从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”。定语从句就完成了，主句是陈述句，所以句末用句号。
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定语从句翻译技巧公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
定语从句翻译技巧 在英语中, 定语从句很常见, 翻译时如不进行仔细分析就会出现误译。通过实例对定语从句的翻译技巧做一探讨, 并将这些翻译技巧赋予理论概念, 即定语从句定语化, 定语从句谓语化, 定语从句状语化。在把汉语翻译成带有定语从句的英语时，中国学生常常会受到母语的影响会出现误译。因此我们要对比英汉两种语言，以便避免汉语的负迁移。 一英译汉时定语从句翻译中的易错点 英语中的定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的结构, 通常分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。进行英译汉翻译时如不进行仔细分析，就会造成误译。比如，下面两个句子仅有一个逗号之差，含义却不同： His brother who is a soldier is eighteen years old now. His brother, who is a soldier, is eighteen years old now. 第一句应译为：他那个当兵的哥哥今年十八岁了。（含义为：他不止一个哥哥。句中的限制性定语从句起到限定的作用。） 第二句应译为：他的哥哥今年十八岁了，他在当兵。（含义为：他只有一个哥哥。句中的非限制性定语从句起到补充说明的作用。） 定语从句在英语中大量出现, 它有长有短, 结构有简有繁, 对先行词的限制有强有弱, 定语从句有时起着补充说明和分层叙述的作用, 或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件, 让步和结果等意义。在语序上, 英文定语从句置于先行词之后.。所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念, 合理安排译文的语序。 二英译汉时定语从句的翻译方法 英语定语从句虽然种类繁多, 变化复杂, 但一般均可以用以下三种方法翻译。
where引导的定语从句修饰抽象名词。 一、where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。 The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 注：有时point也可以是具体的地点： Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。 二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。 三、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。 四、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。 五、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。 六、where定语从句修饰抽象名词job
一、什么是定语 定语是对名词或者代词进行修饰或者限定的成分,定语一般可以翻译成“….的” 二、定语可以由什么充当。 the green team ______________ a girl in red _______________ a book written by Luxun _____________ the girl sitting next to me ______________ the work to be done __________________ a lady who sat next to a black man ______________________ 三、定语从句的三大要素 1. 定语从句______________________________________________ 2. 先行词__________________________________________________ 3. 关系词（关系代词、关系副词）_________________________________ 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系副词有when, where, why 四、判断下列复合句中的从句是否为定语从句。 1. The man that helped you is Mr. White. 2. Our teachers and parents hoped that we can enter a good university after graduating from Huairen high school three years later. 3. This is the school bag which my mother bought me yesterday. 4. The one who cleans the blackboard should be praised. 5. China is no longer what it used to be. 6. I don’t know the boy whom you gave the book to just now 五、关系词的三大功能 1. 引导定语从句 2. 在从句中替代先行词（从句中不能再出现先行词或代替先行词的代词） 3. 在定语从句中充当一定的成分 功能2讲解： 判断下列两组定语从句的正误 ①The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. ②The student whom we saw him just now is the best runner in our school. ③The trees which are behind the office building have lost their leaves. ④The trees which they are behind the office building have lost their leaves. 功能3讲解见课本P8 六、关系代词的用法 1. 在定语从句中，当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用that 或which, 在从句中可以做主语或宾语，其中做宾语时可以被省略。 ?The earthquake which/that happened in 1906 was the biggest in American history. ?The train which/that h as just left is for Shanghai. ?He likes the birthday presents that/which/ his friends gave him.
Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表 示地点 1、We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly、A、which B、as C、why D、where 2、He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car、 A、which B、as C、why D、where 两道题都选where ,但就是case, situation都不就是地点,如何理解？ 在“先行词不就是表示地点的名词”的前提下,如何判断就是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题就是一个高频考点。就就是说,关系副词where 所指代的先行词不只就是表示地点的名词。
用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解,当where 引导定语从句时,它的先行词就就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不就是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请瞧以下几个例句: Other research, where siblings have been asked to say who their mother and father favor, suggests that mothers do tend to show a preference for their first-born son, but fathers often show great affection for their youngest daughters、 1、Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other、请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
Exercises: 1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_____ is Mary's. A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_____ it will be completely finished. A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time 3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_____ was taken in london. A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which 4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people ____ village I taught before lived a happy life. A who B whose C in whose D in which 5.There is a moutain ____ the top is always covered with snow. A whose B of which C it's D that 6.She may have missed her train, in ____ case she won't arrive for another hour. A what B that C which D this 7.1)I have three children,and two of _____ are doctors. 2)I have three children, two of ____ are doctors. 8.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls. A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds 9.I have bought two ballpens,_____ writes well. A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which （1---6ABDCBC 7----9B DDC） 特殊结构定语从句点击 1. These houses are sold at such a low price ________ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 2. I've never heard so interesting a story ________ you told me. A. as B. that C. of which D. about which 3. I've seen the same film ________ you saw yesterday. A. that B. which C. as D. like 4. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear. A. that B. which C. as D. like 5. He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 6. ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 7. This is the first time ________ he has been here. A. that B. when C. at which D. which
M1 Unit 1School life I.短语总结 1.be happy/satisfied with 对…满意；因为…开心 2.attend (an) assembly 参加集会 3.earn respect from sb. 赢得某人的尊重 earn a living by 靠...生活 4. have/ show respect for 对...尊敬的 5. devote oneself to doing sth投入于做某事 6. get /be interested in 对…产生兴趣 7. make a speech about 做关于…的演讲 8. miss a chance to do sth. 失去做某事的机会 9. leave out 省略，遗漏 10. regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事 regret doing/having done sth. 后悔做过某事 11. inform sb.of/about sth./inform sb.that… 通知某人某事 12. run a company/a school 管理公司/ 学校 13. require sb.to do sth. 要求某人做某事 14. On/upon finishing his studies 学习一结束 15. for free/for nothing/free of charge 免费 16. all year round 一年到头 17. show respect for sb. 尊敬某人 18. prepare for 为…做准备 19. achieve high grades 获得高分 20. be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事 21. come up with 提出 22. on display 在展览中 23. be independent of 从...独立 24.the + 比较级..; the +比较级越...越... 25. spend 时间/ 钱（in）doing sth/ on sth 26.be available for 可被使用的/得到的 27.have much experience in 在某方面有经验的 28.select....from 从...中选择 29.be fluent in 在某方面流利的 30.be broadcast live 现场直播 31.It’s useless doing sth 做某事没有用
1.People spoke highly of the driver_____,in spite of the terrible weather, had saved his passengers from danger. A.which B.who C.whom D.as 2.The island_____he lived in his childhood is far from the town. A.which B.in which C.on which D.that 3.I hope to get_____a tool______he repaired this machine with. A.such;that B.so;that C.such;as D.as;as 4.The soldiers stopped at the edge of a wood,______was the right place for an ambush(埋伏). A.they thought where B.they thought which C.where they thought D.which they thought 5.The factory has 500 workers,40 percent_____are women. A.of which B.of whom C.of them D.of that 6.He often talked about the artists and paintings_______impressed him greatly. A.which B.who C.that D.