科技英语翻译
1.当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了，自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到别人选择（社会认同）的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。
1.The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in today’s society, and has contributed to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy among consumers.We’re told that we can choose the type of life we live, the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out. But while we bask in the false promise of mastery, we forget that the choices we make are often irrational-either linked to other people’s choices (what is socially acceptable), or our own unconscious motives.
2.鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；双方兹就下列内容达成一致：
2. Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products; and whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A. Now Therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows:
3.版权是一种无形资产。正如其字面所示，它所拥有的是一种权利。这种权利包括两个方面，即复制权和对复制权的使用控制。版权是对作品创造者实行的一种法律保护。最初仅限于对书籍方面，而今已扩大到对各种杂志、报纸、地图、戏剧、电影、电视节目、电脑软件、绘画、图片、雕塑、音乐作品、舞蹈动作设计等类作品的保护。实质上，版权保护的是知识或艺术财产。
版权这种财产与众不同，因为它旨在为公众所利用，为公众所享受。如果一个读者买一本版权受保护的书，这本书就归其所有。但是如果他将此书复制或散发，那便属违法，因为这种权利属出版商、作者或拥有其版权的人所有。
3. Copyright is an intangible form of property. What is owned, as the word suggests, is a right. This right has two aspects-the right to copy and the right to control copying. Copyright is a legal protection extended to those who produce creative works. Originally only for books, copyright now extends to magazines, newspapers, maps, plays, motion pictures, television programs, computer program software, paintings, photographs, sculpture, musical compositions, choreographed dances, and similar works. Essentially a copyright protects an intellectual or artistic property.
This type of property is unusual because it is normally intended for public use or enjoyment. If an individual buys a copyrighted book, it belongs to him as an object. But making copies of it to sell or give away is illegal. This right belongs to the publisher，author, or whoever holds the copyright.
4.承租人同意将所租建筑保持良好状态，并不得任其损坏。如果承租人对出租房屋作任何调整或增添任何设施，事先必须征得出租人的书面同意。房内任何增添和装修过的设施都成为出租人的财产，而且承租人不得以此向出租人提出补偿要求。如果发生火灾，本租赁合同立即终止。
4.The Lessee agrees to maintain the leased building in good condition and shall not allow it to further deteriorate. Any modifications or additions carried out on the leased building by the Lessee may be done only with the Lessor's prior written permission. Any new structure resulting from modification, addition or repair to the leased building becomes the property of the Lessor, and the Lessee cannot claim any damages. This lease contract is terminated should the
leased building be subject to a fire disaster.
5.阐述了2000年以来，中国经济和能源快速增长的态势，以及能源消费构成变化情况和石油消费形式，探讨了2050年前几种不同情境下的中国经济增长前景、能源消费增长趋势、能源消费构成变化趋势和石油需求总量。
5.This paperillustrates the rapid growth of china’s economy and energy consumption, the change of energy consumption structure and the situation of oil consumption since 2000. It also discussed the prospect of china's economic growth,the increasing trend of energy consumption, the changing trend of energy consumption structure and the total demand of oil in different situations before 2050.
6.加速发展常规天然气、页岩气、煤层气等气体能源，即能缓解我国面临的能源安全、环境保护和减排等多重压力，又能培育新的经济增长点。为此应提升气体能源在我国能源战略中的地位，加快能源领域的市场改革，建立完善准入和矿业权管理制度，放宽气体能源的行业标准，改革能源价格形成机制，并加大对页岩气开采等技术开发的支持，从而改变我国能源供应和消费的结构，支持可持续发展和生态文明建设。
The accelerating development of gas energy such as natural gas, shale gas and coalbed methane can relieve pressures from energy security, environmental protection and emission reduction as well as create new economic growth points.Therefore, methods such as promoting the position of gas energy in energy strategy, accelerating the market reform in energy field, establishing and perfecting themanagement system of access and mining right, relaxing the industry standard of gas energy, reforming energy price forming mechanism and increasing the support of key shale gas extraction technologies should be taken to change the structure of energy supply and consumption in our country and support the sustainable development and ecological civilization construction.
7.本刊只接受全部用英文写成的稿件。来稿在5000字左右为宜。论文必须另页附200字以内的中文摘要、100词以内英文摘要和不少于3个的主题词。正文格式应符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字体；2、双倍行距；3、左右两边空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、单面打印；5、段落第一行行首缩进四个字符；6、加入页码；7、文内引语和参考书目采用美国心理学会（APA）的论文格式。
7. This journal only accepts Englishpapers. Keep the paper about 5000 words, with an abstract of 200 words in Chinese and 100 words in English with at least 3 keywords in a separate page. The following is the format of the text submitted:
1. Use font size 12 in English;
2. Write on double-space;
3. Leave margins at least 3.5 cm on the right and left sides;
4. Type on only one side of the paper.
5. Indent the first line of every new paragraph with 4 spaces;
6. Number the paper with the pages.
7. Adopt the format of APA for the quotations and references.
课后题答案
Unit 2（P19）
1.对于许多人来说，在当今计算机时代还需要由人来作翻译似乎不合情理。既然现代计算机能装入词典和语法，为什么不让计算机来作翻译呢?计算机是可以作一些非常简单的语际转换工作，条件是事前和事后都要进行大量的编辑。但是无论广告小册子还是抒情诗都绝不可能归结为计算机所要求的那种逻辑。计算机打印出来的译文常常是可以看懂的——如果有关人员早就知道原文的大概。但是机器翻译出来的东西，其语言形式通常是不自然的，而且有时候简直令人不可思议。再者，仅仅修改程序或者增加规则也不会使译文有真正的改观。人的大脑不仅具有数字功能和模拟功能，而且还有内存价值系统，这个系统在语言成分分析上比起计算机来有着不可估量的优势。对于任何文体引人入胜、语义复杂的文本——包括大多数值得在另一种语言中表达出来的东西，
非得由人来进行翻译不可。
2.Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language．To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author's idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author's idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.
Unit 3（P25）
19.独立宣言包括三个部分：第一部分阐明政治哲学—民主与自由哲学，内容深刻动人；第二部分列举若干具体的不平事例，以证明乔治三世破坏了美国的自由；第三部分宣布独立，并宣誓支持该项政策。
20.接到来函后，不到十分钟，我骑马动身了。到达坎特布里，换乘四轮马车进镇，但一场雨把我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时不能痊愈。大约中午到达财务委员会，要做的第一件事，就是刮脸换衣。不久，打听到在委员会前树碑的内情。可是我尚未接到通知，不过从送信者口里获悉翌日上午会有通知的。我一回到小旅馆就吃了晚饭，然后就上床睡觉。第2天一早，吃过早饭，换好衣服，我就及时出发去打听有关纪念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上马车，在3点之前回到了坎特布里。没给你带来什么，再见吧。
Unit 11（P94）
作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文明的结晶。
Unit 12（P105）
1．版权是一种合法权力，旨在保护创造性作品在未得到允许的情况下不得加以复制、演出、展出或传播。版权拥有者具有这样一些专有权：复制版权受保护的作品；根据版权保护的作品制作其他作品将保护作品的拷贝出售、出租或借给公众使用在公众场合演出以及公开展出版权受保护的作品。版权拥有者的以上种种基本专有权也有例外的情况，这往往要根据作品的种类以及他人怎样使用作品而定。
版权法中“作品”一词指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的创作物。这样，能受版权保护的作品就包括文学作品、音乐作品、戏剧选集、舞蹈、照片、绘画、雕刻、图形、广播、地图、电影、电台和电视节目、录音以及计算机软件程序等。
版权不保护某种想法或概念，只对作者表达想法或概念的方法加以保护。例如，要是某科学家发表了一篇文章，阐述生产某种药品的新的制作过程，那么版权可以阻止他人抄袭该文章，但不能制止任何人用上述过程配备药品。要想保护上述制作过程，该科学家就必须获得专利。
Unit 13（P116）
3.对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
4. If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.
Unit 14（P120）
以上定义中提到的指定的管理计划通常称为“管理建议”。一般来说，管理建议向预期的客户准准确确地解释整个项目将如何进行管理，以及管理人员的姓名等，并为完成该项目提出一个时间进度表。管理建议的重要目的之一是让客户相信，该项工作在每个阶段都将由能胜任的人员来完成，这就是说，如果是“硬件”项目，就要从原型设计研究到整个制造阶段；如果是“软件”项目，则要从初始的探索性研究到最终解决方案（“软件”
一词在此上下文中指的是一份能解决某一基本问题或若干问题的可行性报告）。此外，建议中有关管理的部分应当在质量和可靠性问题上分清职责，措辞要尽量清晰果断，便于客户与供应商交换意见。
2013-2014科技英语作业
汉译英部分（作业）
对农民工的管理和服务要到位
雇工要给工钱，古今皆然，中外同理。但是，就在国务院已经下发了用工单位不得以任何名目拖欠和克扣农民工工资的通知后，有些急于拿到工钱返乡过春节的农民工仍拿不到钱。忙碌了一年的血汗钱，农民工要把每个前掰成两瓣儿花的：盖新房、娶媳妇、备耕买种子、化肥、子女来年的学费都指望着它呢。
拿不到工钱，已经够让农民工烦心的了，但闹心的事远不止这一件。诸如受了工伤，老板不予治疗，欲诉诸法律，有打不起官司；受了老板或包工头的侮辱，想讨个说法却又担心丢了饭碗只好忍气吞声；劳动环境恶劣，劳动强度超负荷，有毒有害物质和气体严重戕害身体，却投告无门；各种名目的管理费多如牛毛，是个穿制服的就敢向农民工收费，不交就可能被驱逐出城。凡此种种，都发出了一个讯号：各地政府对农民工的管理和服务要尽早到位，不然就有可能出乱子甚至是大乱子。
Do a good job in administering and serving laborers from the countryside
You have to pay the people you hire. There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, athome or abroad. However, some of the hired laborers haven’t got their pay though they are anxious to go home for the spring Festival despite the fact that the State Council has issued a notice forbidding employers dock laborers’ wages in whatever name. the laborers plan to spend their money sparingly as so many things hang on the money earned with their blood and sweat: to build new houses, to get married, to buy seeds, chemical fertilizer, and pesticides to get ready for the spring plough, and to pay for their children’s education of the next year.
It was already bothering them that they fail to get the money due to them. But there are far more troubles. For example, their bosses refuse to pay for their medical treatment when some of the laborers get injured during work, and they simply cannot afford to launch any lawsuit even if they want to. Sometimes they really want to seek justice when they are bullied by the boss or the foreman, but very often they have to swallow it lest they should lose their jobs. They suffer from adverse working environment, unbearable labor intensity, and toxic and harmful material and gases which seriously affecting their health, but there is no place where they can complain about these. Miscellaneous fees are imposed on them in various names and excuses-anyone wearing a uniform or even an armband can levy fees from them and refusal may result in the lab orers’ being driven out of the city. All these are sending out warnings to us: there will be troubles, even big troubles unless governments at different levels do a good job in administering and serving laborers from the countryside.
近几年来，国债资金重点用于水利、交通、通信、能源、环保等方面的建设，取得了重大成效。在基础设施落后的状况已有改变的情况下，产业结构的优化升级应成为经济发展的首要任务。要用现代技术改造传统产业，加快发展高新技术产业，改变第三产业发展明显滞后的状况。能不能完成这一阶段性任务，关系到加入世贸组织后我国国际竞争力的提高，关系到经济的持续快速健康发展和第三步战略目标的实现。
实现结构调整的目标，技术是最大的制约因素。许多符合产业升级要求的好的建设项目，由于缺乏技术，虽然有资金也无法进行。所以，打破技术这一瓶颈制约，是实现产业升级目标的关键。当前，必须加大对科研开发的投入，继续引进国外的先进技术和装备，加强消防、吸收和创新。
Great results have been achieved in recent years through giving priority in the allocation of funds gathered through governmental bonds to the construction of water conservancy , transportation, communication , industries of energy resources ,and environmental protection. Now the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure have become the most important task as the backward infrastructure has been remarkably improved. We should reform traditional industries by adapting modern techniques, speeding up industries with advanced new techniques, so as to change the situation that the tertiary industry lags behind. The successful fulfillment of this task has a direct bearing on whether
China can raise her international competitiveness, maintain the continuous , rapid and healthy development of her national economy, and realize the targets set ird for her third strategic plan.
The greatest restrictive factor in achieving the target of this industrial structural readjustment is technology. Many fine projects cannot be upgraded because of lack of technique , though they meet the demands for upgrading and there is no lack of funds. Therefore, it has become a key to the realization of such upgrading to break through this technical bottleneck. At present, it is imperative to put in more in scientific research, continue to introduce in advanced foreign techniques and equipment, and do a better job in digesting and absorption of such techniques and at the same time blaze new trails.
英译汉部分（作业）
Until recently, scientists knew little about life in the deep sea, nor had they reason to believe that it was being threatened. Now, with the benefit of technology that allows for deeper exploration, researchers have uncovered a remarkable array of species inhabiting the ocean floor at depths of more than 660 feet, or about 200 meters. At the same time, however, technology has also enabled fishermen to reach far deeper than ever before, into areas where bottom trawls can destroy in minutes what has taken nature hundreds and in some cases thousands of years to build.
Many of the world's coral species, for example, are found at depths of more than 200 meters. It is also estimated that roughly half of the world's highest seamounts — areas that rise from the ocean floor and are particularly rich in marine life — are also found in the deep ocean.
These deep sea ecosystems provide shelter, spawning and breeding areas for fish and other creatures, as well as protection from strong currents and predators. Moreover, they are believed to harbor some of the most extensive reservoirs of life on earth, with estimates ranging from 500,000 to 100 million species inhabiting these largely unexplored and highly fragile ecosystems.
Yet just as we are beginning to recognize the tremendous diversity of life in these areas, along with the potential benefits newly found species may hold for human society in the form of potential food products and new medicines, they are at risk of being lost forever. With enhanced ability both to identify where these species-rich areas are located and to trawl in deeper water than before, commercial fishing vessels are now beginning to reach down with nets the size of football fields, catching everything in their path while simultaneously crushing fragile corals and breaking up the delicate structure of reefs and seamounts that provide critical habitat to the countless species of fish and other marine life that inhabit the deep ocean floor.
Because deep sea bottom trawling is a recent phenomenon, the damage that has been done is still limited. If steps are taken quickly to prevent this kind of destructive activity from occurring on the high seas, the benefits both to the marine environment and to future generations are incalculable. And they far outweigh the short-term costs to the fishing industry.
前不久，科学家们对深海生物还知之甚少，也不太相信它们正受到威胁。现在，随着深海探测技术的发展，研究人员发现660多英尺，即200米深的海底生存着大量多种多样的物种。但与此同时，捕鱼人员也可以依靠技术到达比以前更深的地方，进行海底拖网捕捞，而此种深海捕捞则可在几分钟内就把大自然几百年乃至几千年的积累毁灭。
例如，世界上的许多种珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，据估计世界上一些最高的海底山约有一半位于深海海底。这些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特别丰富。
这些深海生态系统为鱼类和其它生物提供生存、产卵、繁殖的场所，从而保护它们免遭大海流和猎食者的侵袭。此外，据信这些深海生态系统蕴藏着世界上最丰富的生命宝库，估计有五十万至一亿种生物生活在这些大体上未经勘探并且极脆弱的生态系统中。
当我们现在刚刚开始认识这些地区极其丰富的生物多样性，并发现这些新物种可能为人类社会带来好处时——如新食品和新药品，这些地区却面临着永远消失的危险。由于确定物种丰富地区的能路增强，由于拖网捕捞能到达比过去更深的区域，商业渔船可把足球场大小的拖网撒入海中，碰上什么捕捞什么，同时损坏了脆弱的珊瑚，破坏礁石和海底山的脆弱结构，而正是这些东西为生活在深海海底的无数鱼类和其它海洋生物提供了赖以生存的场所。
因为深海海底拖网捕捞是最近才出现的一种现象，它所造成的损害还是有限的。如能赶紧采取措施防止这些在公海上的破坏活动，它为海洋环境和子孙后代带来的好处将是无法估量的。这些好处将远远超过渔业短期内需承担的花费。
The first outline of The Ascent of Man was written in July 1969 and the last foot of film was shot in December 1972. An undertaking as large as this, though wonderfully exhilarating, is not entered lightly. It demands an unflagging intellectual and physical vigour, a total immersion, which I had to be sure that I could sustain with pleasure; for instance, I had to put off researches that I had already begun; and I ought to explain what moved me to do so.
There has been a deep change in the temper of science in the last 20 years: the focus of attention has shifted from the physical to the life sciences. As a result, science is drawn more and more to the study of individuality. But the interested spectator is hardly aware yet how far-reaching the effect is in changing the image of man that science moulds. As a mathematician trained in physics, I too would have been unaware, had not a series of lucky chances taken me into the life sciences in middle age. I owe a debt for the good fortune that carried me into two seminal fields of science in one lifetime; and though I do not know to whom the debt is due, I conceived The Ascent of Man in gratitude to repay it.
The invitation to me from the British Broadcasting Corporation was to present the development of science in a series of television programmes to match those of Lord Clark on Civilisation. Television is an admirable medium for exposition in several ways: powerful and immediate to the eye, able to take the spectator bodily into the places and processes that are described, and conversational enough to make him conscious that what he witnesses are not events but the actions of people. The last of these merits is to my mind the most cogent, and it weighed most with me in agreeing to cast a personal biography of ideas in the form of television essays. The point is that knowledge in general and science in particular does not consist of abstract but of man-made ideas, all the way from its beginnings to its modern and idiosyncratic models. Therefore the underlying concepts that unlock nature must be shown to arise early and in the simplest cultures of man from his basic and specific faculties. And the development of science which joins them in more and more complex conjunctions must be seen to be equally human: discoveries are made by men, not merely by minds, so that they are alive and charged with individuality. If television is not used to make these thoughts concrete, it is wasted.
《人类的进程》写作渊源
《人类的进程》一书的提纲初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍摄的。像这样大的一个项目，虽然异常精彩，令人激动，却并不是轻易上马的。它要求我保持旺盛的脑力和体力，专心致志地投入工作。我必须确保持之以恒，并从中得到乐趣；比方说，我不得不停下已经开始的研究工作；我还应当说明一下，究竟是什么促使我承担这项工作的。
二十年来，科学的发展趋势发生了深刻的变化：关注的焦点已经从自然科学转移到生命科学。结果，便把科学越来越吸引到个体特征的研究上来。然而感兴趣的旁观者几乎没有意识到此事对于改变科学塑造的人的形象产
生了多么深远的影响。我是一个研究数学的人，以前学过物理学，若不是中年有幸有几次机会涉足生命科学，我也不会有所认识。我应当感谢我交的好运，是它使我在一生中参与了两个启发性的科学领域。尽管我并不知道应该向谁表示感谢，我编写了《人类的进程》一书，以表示我的感激之情。英国广播公司邀请我做的是通过一套电视节目来表现科学的发展过程，以与克拉克勋爵制作的关于文明的电视节目相匹配。通过电视来进行解说有几大好处：它有力、直观，能使观众身临其境或亲身参与所描述的过程；它的语言亲切，能使观众觉得他所看到的是人们的行动而不是事件。这些优点之中，我认为最后一点最为突出，它是一股最大的动力促使我同意以电视散文的方式从个人的角度来讲述各种思想的发展史。重要的是知识总体，尤其是科学知识不是由抽象的思想构成的，而是由人的思想构成的，自有知识开始直到现代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介绍打开自然界之门的基本思想，必须表现出它们很早就已产生，而且是产生在人类最淳朴的文化之中，产生于人类基本的、具体的感官之中。同时还必须表现出使种种思想形成越来越复杂的结合体的科学的发展也同样是人类的贡献：种种发现都是人的产物，而不仅仅是头脑的产物，因此它们都是有生气的，而且具有个人的特色。如果电视未能把这些思想表现得很具体，那岂不是浪费！
学术与技术英语
Part Ⅰ Define the following terms（名词解释10分）
1. Abstract（摘要）: A restatement of the main findings and conclusions of a document.
Indicative abstract: An indicative abstract merely describes what the report is about.
Informative abstract: It gives some specific information about the problem, method, result, or conclusions.
Abstract与summary的不同◇Standing alone◇The very first part
Category（分类）: descriptive/indicative abstract; information/informative abstract; information-indicative abstract functions：miniaturizing the text; deciding “Yes” or “No”; Expanding the circulation
Content（主要内容）: statement of the problem; statement of the approach; the principal result; the significance 3part structure:Topic sentence; supporting sentence; concluding sentence
写作要求：Integrity; Conciseness; Consistency; Concentration
5 steps:Underlining key words and sentences; Listing essential points of the paper; Boiling down each section to a
sentence or two; Drafting the abstract ; Checking the final draft
6 5A strategy: background; main topic; specific investigation; result and suggestion; conclusion and contribution
2. Summary is a restatement of the major findings and conclusions of a document, placed after the text
3. Finding is something that is found by analysis and experiment.
4. Results are usually presented together with the corresponding analysis concerned, and in this section the author present the essential result and date and then generalize them to a theoretical height.
Quantitative results（定量分析）are reported by tables/graphs/figures coupled with a verbal, and provide the readers with parallel information, numeric and narrative
Qualitative results（定性分析）are primarily presented in a narrative form but occasionally supplemented by a figure or a table
5. Conclusion: A summary of the author(s)’s viewpoints based on the investigation, experiments, inferences, discussions and so on.
Contents: Summing up; statements of conclusions; statements of recommendations; graceful termination
6. Acknowledgement（致谢）is mainly used to express the author’s appreciation and extend the author’s indebtedness to the helpful support or concern from their colleagues(or institutions) in offering any useful material, specimen, technical know-how, suggestions, any other enlightenment, etc. to the author.
Contents: gratitude to personal or institutional assistance; gratitude to financial support from different sources
7. References参考书目
References would normally include only those works that are actually referred to in the main text.
two system of the references: name and year system; citation order system
8. Bibliography参考文献
Bibliography generally contains works relevant to the subject matter of the assignment which the author has read, but not necessarily and specifically referred to in the text.
9. Plagiarism 剽窃
The unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the presentation of them as one’s own original work; something used and represented in this manner
Handle citation: direct quotation; paraphrasing; summarizing
10.Technical writing
A written document that deals with engineering and scientific topics in industry and business
11. Traditional resume
Traditional resume is a document that summarizes your personal date, career objective, educational and work history for a position in your field.
12. Meeting an assembly of people for talking and discussing on a topic
Conference a formal meeting organized on a particular subject, often lasting for a few days
Symposium the meeting for specialized academic discussion, usually narrow and specific in the range of topics Congress a gathering to discuss issues, ideas, and policies of public interest
Convention a routine meeting or a large gathering to discuss the business of their organization or political group Forum a public meeting to exchange ideas and discuss issues, especially important public issues
Seminar 研讨会a class-like meeting, to discuss a particular topic or subject presented by several major speakers 13.Title（文章题目）
Writing requirements: Be brief and concise; be specific; avoid question titles; be unified; be standard
functions: Generalizing the text; attracting the reader; facilitating the retrieval
14. Keywords（关键词）
Functions: easiness of retrieval; easiness of highlighting
numbers: four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.
Linguistic features: Nominalization; Limited number; Designated choice
15. Introduction（概述）
functions: introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement
process: Starting with the research background;Transiting to the existing problem; Focusing on the present research;
16 The structure of a thesis
例题：
1 what's the "PLAGIARISM" exactly mean?
Plagiarism is a kind of stealing. It is using someone else’s words and/or ideas and put them into your writing as though they are yours.
2 What's the meaning of "abstract" and "summary"?
An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. An abstracts is read before a reader studies the text. Abstracts are designed to stand alone.
A summary is a restatement of the major findings and conclusions of a document placed after the text of the body and intend to help readers comprehend and review the text.
3 two kinds of abstracts
Indicative abstracts list the sections of an article;
Informative abstracts briefly e xplain the article’s main point and the main support for that point.
4 what's the meaning of "findings" and "results” in research paper?
Findings refer to all the findings from the study. Some findings may not directly address the research questions. Results focus on the findings that answer the research questions.
5 two major references system
Name and year system, also called Harvard System, is regarded as simple and straightforward, and is alphabetically arranged and headed by the author’s name, the year of publication, the title of the publication, the publisher, and the page number and so on.
Citation order system, references are organized by order of citation.
6 reference and bibliography
A list entitled references would normally include only those works that are actually referred to in the main text.
A list entitled bibliography generally contains works relevant to the subject matter of the assignment which the author has read, but not necessarily and specifically referred to in the text.
7 recommendation and feasibility reports
Recommendation reports choose between two clear alternatives. Feasibility reports investigate one option and decide yes or no. Recommendation reports tend to be shorter.
其他类（不考分类，只考名词解释2013）
1. Classification of Professional papers
Report papers, research paper, course paper, thesis paper
2. Ways of preparing Professional papers
Searching for good ideas, finding topics, considering audience and purpose, moving from brainstorming to drafting, editing and refining
3. General Functions of Abstract
Generalizing the text, attracting the reader, facilitating the retrieval
4. Abstract 的写作要求
Be brief and concise, be specific, avoid question titles, be unified, be standard
5. Keywords有几个
Generally 2-8 words, but 4-6 preferred
6. Length of Abstract
Normally 200 words, but never more than 500 words, 50-100 words for short article. Approximately 3-5% of the length of the paper.
7. Categories of abstract
Descriptive, informational and informational indicative
8. Informational abstract应一般包含的内容
A statement of the problem; A statement of the approach to solving the problem; The principle result; the significance
9. Abstract sentence structure
A1: background; A2: main topic; A3: specific investigation; A4: result and investigation; A5: conclusion and contribution
10. Writing Requirements for Abstract
Integrity; conciseness; consistency; concentration
11. Abstract写作的5步(5 steps)
1) Underlining keywords and sentences;2) Listing essential points of the paper
3) Boiling down each section to a sentence or two4) Drafting the abstract
5) Checking the final draft
12. General function of introduction
1) Introducing the subject; 2) Limiting the research scope
3) Starting the general purpose; 4) Showing the writing arrangement
13. Structural function of introduction
1) Starting the research background;2) Transiting to the existing problem
3) Focusing on the present research
14. Discussion includes factors
1) Analyzing the data; 2) Pointing the doubts; 3) Expounding viewpoints; 4) Stating the significance; 5) Arriving at
a conclusion
15. General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion
1) Summing up; 2) statements of conclusion; 3) Statement of recommendations; 4) Graceful termination
16.A full research report includes
Title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, result and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgment, reference, etc.
17. Classification of professional journals
Journal, Acta, Bulletin, Circular or Gazette, Rapid communications/letters, Review, Proceedings
18. Category of meetings
Meetings, conference, Symposium, Congress, Convention, Forum, Seminar
19. Letters category for conference
1) Letters for inquiry; 2) Letters for invitation; 3) Letters for acceptance of invitation; 4) Letters for declination of invitation; 5) Financial application; 6) Cover letters; 7) Post-conference correspondence; 8) Letters of thanks
20. 信由哪几部分组成
The heading, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature.
Part 2 Revise the following sentences（句子改写10分）
句子改写，阅读p41-43, P47-50, P55-56
[1a] Management guarantees that the old system will be replaced and to consider the new proposal.
[1b] Management guarantees that the old system will be replaced and that the new proposal will be considered.
[2a] Use the cylinder with a diameter of 33/16 inches and 11/2 inches high.
[2b] Use the cylinder with a diameter of 33/16 inches and a height of 11/2 inches.
[3a] A successful firm is capable of manufacturing a product, marketing it, and make a profit.
[3b] A successful firm is capable of manufacturing a product, marketing it, and making a profit.
[1] The memo was sent by the manager.（被动passive voice）
[2] The manager sent the memo.（主动active voice）
[1] Any loose bubbles can be detected in this way.（被动passive voice）
[2] You can detect any loose bubbles in this way.（主动active voice）
[3] The worker can detect any loose bubbles in this way.
[1] The heated water is sent into the chamber.（被动passive voice）
[2] The heated water flows into the chamber.
[1a] The robot is used in repetitive activities.
[1b] Companies use robots in repetitive activities.
[2a] The ink is forced through the stencil by a squeegee.
[2b] A squeegee forces the ink through the stencil.
1. After we have Having carried through the formulism of Lagrange multipliers for 27 variables with 18 equations of constraints, we obtain the equations of three major axes.
2. They proposed that the factory should be fined, fining that factory for it has seriously polluted the rivers nearby.
3. After it isbeing boiled, water readily gives off water vapor.
4. We clearly observes the enhancement, and numerically analyzed the angular-distribution moments of the constant and found finding that the enhancement is constant.
5. We want to minimize friction, so we should grease the metallic surface.
6. The water is cooled so that it canto be used in the condenser.
7. The material that we are going to be used is a good conductor.
8. Supplies of rubber which Rubber supplies were required by industry came from far away.
9. The research that is now being carried out in NMR imaging is extensive and meaningful.
10. The plane which is flying at an altitude of 2140 meters is subjected to pressures of 80 kilometers per square meter.
11. The screw revolved once, and it raise raising the load by 30mm.
12. The contractors are responsible for the damage, since they having installed the machinery.
13. If they are Given a chance, the hegemonies would stage a comeback.
14. It is my strong desire is to join in your work, in the hope hoping that will be in the field of mirror theory.
15. He responded in a hasty manner. Hastily.
P50
1. In this formula, we have neglected the friction losses causedby friction.
2. We began the experiment, and hoped that the experiment could be successful, hopeful of success.
3. Connect M to N by using gears. M is geared to N.
4. The goods will be transported by means of trucked.
5. If we havehaving no faith, we can do nothing.
6. Electromagnetic waves, though they are invisible to our eyes, do exist in space, and reveal the same speed as light waves.
7. Three colors -----red, green, and blue----will, if they are mixed together in the right proportion properly, give us white light.
8. When you are making something, you have to choose the most suitable material for the purpose.
9. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power c an be used.
10. One side of the moving road will travel in one direction, the other side will travel in the opposite direction.
11. Velocity carried the idea of direction, but speed does not carry the idea of direction.
12. They were fastened together with staplesstapled.
Part 3 Analyze the introduction/abstract（10分）
分析文章的句子结构，可能是一篇摘要的5A策略
A1: background science; A2: main topic sentence; A3: specific investigation sentence; A4: result and investigation sentence; A5: conclusion and contribution sentence
Part 4 Report writing（150words）（20分）Informal report
Memo report
Date: January 19 ,2015
From:Zhang Liran
To: Zhao Jiaqi
C:Zhang Chengfei
Subject:
Introduction
I’ve completed the investigation on Android system and IOS system. This memo report presents the results of my investigation along with my recommendation. I investigated many users including students and office workers of all age groups.
Conclusion
The Android system is more popular to phone users. It has more application software. IPhones has a smart looking and a too expensive price. And many people feel difficult to use IOS system.
Recommendation
My recommendation is to use the Android system rather than IOS for our new phone.
Analysis report 1
Date: January 19 ,2015
To: Zhao Jiaqi
From:Zhang Liran
Subject: selection of super plasticizer in cement paste
Objective
To show that PC super plasticizer will increase the dispersion and stability of thefresh cement paste.
Summary
After long-distance transmission, rheological property of cement paste becomeworse off. This problem will be solved by adding PC super plasticizer, to reduce thecement particles coagulation again.
Introduction
In response to your request that I research the different types of superplasticizer(LS,PNS,PC), in gathering this information, I reviewed many literatures andmode a lot experiments. This report explains the properties of PC in fresh cement paste.The properties consist of dispersion and stability.
Conclusion
Through the performance comparison ,the results are as follows: 1. Three types of super plasticizer have the ability to disperse the cement particles,however, PC has stronger dispersion than others. 2. LS has little stability , PNS has a little stability , however, PC has better stability.
Discussion
The cement paste is a suspension of cement particles in water. The different types ofsuper plasticizer have different dispersion. In cement paste with super plasticizer(SP), SPcould adsorb on the surface of cement particles. because of the forces of van der waals,electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance, the cement particles could maintain dispersedstate. In cement paste with LS, there are the forces of van der waals among cement particles,cement particles are dispersed by the forces of van der waals and electrostatic repulsion incement paste with PNS, however, In cement paste with PC, cement particles are dispersed bythe forces of van der waals , electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance.
Analysis Report 2
Date: May 1, 2012
To: John Smith
From: Tom Brown
Subject:
Objective
To show that Android system is appropriate for our new software.
Summary
Many users feel difficult to use IOS operating system. Android is easy to use. A large number of applications are developed for Android system. New software using this system will be more popular.
Conclusion
Android system is appropriate for our new software.
Discussion
Recently, smart phone is the most important kind in the phone market. Choosing appropriate operating system is a key point determining sales volume of new software. IOS and Android is the two main kinds of operating system. Compared with IOS, Android has a lower developing cost and a better user experience.
Trip report
Date: January 19 ,2015
From: Zhang Liran
To: Zhao Jiaqi
Subject: The 8th international symposium on concrete and cement
The report discusses the 8th international symposium on concrete and cement inNanjing on September 17. The symposium featured exchange the experiences andresearch progress.
Experiences
two types of super plasticizer have the ability to disperse the cement particles, however,PC has stronger dispersion than others. Viscosity of the samples with PC is almostunchanged with shear stress increasing compared with PNS Research progress
new type super plasticizer is developing, this type is amphoteric, it has strongerdispersion than PC, and can further reduce viscosity.
Laboratory report 1
Date: January 19 ,2014
From: Zhang Liran
To: Zhao Jiaqi
Subject: selection of super plasticizer in cement paste
Introduction
Concrete is the largest amount of artificial materials, the research cement pastepromotes the development of concrete. The rheological property is important performanceof cement paste, thus,It can better understand to the performance of cement paste by determining ofrheological property of cement paste.
Methodology
In this work, the rheological behavior of cement paste with PC or PNS is analyzed bymeasuring apparent viscosity and rate of shear which are measured with viscosimeter.
Results
The results are as shown in figure 1Viscosity of the samples with PC is almost unchanged with shear stress increasing comparedwith PNS.
Discussion
In cement paste with SP, SP could adsorb on the surface of cement particles. Cementparticles are dispersed by the forces of van der waals, electrostatic repulsion and sterichindrance. PC superplasticizer can destroy flocculation structures to large extent.
Conclusion
SP can destroy flocculation structure greatly to increase the fluidity of the paste byrepulsion.
Recommendations
I recommend we can select PC to improve the fluidity of the paste.
laboratory report2
Date: January 19 ,2015
From:Zhang Liran
To: Zhao Jiaqi
Subject:
Introduction
Currently, mine safety is the focal point in mining activity. As a new and advanced approach for geophysical prospecting, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is used in the mine disaster detection. Purpose
The experiment aims to show whether LSQR is an effective inversion algorithm.
Problem
The complexity of coal mine underground environment, coupled with limitation of detection means, lead to lack of data, so the coefficient matrix is usually large and sparse.
Methodology
A large number of coal seam digital simulation model, including different internal diseases, are established, and the simulation data are processed by using the Least Square QR-factorization (LSQR) inversion algorithm.
Results
The inversion results show good agreements with simulation model feature configurations, and the diseases objects can be detected.
Conclusions
LSQR can be used in solving large and sparse equations.
Recommendations
I recommend finding method to decrease iteration times.
Outline report
Selection of super plasticizer:
PC VS.PNS
January 19, 2015
Researcher Zhang Liran
Purpose to compare PC VS.PNS to determine which is a better superplasticizer.
Method the rheological behavior of cement paste with PC or PNS is analyzedby measuring apparent viscosity and rate of shear which are measuredwith viscosimeter.
Conclusion SP can destroy flocculation structure greatly to increase the fluidity ofthe paste by repulsion. Recommendation I recommend we can select PC to improve the fluidity of the paste.
Recommendation report
Date: January 19 ,2015
From:Zhang Liran
To: Zhao Jiaqi
Subject: recommendation for selection of super plasticizer
Introduction
Concrete is the largest amount of artificial materials, the research cement pastepromotes the development of concrete. The rheological property is important performanceof cement paste, thus,It can better understand to the performance of cement paste by determining ofrheological property of cement paste.
This report is In response to your request for recommendation selection of superplasticizer(SP) in cement paste. The purpose of the report is to review two types of superplasticizer and to recommend the best SP. two types of super plasticizer being reviewedare PNS and PC.In gathering this information, I read many literatures and mode a lotexperiments. I recommend PC.
After long-distance transmission, rheological property of cement paste becomeworse off. This problem will be solved by adding PC super plasticizer, to reduce thecement particles coagulation again.
The remainder of the report will cover the following: conclusion research,recommendation of SP and discussion. Conclusion
Through the performance comparison ,the results are as follows:
1. three types of super plasticizer have the ability to disperse the cement particles,however, PC has stronger dispersion than others.
2. LS has little stability , PNS has a little stability , however, PC has better stability.
Recommendations
I recommend we can select PC to improve the fluidity of the paste.
Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%) Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、 11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution、 A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for 12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message、 A.accustomed to split and divided B.accustomed to splitting and dividing C.accustomed to split and dividing D.accustomed to splitting and divided 13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、 A、at itself B、as itself C、on itself D、in itself 14. us earlier, your request to the full、 A、You have contacted…we could comply with B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with C、You had contacted…could we have complied with D、Have you contacted…we could comply with 15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、 A、discard B、discreet C、discord D、disgorge 16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、 A、on…by…at B、by…for…in C、from…in…on D、through…with…from 17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create 、 A、bore B、bored C、boredom D、bordom 18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、 A、lacked B、lacking C、for lack of D、lack of 19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、 A、that have to B、have to C、having to D、has to 20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、 A、none the worse B、none the better C、never worse D、never better 21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、 A、cried out for…cried out for B、cry out for…cry out for C、had cried out for…cried out for D、had cried out for…cry out for 22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、 A、trigger B、meager C、vigor D、linger 23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、 A、as much the Africans are detribalized B、the Africans are much being detribalized C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized D、as much as the Africans are detribalized 24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、 A、can but B、cannot only C、cannot but D、can only but 25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、
2011年全国成人本科学士学位英语统一考试 北京地区 2011.11.05 注意事项 一、本场考试时间为上午9：00——11：00. 二、考生务必在答题卡上用黑色字迹签字笔填写自己的准考证号、姓名和学校，再 用2B铅笔把对应准考证号码的标号涂黑。 三、请考生仔细阅读题目的说明。 四、答案必须按要求写在答题卡规定的位置上，凡是写在试题册上的答案一律作废。 五、答题时，PartⅠ至Part Ⅳ部分用2B铅笔按示例填涂，如：■[B][C][D]，用 其他符号答题者不记分。修改时，必须先用橡皮擦去原来选定的答案，然后再按要求重 新作答。 六、PartⅤ部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔在答题卡规定区域内作答，超出黑色矩 形边框区域的答案无效。 PartⅠReading Comprehension （30%） Directions：There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 ： Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage The reflective towers of New York City，which is on the Atlantic migrating （迁徙的）route ，can be deadly for birds. “We live in an age of glass，”said https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,urel，an architect.（76）“It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights，and the larger the glass，the more dangerous it is.”About 90，000 birds are killed by flying into building in the city each year. Often，they strike the lower levels of glass towers after searching for food in nearby parks. Such crashes are the second-leading cause of death for migrating birds，after habitat（栖息地）loss，with an estimated number of death ranging up to a billion a year. （77）As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade，so，too，have calls to make them less deadly to birds. San Francisco adopted bird-safety standard for new building in July. The United States Green Building Council， a nonprofit industry group that encourages the creation of environmentally conscious buildings，will introduce a bird-safety credit this as part of its environmental certification process. There are no easy fixes，however. A few researchers are exploring glass designs that use ultraviolet（紫外线的）signals，but they are still in their infancy. Covers，dot patterns，shades and net are the main options available. Often，only one section of a building needs to be changed. “You don‘t necessarily have to treat every window，”https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,urel said. “It would be too
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
中国矿业大学《专门水文地质学》复习资料（上） 中国矿业大学《专门水文地质学》复习资料（上） 1、水文地质调查的目的和任务？ 目的：查明天然及人为条件下地下水的形成、赋存和运移特征，地下水水量、水质的变化规律，为地下水资源评价、开发利用、管理和保护以及环境问题、地下水灾害的防治提供所需的资料。任务：地下水的赋存条件。查明含水介质的特征及埋藏分布情况；地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件，查明地下水的水量及变化规律；地下水的水文地球化学特征，不仅要查明地下水的化学成分，还要查明地下水化学成分的形成条件。 2水文地质调查分哪几个阶段？ 1准备工作（主要是设计书）:已的水文地质工作评价、工作设计。2，野外工作。3，室内工作：测试、资料整理分析、编写报告 按不同目的分类：供水水文地质勘查、矿区水文地质勘查供水水文地质勘察工作划分为：地下水普查；详查；勘探；
开采 矿区水文地质勘查阶段划分：1，普查勘探阶段：普查、详查（初步勘探）、精查（详细勘探）2，生产建设阶段（补充勘探） 3水文地质调查包括哪些方法？水文地质测绘（地面调查）、水文地质钻探、水文地质物探、水文地质化探、水文地质试验、实验室试验分析、其它方法 4水文地质勘探工作程序应遵偱的原则？ A工作范围由大到小，工作要求由粗到精。B按测绘—勘探—试验—长期观测的顺序安排。C根据具体条件由少到多，由点到线，进一步控制到面。D每一勘查阶段按准备工作、野外施工和室内总结三段时期进行。 5水文地质地面调查（测绘）主要进行哪些方面的调查？ 气象资料、地表水、地质地貌、地下水露头 6水文地质观测路线及测点的布置要求？观测路线：a沿垂直岩层或岩浆岩体构造线走向。b沿地貌变化显著方向。c 沿河谷沟谷和地下水露头多的地带。d沿含水层带走向。观测点：a,地层界线断层线褶皱轴线岩浆岩与围岩接触带b,标志层典型露头和岩性岩相变化带等c地貌分界线和自然地质现象发育处d井泉、钻孔、矿井、坎儿井、地表坍陷、岩溶水点如暗河出入口、落水洞、地下湖和地表水体。 7水文地质钻探的任务和特点？任务：1、研究地质、水文地
北京大学光华管理学院2019年申请-考核制博士研究生招生说明 光华管理学院2019年招收博士研究生继续实行以综合素质能力考核为基础的“申请-考核制”招生制度。申请人须按照北京大学2019年博士研究生招生简章（校本部）和本院的相关要求进行报名并提交申请材料。凡是符合以下“基本条件”者均可申报。 一、基本条件 1、拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵守法律、法规和学校的规章制度，品行端正。 2、报名攻读博士学位研究生必须符合下述条件之一： （1）已获得硕士或博士学位； （2）应届硕士毕业生（须在录取年9月1日前取得硕士学位）； （3）获得本科学士学位满 6 年（到录取年的 9 月 1 日），可按照同等学力身份报考（以同等学力身份报考者，须在报考学科、专业或相近研究领域的全国核心期刊上已发表两篇以上学术论文（以第一或第二作者），或已获得省、部级以上与报考学科相关的科研成果奖励（排名前五名））。 3、具有浓厚的学术研究兴趣，具备较强的科研能力以及良好的英语水平，具备利用英语进行科研、论文写作以及学术交流的能力。 4、身心健康状况符合北京大学研究生入学体检标准。 二、申请流程 （一）网上报名和纸质材料提交 1、“北京大学研究生招生网”网上报名和交费。我院网上报名时间为 2018 年10月15日12:00至2018年12月10日12:00；具体办法详见北京大学博士研究生报名公告 （网址：https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,/zsxx/bszs/bssqkh/index.htm）。具体招生专业见北京大学博士研究生招生专业目录（网址：https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,/zsxx/bszs/bszyml/index.htm） 2、提交纸质材料。网报成功后，请于 2018年12 月 10 日 12：00 前寄（送）达以下纸质材料。
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part One: Listening Comprehension略 Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%) Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. 21._________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together. [A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive [C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive 22._________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent. [A] He would leave school [B] He left school [C] He had left school [D] He has left school 23.Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________. [A] to be shown [B] to have been shown [C] to have shown [D] being shown 24.__________ that should be given priority to. [A] It is the committee has decided [B] It is only the committee has decided [C] It is what the committee has decided [D] It is what has the committee decided 25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work. [A] less local free-spiritedness than [B] less local free-spiritedness than to [C] to less local free-spiritedness than to [D] less to local free-spiritedness than to 26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again. [A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for [C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to 27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports. [A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as
2017年11月北京成人学士学位英语考试真题及答案 Part I (30%) Passage 1 In 2014, older Americans fell 29 million times, leading to 7 million injuries, according to a report published last week. About million cases were treated in emergency department, and approximately 800,000 seniors went on to be hospitalized. More than 27,000 falls led to death. (76) And the problem is getting more and more serious. “Older adult falls are increasing and, sadly, often indicate the end of independence,” said Dr. Tom Frieden. The falls are preventable, Frieden stressed. He said individuals, families and health care providers can take steps to resist the trend. Dr. Wolf-Klein is a medical professor in New York. She said one concern is that seniors who have experienced a fall alone at home don’t tell anyone. When that happens, prevention efforts don’t begin and they’re at risk for additional falls that lead to broken bones and brain injuries. “Elderly patients tend not to report falls to their families, or even doctors. A fall is a very frightening thing that you keep quiet about. They think if they mention it, they are afraid that they will move to a nursing home or need assistants to help out in the house,” said Wolf-Klein. It’s also a status issue and may make someone feel that they’re weaker than they really are, she explained. When someone does fall and hurt themselves, they’re often never the same, Wolf-Klein said. “You can develop chronic(慢性的)problems. After a fall, a percentage of the population will never return to walking around. People used to taking the subway, now they’re in a wheelchair, or they may need help going to the bathroom. They become frailer and lose independence,” she said. 1.Which of the following is TRUE? A.In 2014, older adult falls caused 7 million injuries. B.In 2016, Americans fell 29 million times. https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,st year, million Americans had emergency treatment. https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,st month, more than 27,000 older Americans were hospitalized. 2.From the passage we learn that older adult falls ___. A.Are decreasing B.Can’t be avoided C.Must be treated in hospitals https://www.doczj.com/doc/3018953495.html,ually imply the end of independence 3.The word frailer in Paragraph 5 probably means ___. A.Lonelier B. weaker C. smarter D. better 4.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. A fall is a very terrible thing that you keep quiet about. B.After a fall elderly people will not develop chronic problems. C.To prevent fells elderly people should move to a nursing home. D.Elderly patients tend to tell their families about their falls. 5.What is the main idea of this passage?
博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文 KEY TO THE EXERCISES Unit One Science Text 1 Can We Really Understand Matter? I. Vocabulary 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C II. Definition 1. A priority 2. Momentum 3. An implication 4. Polarization 5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km. 6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth 7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energies III. Mosaic 1. The stress: (Omitted) Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one. 2. molecule 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A IV. Translation A.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation) B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfully developed in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-matter. They are the ―destruction‖ phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter. V. Grouping A.Uncertainty: what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious way B.Contrast: more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly well C. Applications of Quantum mechanics: the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes 1. probabilities 2. illusory 3. discourage 4. scrutiny VI. Topics for Discussion and Writing (Omitted) WRITING?STRATEGY?DEFINITION I. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries. 1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions of power) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.
爆破复习资料 1.硝铵类炸药的主要成分是？各在炸药中起什么作用？ 答：氧化剂 (硝酸铵、硝酸钾等) 、可燃剂(木粉、沥青、石蜡、煤油、柴油等)及敏化剂(TNT、石英砂、碎玻璃、金属粉等)。 2.试比较铵梯炸药和铵油炸药的优缺点及适用条件。 答：铵梯优缺点：铵梯炸药爆炸后生成气体量大、感度低，吸湿性强，当空气相对湿度大于硝酸铵吸湿点时，随空气湿度增高，吸湿速度加快，吸湿后易结块、硬化、大大降低爆炸性能，抗水性差。 适用条件：铵梯炸药可用于岩石隧道、巷道的掘进，露天爆破以及煤矿开采。 铵油炸药优缺点：优点是原料广泛，价格低廉，安全性好，加工简单，利于机械加工和现场混药。缺点是不抗水，易吸湿结块，感度低，临界直径大，威力小，产生有毒气体量多。适用条件：铵油炸药一般用于露天爆破。 3.比较水胶炸药和乳化炸药的组成优缺点和适用条件。 答：水胶炸药：主要由氧化剂、水溶液、敏化剂、胶凝剂和交联剂组成，有时加入少量交联延迟剂、抗冻剂、表面活性剂和安定剂，以改善炸药的性能。 特点：抗水性强，适合于有水工作面的爆破作业；机械感度低，安全性好；爆炸产生的炮烟少，有毒气体含量少；炸药的威力高，猛度和爆速值一般高于岩石铵梯炸药；具有塑性和流动性，有利于机械化装填，可提高工作效率、装药密度和爆破效果。 乳化炸药：也称乳胶炸药，是在水胶炸药的基础上发展起来的一种新型抗水炸药。它由氧化剂水溶液、燃料油、乳化剂、稳定剂、敏化发泡剂、高热剂等成分组成。 特点：乳化炸药的密度可调范围较宽、爆速、起爆敏感度高、猛度较高、抗水性能比水胶炸药更强；加工使用安全，可实现装药机械化；原料广泛，加工简单；适合各种条件下的爆破作业。 4. 常用的起爆方法有哪几种？简述各种起爆方法所用的器材。 答：1）电力起爆法，电力起爆网路由电雷管、导线和起爆电源三部分组成。； 2）导火索起爆法所使用的主要器材有：导火索、火雷管和点火材料； 3）导爆索起爆法，是利用一种导爆索爆炸时产生的能量去引爆炸药的一种方法，但导爆索本身需要先用雷管将其引爆； 4）导爆管起爆系统由塑料导爆管、连接元件、击发元件、传爆元件、起爆元件组成。 5. 炸药爆炸必须具备哪三个基本要素？为什么？ 答：1）反应的放热性。因为炸药分子只有在一定能量下才活化分解；热能是炸药爆炸作功的能量来源；炸药内能、爆炸、热能、气体压缩能、膨胀、机械功。 2）生成大量气体。爆炸能量必须借助于气体产物才能转化为机械功。没有气体产物就不会形成爆炸。 3）反应的快速性。短时间内释放大量能量才能具有强大威力 6. 炸药化学变化的基本形式是什么？ 答：1）缓慢分解（热分解）：常温常压下，炸药会自行分解，它是在整个炸药内部展开的，炸药内各点的温度相同没有集中反应区。 2）燃烧：燃烧反应是从炸药的某个局部开始，然后沿着炸药的表面或条形的轴向方向以缓慢的速度靠热传导向未反应区传播。 3）爆炸：反应从局部开始，靠冲击波向未反应区迅速传播，无论在密闭还是敞开条件下，均可产生较大压力，并伴随光、声等效应的过程，以每秒数百米至数千米的速度进行。
北京大学英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题huazi 发表于2007-1-20 11:00:00 推荐 北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part One: Structure and Written Expression Direction: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably comp lete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the AN SWER SHEET. (20%) 1 . The doctor's ___ is that she'll soon be as good as new if she takes insul in and watche s her diet. A.agnosticism B. anticipation C. diagnosis D. prognosis 2.It is understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of m his hearing wi11 remain forever unspoken. A.uncommunicatively B. acceptab1y C. tacitly D. taciturnly 3. ___ springs not out of true and deep admiration, but more often out of a self-seeking wish to identify with someone important or famous. A. A compliment B. An adulatory C. Flattery D. Praise 4.Leaving for work m plenty of time to catch the train will _____ worry about being late. A.rule off B. prevent C. avoid D? obviate 5.Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe. A. vociferously B. patriotically C. verbosely D. loquaciously 6.People suffering from prefer to stay shut in their homes and become panic-stricken m 1arge public buildings and open fields.
汉译英 一、P91 ~当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到社会认同的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。 The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in today's society, and has contributed to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy among consumers. We’re told that we can choose the type of life we live, the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out. But while we bask in the false promise of mastery, we forget that the choices we make are often irrational –either linked to socially acceptable, or our own unconscious motives. 二、(P102:4)鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权：鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品的目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可证权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下属商标：双方兹就下列内容达成一致： Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information includi-ng designs, techniques, process,formulas, skills and other data useful in the contract products’ production and sales; and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A. Now Therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows: