Professor Lawrence H. Summers
President of Harvard University
Address to Peking University on May 14, 2002 [Vice] President Min, President Xu, thank you for all of those kind words, thank you for the hospitality that you have shown me, thank you for the hospitality that you have shown the visiting delegation from Harvard University.
I believe we have gathered, these few days in Beijing, the largest delegation of faculty from Harvard University that has ever come to China. That is, I believe, a reflection of the importance of China to the world of the Twenty-First Century. It is a reflection of our common endeavor: the pursuit of knowledge, and the teaching of students. I am very excited to be here at one of China's great universities, [at] one of the world's great universities, and I am especially glad to have the chance to talk to so many of your students about the world that they are going to inherit.
You know, if you think about what we do in universities, if you think about the phenomenon of globalization, I believe that our special role today and the phenomenon of globalization are manifestations of a yet deeper transformation that is going on throughout the world. And that is this: knowledge is becoming more central to every aspect of human activity than it ever has before. Think about some examples. I am
convinced that when the history of this period is written, two centuries from now, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War will be the second story that is written in those history books. The first story that will be written about the last fifth of the Twentieth Century will be the rise of societies where over a billion people- closer to two billion people- live, to modernity; will be the doubling of standards of living that take place within a decade, and then take place within a decade again, for, literally, billions of people. That is an event that, in the history of the second millennium, I believe, has potential to rank with the Renaissance and with the Industrial Revolution.
And what is at it center? China is at its center, with the dramatic transformation that China has seen over the last two centuries. And knowledge, the spread and dissemination of knowledge, is at its center as well, because no country in Europe, no country in North America, has ever grown nearly as rapidly in a decade as China has grown in the last decade, and in the decade before [that].
That is a reflection of the enormous opportunities that modern technology provides for convergence. It is a reflection of knowledge. Think about something else: we are alive in the one period in human history when science has the potential to understand disease processes. When science has the potential, during the period in which the people in this room will be alive, to understand, at the level of individual molecules,
what it is that goes wrong and causes human beings to suffer and to die, and to find that understanding in ways that can be made operational, to bring about remedies. We have the potential to see more progress against disease in the period in which we are alive than in any other period in human history.
And what is that about? That is about the growth of knowledge as well. And we know some things about the growth of knowledge, and about the process of research, and the process of knowledge finding applications that are not obvious at all. We know some things about the role of serendipity; we know some things about the role of organizations.
Let me make one general observation about knowledge, and that is, that you can never tell where the most useful knowledge is going to come from. You cannot predict where it is going to come from; you cannot direct programs to find the most useful forms of knowledge.
Let me give you two very, very different kinds of examples. Perhaps the most abstract subject we teach in the university, in certain respects, is mathematics. Perhaps the least applied area of mathematics is number theory, the study of numbers. Every one of you who has sent an e-mail has benefited from discoveries in number theory [made] within the last twenty-five years, because research on prime numbers form the basis for encryption algorithms, which form the basis of every aspect of electronic communication and electronic exchange today. That, from the most
The Spider’s Bite When I was in middle school, a poisonous spider bit my right hand. I ran to my mom for help—but instead of taking me to a doctor, my mom set my hand on fire.After wrapping my hand with several layers of cotton, then soaking it in wine, she put a chopstick into my mouth,and ignited the cotton. 在我上中学的时候，一只有毒蜘蛛咬伤了我的右手，我去找母亲帮忙，但是她没有找医生，却把我的手放在火上面。她用酒浸过的棉纱绕着我的手缠了好几层之后，在我的嘴里放了一根筷子，然后点燃了棉纱。 【语言点解析】 Poisonous表示有毒的；恶毒的；讨厌的。例句：A lot of poisonous waste water comes from that chemical factory. 那个化工厂排出大量有毒的废水。 Heat quickly penetrated the cotton and began to roast my hand. The searing pain made me want to scream, but the chopstick prevented it. All I could do was watch my hand burn - one minute, then two minutes –until mom put out the fire. 棉纱上的温度很快上来了，我的手也开始发烫。这股灼痛让我想要大叫，不过我嘴里含着的筷子让我叫不出来。我唯一能做的就是看着我的手骨，一分钟过去了，两分钟过去了，直到母亲熄灭火。 You see, the part of China I grew up in was a rural village, and at that time pre-industrial. When I was born, my village had no cars, no telephones, no electricity, not even running water. And we certainly didn’t have access to modern medical resources. 所以你看到，我是在中国的一个小山村里成长的，在那个时候，并不发达。在我出生的那个年代，我们村没车、没电话、也没电，甚至都没有自来水！且理所当然地，我没有接触现代医疗资源的办法。 There was no doctor my mother could bring me to see about my spider bite.For those who study biology, you may have grasped the science behind my mom’s cure: heat deactivates proteins, and a spider’s venom is simply a form of protein. It’s cool how that folk remedy actually incorporates basic biochemistry, isn’t it? 当我被蜘蛛咬伤时，并没有医生可以来治疗我。对于学生物学的人来说，你也许能找到我母亲治愈背后所包含的科学原理：热量能够让蛋白质失活，而蜘蛛的毒液都是蛋白质组成的。将这个土方子和生物化学基础联系起来很神奇，不是吗？ 【语言点解析】 Folk remedy表示偏方。例句：The active component, willow bark, was used as a folk remedy as long ago as the 5th century BC. 它来自早在公元前五世纪就被用于民间配方的柳树皮，是这种树皮的一种有效成分。 But I am a PhD student in biochemistry at Harvard, I now know that better, less painful and less risky treatments existed. So I can’t help but ask myself, why I didn’t receive one at the time? 不过我现在是一个在哈佛学习生物化学的博士生，我现在知道了一个更好的、不那么痛、危险系数更小的治疗方法。所以，我忍不住问我自己，为什么那个时候我不能接受更好的治疗吗？
英语演讲稿朱棣文在哈佛大学的演讲稿 Madam President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers,faculty, family, friends, and, most importantly, today's graduates, 尊敬的Faust校长，哈佛集团的各位成员，监管理事会 的各位理事，各位老师，各位家长，各位朋友，以及最重要的各 位毕业生同学， Thank you for letting me share this wonderful day with you. 感谢你们，让我有机会同你们一起分享这个美妙的日子。 I am not sure I can live up to the high standards of Harvard Commencement speakers. Lastyear, J.K. Rowling, the billionaire novelist, who started as a classics student, graced thispodium. The year before, Bill Gates, the mega-billionaire philanthropist and computer nerdstood here. Today, sadly, you have me. I am not wealthy, but at least I am a nerd. 我不太肯定，自己够得上哈佛大学毕业典礼演讲人这样 的殊荣。去年登上这个讲台的是，英国亿万身家的小说家J.K. Rowling女士，她最早是一个古典文学的学生。前年站在这里的是比尔?盖茨先生，他是一个超级富翁、一个慈善家和电脑高手。
史蒂夫乔布斯2005年6月在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲 'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Com puter and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. 你必须要找到你所爱的东西 很荣幸和大家一道参加这所世界上最好的一座大学的毕业典礼。我大学没毕业，说实话，这是我第一次离大学毕业典礼这么近。今天我想给大家讲三个我自己的故事，不讲别的，也不讲大道理，就讲三 The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? 第一个故事讲的是点与点之间的关系。我在里德学院（Reed College）只读了六个月就退学了，此后便在学校里旁听，又过了大约一年半，我彻底离开。那么，我为什么退学呢？ It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college gra duate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly t hat I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. 这得从我出生前讲起。我的生母是一名年轻的未婚在校研究生，她决定将我送给别人收养。她非常希望收养我的是有大学学历的人，所以把一切都安排好了，我一出生就交给一对律师夫妇收养。没想到我落地的霎那间，那对夫妇却决定收养一名女孩。So my parents, who were on a waiting list, g ot a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that
Thank you, thank you, President Faust, and Paul Choi, thank you so much. It`s an honor and a thrill to address this group of distinguished alumni and supportive friends and cavelling parents. We`ve all gathered to share in the joy of this day, so please join me in congratulating Harvard`s Class of 2016. I can remember my own college graduation, which is easy, since it was only 14 years ago. How many of you took 37 years to graduate? Because, like most of you, I began college in my teens, but sophomore year, I was offered my dream job at Universal Studios, so I dropped out. I told my parents if my movie career didn`t go well, I`d re-enroll.It went all right.But eventually, I returned for one big reason. Most people go to college for an education, and some go for their parents, but I went for my kids. I`m the father of seven, and I kept insisting on the importance of going to college, but I hadn`t walked the walk. So, in my fifties, I re-enrolled at Cal State -- Long Beach, and I earned my degree.I just have to add: It helped that they gave me course credit in paleontology for the work I did on Jurassic Park. That`s three units for Jurassic Park, thank you. Well I left college because I knew exactly what I wanted to do, and some of you know, too -- but some of you don`t. Or maybe
J.K罗琳在哈佛大学毕业典礼（2008年）上的演讲（双语） The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination Harvard Uni versity Comme nceme nt Address （失败的好处和想象力的重要性）Preside nt Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, proud paren ts, and, above all, graduates 福斯特主席，哈佛公司和监察委员会的各位成员， 各位老师、家长、全体毕业生们： 首先请允许我说一声谢谢。哈佛不仅给了我无上的荣誉，连日来为这个演讲经受的恐惧和紧张，更令我减肥成功。这真是一个双赢的局面。现在我要做的就是深呼吸几下，眯着眼睛看看前面的大红横幅，安慰自己正在世界上最大的魔法学院聚会上。 发表毕业演说是一个巨大的责任，至少在我回忆自己当年的毕业典礼前是这么认为的。那天做演讲的是英国著名的哲学家Baroness Mary Warnock对她 演讲的回忆，对我写今天的演讲稿，产生了极大的帮助，因为我不记得她说过的任何一句话了。这个发现让我释然，让我不再担心我可能会无意中影响你放弃在商业，法律或政治上的大好前途，转而醉心于成为一个快乐的魔法师。 你们看，如果在若干年后你们还记得“快乐的魔法师”这个笑话，那就证明我已经超越了Baroness Mary Warnock建立可实现的目标这是提高自我的第一步。 Actually, I have wracked my mind and heart for what I ought to say to you today.I have asked myself what I wish I had known at my own graduation,and what important lessons I have learned in the 21years that has expired between that day and this. 实际上，我为今天应该和大家谈些什么绞尽了脑汁。我问自己什么是我希望早在毕业典礼上就该了解的，而从那时起到现在的21 年间，我又得到了什么重要的启示。 我想到了两个答案。在这美好的一天，当我们一起庆祝你们取得学业成就的时刻，我希望告诉你们失败有什么样的益处；在你们即将迈向“现实生活”的道路之际，我还要褒扬想象力的重要性。
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. It dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5￠deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna
比尔盖茨励志演讲稿：哈佛毕业典礼演讲 年轻的比尔;盖茨很早就占据了世界首富的位置，关于比尔盖茨演讲也是很励志的。以下是为你整理的比尔盖茨励志演讲稿：哈佛毕业典礼演讲，欢迎大家阅读。 我要感谢哈佛大学在这个时候给我这个荣誉。明年,我就要换工作了(注:指从微软公司退休) 我终于可以在简历上写我有一个本科学位,这真是不错啊。 I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees. For my part, Im just happy that the Crimson has called me Harvards most successful dropout. I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class I did the best of everyone who failed. 我为今天在座的各位同学感到高兴,你们拿到学位可比我简单多了。哈佛的校报称我是哈佛大学历史上最成功的辍学生。我想这大概使我有资格代表我这一类学生发言在所有的失败者里,我做得最好。 But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school. Im a bad influence. Thats why I was invited to speak at your graduation. If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here
President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, proud parents, and, above all, graduates, 福斯特主席，哈佛公司和监察委员会的各位成员，各位老师、家长、全体毕业生们：The first thing I would like to say is "thank you." Not only has Harvard given me an extraordinary honour, but the weeks of fear and nausea I’ve endured at the thought of giving this commencement address have made me lose weight. A win-win situation! Now all I have to do is take deep breaths, squint at the red banners and convince myself that I am at the world’s largest Gryffindors' reunion. 首先请允许我说一声谢谢。哈佛不仅给了我无上的荣誉，连日来为这个演讲经受的恐惧和紧张，更令我减肥成功。这真是一个双赢的局面。现在我要做的就是深呼吸几下，眯着眼睛看看前面的大红横幅，安慰自己正在世界上最大的格兰芬多。Delivering a commencement address is a great responsibility; or so I thought until I cast my mind back to my own graduation. The commencement speaker that day was the distinguished British philosopher Baroness Mary Warnock. Reflecting on her speech has helped me enormously in writing this one, because it turns out that I can't remember a single word she said. This liberating discovery enables me to proceed without any fear that I might inadvertently influence you to abandon promising careers in business, law or politics for the giddy delights of becoming a gay wizard. 发表毕业演说是一个巨大的责任，至少在我回忆自己当年的毕业典礼前是这么认为的。那天做演讲的是英国著名的哲学家Baroness Mary Warnock，对她演讲的回忆，对我写今天的演讲稿，产生了极大的帮助，因为我不记得她说过的任何一句话了。这个发现让我释然，让我不再担心我可能会无意中影响你放弃在商业，法律或政治上的大好前途，转而醉心于成为一个快乐的魔法师（gay有快乐和同性恋的意思）。You see? If all you remember in years to come is the 'gay wizard' joke, I've still come out ahead of Baroness Mary Warnock. Achievable goals - the first step to self-improvement. honour, but the weeks of fear and nausea I’ve endured at the thought of giving this commencement address have made me lose weight. A win-win situation! Now all I have to do is take deep breaths, squint at the red banners and convince myself that I am at the world’s largest Gryffindors' reunion. 首先请允许我说一声谢谢。哈佛不仅给了我无上的荣誉，连日来为这个演讲经受的恐惧和紧张，更令我减肥成功。这真是一个双赢的局面。现在我要做的就是深呼吸几下，眯着眼睛看看前面的大红横幅，安慰自己正在世界上最大的格兰芬多（沪江小编：以防有人没看过《哈利波特》……格兰芬多是小哈利所在的魔法学院的名字）聚会上。 Delivering a commencement address is a great responsibility; or so I thought until I cast my mind back to my own graduation. The commencement speaker that day was the distinguished British philosopher Baroness Mary Warnock. Reflecting on her speech has helped me enormously in writing this one, because it turns out that I can't remember a single word she said. This liberating discovery enables me to proceed without any fear that I might inadvertently influence you to abandon promising careers in business, law or politics for the giddy delights of becoming a gay wizard. 发表毕业演说是一个巨大的责任，至少在我回忆自己当年的毕业典礼前是这么认为的。那天做演讲的是英国著名的哲学家Baroness Mary Warnock，对她演讲的回忆，对我写今天的演讲稿，产生了极大的帮助，因为我不记得她说过的任何一句话了。这个发现让我释然，让我不再担心我可能会无意中影响你放弃在商业，法律或政治上的大好前途，转而醉心于成为一个快乐的魔法师（gay有快乐和同性恋的意思）。You see? If all you remember in years to come is the 'gay wizard' joke, I've still come out ahead of Baroness Mary Warnock. Achievable goals - the first step to self-improvement.
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. Thank you. I’m honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college, and this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy, do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the start in my life. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuit ion. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea
失败带来的好处，以及想象力的重要意 义 在哈佛大学毕业典礼上的讲话 J.K. Rowling 致Faust校长，哈佛集团以及哈佛监事委员会的各位成员，各位教职员工，众多自豪的家长，以及最为重要的——各位毕业生们： 我想要说的第一句话是“谢谢你们”。这份感谢不仅来自于哈佛赋予我如此非同寻常的荣誉，更是由于几个星期以来每当我想到今天的致词就会觉得头晕恶心，因而终于成功的减肥了。这就是“双赢”啊！现在，我只需要深呼吸几次，瞄几眼红色的横幅，然后装模作
样的让自己相信，我正身处世界上受过最好教育的哈里波特迷的盛大集会之中。 在毕业典礼上致词意味着极大的责任——我这样想着，直到我开始回想我自己的毕业典礼。那天致词的是著名的英国哲学家Baroness Mary Warnock。对于她的演讲的回忆也极大地帮助了我完成现在这份，因为，我完全想不起来她说了什么。这个具有解放意义的重大发现让我无所畏惧的写下自己的致词，因为我再也不必担心会在不经意间对你们造成影响，以至于让你们为了成为一个快乐巫师的虚幻憧憬，就放弃自己在商业、法律界或政界的远大前程。看到了吧？就算若干年后你们对我的演讲的印象只剩下这个“快乐的巫师”的笑话，那我还是领先了Baroness Mary Warnock一步的。能够达成的目标是自我改善的第一步。
事实上，为了确定今天应该对你们说些什么，我真是绞尽了脑汁。我问自己，在我自己的毕业典礼上，我曾期待知道什么？而自那天开始到现在的21年间，我又学到了那些教训？ 我想到了两个答案。在今天这个美妙的时刻，当我们齐聚一堂庆祝你们取得学业成功的时候，我决定跟你们谈谈失败带来的好处。另外，在你们正要一脚踏入所谓“真实的生活”的时候，我还要高声赞颂想象力的重大意义。 这些决定看起来颇为荒诞而矛盾，但是啊，请听我慢慢道来。 对于一个已经42岁的妇人来说，回顾21岁毕业典礼的时刻并不是一件十分舒服的事情。在前半生中我一直奋力挣扎，为了在自己的雄心壮志与亲人对我的期盼之间取得一个平衡。
何江哈佛演讲视频附双语全文 近日，哈佛毕业典礼上迎来了一位特殊的学生代表演讲人，他就是一名来自湖南农村的哈佛生物系博士毕业生何江。 何江在毕业典礼上是作为研究生优秀毕业生的代表发表演讲，哈佛校方确认他是第一位享此殊荣的中国大陆学生。当天， 与他同台演讲的特邀嘉宾是著名导演史蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格。 何江1988 年出生于湖南省长沙市宁乡县南田坪乡停钟村的 一户农民家中。这位在中国湖南农村长大、上大学才第一次 进城的中国学生，家里经济条件一般，母亲甚至不识字。 但凭借自己的努力，何江本科在中国科技大学获得了最高荣 誉奖——郭沫若奖学金，随后他进入哈佛大学硕博连读，毕 业后将赴麻省理工学院进行博士后研究。我们现在就来看看 何江在哈佛毕业典礼上的演讲↓↓双语对照文本： The Spider’ s Bite 蜘蛛的叮咬 When I was in middle school, a poisonous spider bit my right hand. I ran to my mom for help — but instead of taking me to a doctor, my mom set my hand on fire. 我在读初中的时候，曾被一只毒蜘蛛咬伤了右手。我跑去求助母亲。她没带我去看医
生，却在我的手上放了一把火。 After wrapping my hand with several layers of cotton, then soaking it in wine, she put a chopstick into my mouth, and ignited the cotton. Heat quickly penetrated the cotton and began to roast my hand. The searing pain made me want to scream, but the chopstick prevented it. All I could do was watch my hand burn - one minute, then two minutes –until mom put out the fire. 在我的手上包了几棉 ，用白酒浸湿后，她往我嘴里放了一根筷子，然后点燃了 棉。高温迅速穿透棉，开始炙烤着我的手。灼的痛苦 我忍不住想尖叫，但是嘴里卡着的筷子却我叫不出来。 我能做的就是看着我的手在火里着，一分，两分?? 直到母熄火。 You see, the part of China I grew up in was a rural village, and at that time pre-industrial. When I was born, my village had no cars, no telephones, no electricity, not even running water. And we certainly didn ’ t have access to modern medical resources. There was no doctor my mother could bring me to see about my spider bite.你看，我大的地方在中国 村，那，我的家是一个落后的小村庄。我出生，村 子里没有汽、、，甚至自来水都没有。我 然也接触不到代医源。我根本找不到医生来我 理蜘蛛咬。 For those who study biology, you may have grasped the science
Professor Lawrence H. Summers President of Harvard University Address to Peking University on May 14, 2002 [Vice] President Min, President Xu, thank you for all of those kind words, thank you for the hospitality that you have shown me, thank you for the hospitality that you have shown the visiting delegation from Harvard University. I believe we have gathered, these few days in Beijing, the largest delegation of faculty from Harvard University that has ever come to China. That is, I believe, a reflection of the importance of China to the world of the Twenty-First Century. It is a reflection of our common endeavor: the pursuit of knowledge, and the teaching of students. I am very excited to be here at one of China's great universities, [at] one of the world's great universities, and I am especially glad to have the chance to talk to so many of your students about the world that they are going to inherit. You know, if you think about what we do in universities, if you think about the phenomenon of globalization, I believe that our special role today and the phenomenon of globalization are manifestations of a yet deeper transformation that is going on throughout the world. And that is this: knowledge is becoming more central to every aspect of human activity than it ever has before. Think about some examples. I am