不填 7.I will never forget the days_______we spent together and_____we made friends with some farmers. A.when;that B.that;when C.when;when D.which;which 8.His family,_______all music lovers,don't want to miss MTV programmes. A.who is B.which is C.who are D.which are 9.Who is the person_______asked for me just now? A.who B.that C.whose D.whom 10.He asked more than one elder for advice,_______he hoped to make a wiser decision. A.which B.by which C.by which means D.by that means 11.His technique has developed to the point_______he can repair many of the electrically powered farm machines. A.when B.that C.where D.which 12.The comrade I share the room________is a young teacher fresh from college. A.with him B.with whom C.with D.in 13.What do you think of the material_______the coat is made? A.which B.of which C.from which D.in which 14.The fire started on the first floor of the hospital,______patients were elderly people. A.many of whose B.whose many C.many whose D.many of whom 15.He was the only one of the boys who______willing to do the work. A.is B.was C.are D.were 16.He is not the man_______he used to be. A.who B.whom C.which D.that 17.I was very surprised at the way_____he spoke at the meeting. A.which B.by which C.where D.不填 18.Is this village______Chairman Mao once lived in? A.where B.which C.that D.the one 19.The doctor______is leaving for Africa next month. A.the nurse is talking to him B.whom the nurse is talking C.the nurse is talking to D.who the nurse is talking
as引导定语从句的用法 as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. ================================ As 的用法例 1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语； 例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which”特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如： My grandmother’s house was a lways of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
定语从句的“并列套用” 中文里“本位词”和“外位语”如何翻译成英文 英文短句的翻译方法 中英文事实和评论的关系 英文中四种句子的翻译方法 中英文关联词的使用和英文中人名地名的翻译 中英文的一个重要差异：中文是动态性语言，善于用动词；英文是静态性语言，善于用名词 定语从句的翻译二 This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. 这种假设基于人性中内在懒惰的谬论，实际上，除了不正常懒惰的人以外，很少有人不愿意挣只比最低生活费多的钱，也很少有人愿意无所事事，而不去工作。
第一步：断句 This assumption rests on the fallacy/ of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually,/ aside from abnormally lazy people,/ there would be very few/ who would not want to earn more than the minimum,/ and who would prefer to do nothing/ rather than work. 并列套用： 中心词+ 定语1 + 定语2 + 定语3 + 。。。European’s today, like Americans 200 years ago, seek a world where strength does not matter so much, where unilateral action by nations is forbidden and where all nations regardless of their strength are protected by commonly agreed rules of behavior. 当今的欧洲人，就和两百年前的美国人一样，寻找这样一个世界，在那里，武力并不是最重要的，禁止由国家发起的单边运动，所有国家不论其实力，都受到普遍公认的行为准则的保护。 第二步：翻译 假设是基于这样一种谬论：人性中存在着天生的懒惰。
As、but和than通常都是以介词、连词等身份被大家所熟知，而它们居然可以摇身一变成为关系代词，在定语从句中做主语和宾语。As As最基本的用法是做连词“与……一样”表示同级的比较，介词“作为”。下面是它特殊的用法， 例句：1. He does not possess such qualifications as are necessary to be an actor. 他并不具备一名演员应有的资格。2. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last week so I need to talk to her about it so we don't wear them the same at the same time. 她买的那条裙子和我上周买的一模一样，我要和她商量一下，免得“撞衫”。上面两个例句中定语从句都使用了as作为关系代词，我们可以发现例句1中含有“such…as…”，例句2中含有“the same…as…”，由此可见，我们到底要不要使用as来做关系代词，可以根据句中是否出现了与as搭配的短语进行判断。3. The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police, as was expected. 如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数人的杀人犯终于被警方逮捕。该句中并未出现与as搭配的短语，此处的用法是as做关系代词指代前面整个句子，在定语从句中做主语。 But大家熟悉的but基本都是以转折连词的身份出现，但是它还兼职在做定语从句中的关系代词。例句：There is no man but errs. 没有任何人能够不犯错误。句中的先行词是man，but 自然就充当了关系代词的角色，但我们从句意中可以发现，but带有一层否定的意思，相当于“who not”。那么我们可以把例句转换为：There is no man who does not err. 但要注意，只有在but 前有先行词的时候才有此用法！请比较下面这个例句：He did nothing after graduation but spend his parents' money. 他毕业之后无所事事，就知道花爸妈的钱。该句中but 是介词的用法，有转折的意义。 Than即可以做连词也可以做介词的than都是比较的含义，它居然也可以用在定语从句中。例句：1. Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed. 父母最好别给孩子们太多的钱，够用就可以了。2. Don't order more food than can be finished. 别点太多吃的，会吃不完的。此处Than以主语的形式出现在定语从句中，其实省略了what，than也就等于than what。例句也可以写作：Parents had better not give kids more money than what is needed 例句2则可以转换为：Don't order more food than what can be finished 不管是做介词、连词也好，在定语从句里做关系代词也罢，than都表示了一个比较的关系，从上述两个例句来看，句中都出现了比较级的形式。 一、but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。 如：①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。 ②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。 二、than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。） 如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。 ②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。
M1U1 Grammar and usages Attributive Clauses导学案 课时目标：回顾句子成分中的定语，及定语从句； 五个关系代词的用法 课时重难点：关系代词的指代及所做成分 一、回顾已知，引入课题。 观察下列短句，划出其中的名词、形容词、介词短语。并将它们译成中文。 1.an enjoyable experience 2.best friends 3.the rules of the school 阅读Point 1 on P8 模仿翻译：穿红衣服的女孩子们 二、自主学习，边学边导。 (一)定义、概念 1、定义：在复合句中，修饰或限定主句中某一个________或________,并充当定语的从句是定语从句 2、相关概念： ●被定语从句所修饰或限定的名词或代词称为__________ ●引导定语从句的词称为________, 可在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语等Ex1 读下列小短文，并找出3个定语从句，完成下列表格。 Little Tom asked his mother for two dollars. "What did you do with the money that I gave you yesterday?" "I gave it to a woman who is poor and old" he answered. "You're a good boy," said the mother happily. "Here are two dollars more. But why are you so interested in the old woman?" Ex.2将下列定语从句拆分成两个简单句 1、Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? _____________________________________________________________________ 2、I like those books whose topics are about history. _____________________________________________________________________ 3、A plane is a machine that can fly. _____________________________________________________________________
初三定语从句专项练习题一 ( )1. They are talking about things and persons ___ they knew when they were young. A. that B. which C. who D. whom ( )2. This is the man ___ last night. A. whom I saw him B. whom I saw C. which I saw D. who I saw him ( )3. The seventeenth century was one ___ many advances were made in science. A. that B. which C. where D. when ( )4. We travelled together as far as Chicago, ___ we parted. A. when B. which C. why D. where ( )5. The reason ___ I’ｍwriting is to tell you about a party on Saturday. A. because B. why C. for D. as ( )6. Author Edith Wharton thoroughly understood the society ___. A. she had grown up in it B. which had she grown up in C. she had grown up D. in which she had grown up ( )7. This is one of the best books ___. A. that have ever been written B. that has ever been written C. that has written D. that have written ( )8. The first time ___ I saw Premier Zhou was in 1958. A. when B. where C. which D. that ( )9. Which of the two cows ___ you keep produces more milk? A. that B. which C. whom D. what ( )10. He met my brother, from ___ he got the news of my marriage. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose ( )11. Would you please put the book ___ it belongs? A. to whom B. to which C. into which D. where ( )12. Do you remember the name of the company ___? A. where she works at B. in which she works C. for which she works in D. in where she works ( )13. This is the most difficult book ___. A. what I have read it B. which I have read it C. I have read D. I have read it ( )14. The last place ___ was the Science Museum. A. we visited B. where we visited C. which we visited D. we went ( )15. All ___ you have to do is to press the button. A. what B. which C. for that D. that ( )16. Her opinion is the same ___ her mother’s. A. that B. as C. than D. like
定语从句的翻译 英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。 英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。 从结构上分析，常见的定语从句翻译方法： 一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。 既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。 He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。 Harmonious interpersonal relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here. 同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。 二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。 英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理： （一）重复先行词 由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种复杂形式，这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which ,whom , whose , 它们既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。关系代词前该选用什么样的介词，要根据不同的语境、习语、惯用法等来决定。一．介词选择的主要标准 1.介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配 Human facial expressions differ from those animals in the degree to which they can be controlled on purpose.人类的面部表情和动物的面部表情就可控制的程度来说是不一样的。( to a degree ) The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.那场在新年晚会上我学生参加表演的英语剧很成功。( in the play ) The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs for which they are being trained.学校本身承认，并不是所有的孩子都能在他们所接受的培训的职业成功。( be trained for the job ) 2.介词与定语从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配 Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands? 我们的老师与之握手的那个男士是谁？( shake hands with sb. ) Last month , part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods , from whose effects the people are still suffering. 上个月，东南亚的部分地区发生洪水，人们还在遭受着洪水所带来的影响。(suffer from sth. ) 3.介词与定语从句中的形容词构成一种习惯性的搭配 Ours is a beautiful country , of which we are greatly proud . 我们的国家是一个美丽的国家，我们为之感到很自豪。( be proud of ) The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress. 同斯皮尔伯格结婚的女人是一位演员。( be married to ) The woman to whom he was engaged was a doctor. 他与之订婚的那个女士是位医生。(be engaged to ) 4.有时关系代词前用什么介词，要根据句子的意思来决定，此时不但要注意其前的搭配，也要注意其后的搭配 I was a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was , she had ran back in the direction from which she had come.看见一位妇女在黑暗中像我走来，我还没来得及认清她是谁，她已经从她来的方向跑回去了。（如果仅注意先行词，很容易受习惯心里的影响而使用in this direction 的搭配，但考虑到语境后的come ，则应该使用from。） He was educated at the local high school, after which he went on to Beijing University. 他在当地一所高中上学，之后他上了北京大学。（after which 的意思就是“在当地一所高中接受完教育之后”）。 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm. by which time many have got home.在 办公室我好像总是没时间，只有等到下午五点半，而那个时候大家都已经回家了。（此句不能受at 5:30 pm 的通常表达的影响而选用介词at, 而应该依据整个句子的语意来确定介词。）5.表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.这次环球旅行老水手用了9个月，其中航行的时间是226天。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 这个工厂每年生产50万双鞋，其中的（指50万双鞋）80%销往海外。 I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom