复习建议
敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作
重复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343
分类读185题库，列提纲，贯彻详细细节，查字典
分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经
练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述能力
练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子
练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量
三角和巴朗练习
一、独立写作评分原则
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Effective ad dresses the topic and task
●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details
●Displays unity，progression，and coherence
●Displays consistent facility in the use of language，demonstrating syntactic variety，appropriate word choice，and idiomaticity，though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
OG 325-343
effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result
organized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure
developed:to make an idea clearer by explaining it further
explanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sth
unity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing way
progression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to another
coherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a whole
consistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard
评分规则核心某些
1、细节、例子和因素有效上支持了观点、切题
2、不要说没故意义套话和没有观点和主旨话
3、逻辑和构造上联系并不等于第一第二第三
4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑构造渐进连贯
5、避免重复观点
6、句子构造变化、适当单词选取、容许少量语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思理解
7、句子构造复杂限度、以及词汇复杂限度
一种能力五个误区
能力：清晰恰当举例能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力
误区：
1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语人设计，不也许做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页
2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
3、举例说理一定要有代表性和广泛可理解性，原则是不懂得这件事情人看了也能明白例子和观点联系。
4、不要用自己不擅长句型、写法、语法。
5、辨证想法是好，但如果不是题目直接规定你比较两者，最多在开头或者结尾提到，作为思路比较危险。
如何选取最佳理由：
办法：
头脑风暴：注意与对立面考虑才不会离题
prons and cons：任何理由都可以辩证用
原则：
理由不能太直白，应当是值得解释，可以跳跃思维
理由里面不要包括太过抽象词，这样限制了你下面思路，好像说什么都是重复
说完理由应当立即有一堆例子可以想出来
1.不切题理由
167.which should your school choose to buy computer or books
To invest on computer is better choice. For 4 long years in college. I have no access to computers
because the university has been always running out funds. I have suffered a lot during my job seeking sessions when i was frequently asked to improve my computer skills. It is certainly a good idea that the money invested into a university library be used to buy computers.
1.we can afford much more books than just few computers with the same amount of money.
2.we are able to study with the book whenever and wherever I want,instead of waiting in a line for the access of computer.
3.unlike the infromation getting from the internet,the theory in the books are profound and well-proved.
2.改写原题前提理由
注意假想例子限度：
101.doing home work by hand or prefer using machine
由于本人很不幸，先天性残疾、没手，也曾努力用脚来写，却着实痛苦。自从练习用脚打字以来，进步神速，字打特别工整，谁又懂得我是用脚还是用手，因此打字好。
1.doing home work by machine
2.fast and neat in case we need more than one copy
3.search infro on line multitask
4.convenient email and discuss on line
3.道德水平太高或者太低
Money is everything ,without money you can do nothing.money makes the mare go.
To work for money is not my original intention，i have to do so because as the only bread winner，i am responsible to suppoort my family. i could not imagine that i simply work for my own interest，while leaving my family starving.
Recently i typed several threat letters and mailed out.Clearly a handwritten letter can be easily used as evidence against me in the court，while a typed letter is very hard to be attached to a certain person.
People should not work for money but should try to make more contribution to this world.
4.政治上敏感理由
可以和美军作战，给美帝国主义以致命打击，给中华人民共和国人出一口气。
5.重复理由
Computer can help you find the information you need more efficiently.
Computer may serve you a lot of time when you seek information in the library.
万能理由：
与事物关于：效率、以便、经济、耐久、安全、空间
与人关于：健康、乐趣、成就、性格、情感、交流、经验、她人
角度：工作、学习、家庭生活中
关系：情谊、爱情、家庭
103. the most important charatieristic to be sucessfule in life
people willing to make friend with people with sense of respondibility
responsible people always will be approved by your boss in your career
responsible is the essential characteristic in a happy family
时间：小学、中学、大学
4.indirect experience and direct experience,which source is more imoprtant,why?
throughout the different stage of life，from primary school to university to adulthood，experience teaches us many skill we need for life.
利益方：个人、集体、国家社会
58.businesses should do anything they can to make a profit do you agree
my goal is to make money，however，i can't forget that there are more important things in life than earning a profit. i must consider the customer I serve，the people I work with，and the community I live in.
话题扩展1：
关于情谊
62.110.111.117.173.
关于品质
15.93.18.22.46.179.103.
已考过题目：
5.26 Do you agree or disagree?Letting a friend make a mistake is better than saying or doing something which will destroy the friendship.参见185题库173题
8.12 Do you agree or disagree?It is more important to keep old friends that it is to make new friends?参见185题库111、117题
1.5批准不批准：一种聪颖朋友比一种幽默朋友重要
话题扩展2:
关于新建筑影响
5.1
6.25.26.30.113.
关于居住都市和地方
关于变化和增进6.165.52.24
关于乡村或都市9.20.
关于一种地方或其她地方31.92.
105.university dormitories and apartment in the community
144.Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a more modern apartment building?
139.What do you consider to be the most important room in a house?and why?
话题扩展3:
科技题13
3.13.36.37.70.73.81.8
4.87.88.104.159.178.必要写题目3、36、73
3题目分析：
核心词是更简朴准备食物、生活方式提高
当代烹饪办法使得食物味道鲜美，样式更加丰富。
当代冷藏技术使咱们食物选取更加丰富，营养更加均衡。
当代厨具和家电创造，节约了做饭时间，使咱们有更多时间去做想做事情。
新托福写作讲义09年暑假 第一课时新托福考试流程 报名-缴费-考试流程和界面-成绩-大学录取分数线 第二课时新托福考试备考 观点1 攻克托福考试最有效的捷径是听写 观点2 托福考试全面复习的同时重点放在单词和听力上 观点3口语和写作部分是很容易得分的 第三课时新托福独立写作评分标准 第三课时新托福独立写作中文构思和文章结构 第四课时新托福独立写作开头部分 例子——提炼——中文思维模板——中文练习——英文模板——英文练习——英文模板变换 开头类型1：特训234 同意不同意：明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多 明智的父母教会我们许多生活的哲理，例如高尚的价值观、与不同的人融洽相处的方法以及理解她对他人的责任。优秀的老师则教会我们怎样为将来的工作做好准备和实现梦想所需要的技能。老师和父母在我们的成长中起着同样重要的作用，是他们使我们对未来有了一种敏锐的洞察力。所以，我反对明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多的观点。 提炼类型1：用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以，表明观点
开头类型1举例：图书馆还是体育设施 图书馆的资源是大学生获取知识、培养自学能力最主要的方式之一。而体育设施能够使大学生强身健体、舒缓压力、娱乐身心。我不否认体育锻炼对于学生成长的重要影响。但作为大学投资的决定，学校应该把更多的钱投资于图书馆而不是体育设施。 开头类型1举例：事实还是概念 事实是发生在我们周围事情，往往形象生动并且容易让人理解，而概念是事实的总结和抽象，能够概括一系列符合规律的事实。因此据我来看，在学习的过程中间，概念和事实的学习对于学生来说有着不同的作用。 开头类型2：特训236 同意不同意在社区周围建立一家折扣店 折扣店的出现成为我们社区关注的焦点。当一家企业决定在购物区开折扣店时，一些人游行表示反对，而另一些人觉得在这种商店购物很方便。我喜欢附近有一所大型折扣店，但我也能理解在同一条街开小商店的朋友为什么不喜欢这种竞争对手。换句话说，我支持新商店，因为它位置便利、价格低廉。 提炼类型2：关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点 开头类型2举例：经济发展和环境保护 经济发展和环境保护逐渐成为全球政府共同关注的两大议题。政府在制定国家发展策略的时候，一些人主张优先发展经济，而另一些人认为人们的首要任务是保护环境。
托福写作圣经： 1.写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚；（就是解释） 2.习作考试不基于考试的真实身份；（可以作假，真情实感没有任何意义） 3.写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平（unique, critical ideas mean nothing） 4.写作考试不测试考生的真实想法； 5.写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译； 6.写作考试不同于平时写作； 7.写作内容和语言同等重要； 8.观点的层次比观点的数目更重要； 9.逻辑错误比语法错误更严重; 10.跑题就完蛋（finish egg）. “T he longer, the better.”------黄金规则 Use best structure and sentence Sentence: “我认为…………….” I feel/think/hold/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue/assume that…………. In my opinion From my point of view From my perspective/angle As far as I am concerned I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that My viewpoint/belief/opinion is that……… As I see/view/perceive/ the problem/question/issue/case/discussion/argument/controversy……. 托福作文不需要标题 段落格式：缩行式，空行式 教材推荐： 俞敏洪：《托福词根》 张洪伟，戴云《托福词汇10000》 张道真，《实用英语语法》 戴云，《托福语法精要》 张洪伟，戴云《新托福写作词汇小伴侣》 句子训练方法 1.多种方法表达同一句意 e.g A 对B很重要 1) A is important to B
雅思强化写作精讲班第4讲讲义 有效避免7种语法错误 有效避免7种语法错误 1 Employee can benefit more from telecommuting than employer. 2.1 Work at home using modern technology can greatly enhance our efficiency. 2.2 Children who are raise in impoverished families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 2.3The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve. 2.4 Many students are very like studying home economics. 2.5 In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar. 3 Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers. 4.1 Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages globalisation may create. 4.2 The Internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms. 5 Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself. 6 Some people think the Internet only has positive impact, other people think it also has negative influence on our lives. 7 There are a great many children think the main purpose of education should be to afford them pleasure and enjoyment. 高分范文讲解 范文讲解 In Britain, when some people get old they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. The government has to pay for his care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Give reasons for your answer. Example 2 Band 8 One of the most challenging problems of today’s society is the question about who should be responsible for our old people. It is not only a problem with money but also a question of the system we want our society to have. In my essay, I would like to present four possible models. Firstly, the company could be responsible for its retired employees. To do this, a special fund could be established. The advantage of this model is that if one believes in the capitalist system, it should be the cheapest solution. One possible problem is that the companies may have competition disadvantage due to higher staff costs. A second solution is that the government has to take the responsibility for the old people’s care. It can finance this with its tax in comes. Actually, this is the most democratic model since everybody gets as much money as he or she needs. Unfortunately, as the present situation in our country shows, this solution seems not to work very well.
托福基础写作 一、托福写作概述 二、英汉两种语言的区别 （一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。 linear way of thinking （二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。 10 Linking words cohesion 1. conj.: 1) and. but, or, so, while 2) if, because, although, That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that 2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example 3. however, unfortunately, Undeniably 4. to make things worse 5. generally speaking 6. 同义词 7. repetition 8. this, it, that, those 9. interesting to see 10. what is more （三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。 （四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。 三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误 1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation. 2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention. 3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad. 4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places. 5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education. 6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.
复习建议 敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作 重复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343 分类读185题库，列提纲，贯彻详细细节，查字典 分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经 练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述能力 练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子 练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量 三角和巴朗练习 一、独立写作评分原则 An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following: ●Effective ad dresses the topic and task ●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details ●Displays unity，progression，and coherence ●Displays consistent facility in the use of language，demonstrating syntactic variety，appropriate word choice，and idiomaticity，though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors. OG 325-343 effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result organized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure developed:to make an idea clearer by explaining it further explanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sth unity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing way progression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to another coherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a whole consistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard
写作提高： 1. 中文思维——看到题目有话可说； 2. 英文表达——正确恰当把中文思维体现成英文 细节，结构，语言 细节：清晰恰当的举例或“说明”能力；并不是一定出现for example，论据：why, what, how 结构：正常的逻辑说话顺序 不重视语言。 语言：讲究用简单的话陈述深刻的道理； 不是用复杂的话陈述简单的道理 审题：1. 问法：which one, A & D （10-30 sec.） 2. 思考什么现象导致出此题目（30-60 sec.）
思考方式：1.过去和今天对比；2.以自身为背景; 3. 细化主题词 写作： A 开头部分 题目背景：1.通过现象 2.引出话题 3-5mins 50字 主题句（开头）用肯定的语言概括文章将来结构（理由，例子） B 论证部分 1 （1）key words和题目相同（尽量保持题目语序） （2）概括此段大意（尽量概括论据） （3）简单准确 2 解释1句 3 解释2句论据：why / what / how 4 解释3句
C 结尾部分 主题句（结尾）清晰明确 递进 A & D（含有绝对词） 第1段：BI(Back Information) 第2段：去掉绝对词（或把绝对词变限定词）肯定 第3段：加上绝对词否定 第4段：TS (Thesis Statement) + 递进(取决于&不得不) “含绝对词立论文”出题形式 A is the most important. & A is more important than B. 2. A is important. 3. However, B is the same important. 4. I disagree that A is the “most” important. (1) It depends on …… whether A or B is
新托福强化听力讲义 新托福考试听力部分介绍 1. 新托福和旧托福的对比 考试形式预读题目笔记题型 PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 choice multiple IBT新托福Internet No Yes New types 2. 题量，时间，分数 文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min / conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture min TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准 3. 题目的考查形式 考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本 电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书 新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题 答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限 答题流程：永不悔改 4. 文章材料的考查形式 文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查 文章长度：比旧托福长 文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活 文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION文章思路 LECTURE文章思路
5. 新托福考试题型概述 IBT listening comprehension Basic comprehension Gist question Detail question Pragmatic understanding Purpose question Attitude question Connecting information Organization question Inference question 题号问题题型1 Why does the student go to see the professor? Gist question 2 According to the professor, what information should the student include in her statement of purpose? Detail Question 3 What does the professor consider unusual about the student’s background? Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about his friend who went ot medical school? Detail Question 5 What does the professor imply about the people who admit students to graduate school? Inference question 6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question 7 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the woman say this? Purpose question 8 According to the conversation, why are transposes sometimes called “jumping genes”? Detail Question 9 According to the conversation, what are two ways in which bacteria cells get resistance genes? Detail Question 10 What can be inferred about the resistance genes discussed in the conversation? Inference question 11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question 12 What is the professor’s point of view concerning the method of “safe yield”? Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two problems associated with removing wter from an underground system? Detail Question 14 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the professor say this? Purpose question
12月10日托福写作答案解析 综合写作】 关于加拿大一种当地语言的保护。阅读说了几个影响语言消失的factor，听力反驳。 阅读文章： 1. 根据一个survey,当地十六岁以下才有百分之二十的人说当地话，而且在减少。 2. 当地渔业为了实现国际化，只说international话，比如说像English这种语言。因此，父母不鼓励孩子学当地话。 3. 电视和电台大部分都是用English和French播的，这对年轻人影响比较大的。所以也造成这种语言的后继无人。 听力文章： 1. 阅读中survey的数据不准确，实际收据比这个要多。因为survey 只是针对traditional的当地话，而年轻人说的也是当地话，只不过比较modern。 2. 听力说及时发展渔业也还是需要和local交易的。而local人只说当地话，所以在工作中说当地话也很重要，父母们也意识到了，开始让孩子们学。
3. 听力说确实电视和电台是这样的，但是网络媒体并不这样，人家大部分还是用native language的，而且听众也挺多的。 【独立写作】 Which option do you prefer? Travel to foreign countries when you are young than when you are older. Give specific reasons or examples to support your decision. 题目解析： 这道题算是一道老题，和今年5月29日那场考试的题目(It is better to take risks and explore new things when you are older than when you are young.)极其类似。并且，也呼应了2015年北美考场的真题。所以，部分同学对此可能并不陌生。 写作思路解析： 选择年轻时旅行 1. 丰富生活 列出细节(the Golden Gate Bridge ，The Pyramids and The Louvre)具体描绘世界之五彩缤纷。拿书本所学和实际经历对比，感叹纸上得来终觉浅。拿年轻实现旅行梦想和年老后悔对比，鼓励年轻人尽早行动。
新东方·北京2008年7月 庄重 整理：Sketch K＆Tina （思琦＆萌萌） 2008年7月28日第一讲 一．托福写作的评分系统 官方指南 按分数档次进行微调 评判：一分钟内浏览给分数档次 根据闪点+- 1分 必须给评分者短时间内最好的印象 不能在关键的地方犯恶心的错误 关键：各段首句，文章末句及具有强结论的句子 恶心：主谓不一致 时态问题 名词单复数 印象极为关键：紧扣题目，紧扣要求 二．如何取悦评卷人 1 必须有清晰的整体脉络
2 必须有自然的段间衔接 3 经典的用词用句 经典用词用句的锻造： 用词：动词 核心动词的动词的使用是写作能力的标志 e.g,: eat ---consume 英语写作表达的美在于用不同的单词表达相同的含义 e.g.:show ---display --- demonstrate 近义词的积累 英语中“好”的词有： Good / ok Perfect / glorious / terrific / fantastic Superb 用句： It 作形式主语或形式宾语 e.g. : It is easy to learn English there be 倒装、虚拟、强调 名人名言（不要使用c-e）（千万不要乱编） ***said + 直接引用———不用 ***believed + 自由表述 -----用 可用人物: Kant& Nietzsche 只用于道德和爱心之类的话题 三．文化差异对应试写作产生的影响 1 必须有清晰的结构 观点鲜明的开头 紧扣主题的结尾 由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落 引导：主题句一定要在该段首句 2 必须要有统一的中心 3 自然的衔接（衔接为其生命） 中文：意合语言 英文：形合语言 逻辑关系的显性化 逻辑关键词 衔接方法：1 重复词：概括重复直接重复和齐头重复 2 序数词：first…second… 3 关联词：并列 and 转折 but 让步 although 递进 in addition 因果 because e.g. Because of having rain ,he developed a high fever , and thus has to sleep at home .his absence resulted in the reduction of his pay. 4 转折和让步之间的差别 让步好于转折 democracy 民主 e.g. they are poor ---they suffer from poverty They are hungry ---they struggle against starvation ------they suffer form poverty ,struggling against starvation 左手：遣词造句的上升 右手：思维方式的改变 e.g: 我们不会把所有秘密告诉其他人 we don’t tell others all the secrets we don’t let others know all the secrets we hide some secrets from others everyone has privacy 四．平时训练写作的方法 境界：手中有文章心中有文章出口成章 手中无文章心中有文章 手中无文章心中无文章妙笔生花 《新东方英语中学版》 1 阅读 I will think about it 没戏
写作讲义 梁坚实 新东方梁坚实 I、xdf/liangjianshi 一、Introduction 综合写作: 客观题——情景再现 听听力时努力记笔记,听懂且能记下来,否则不得分 字数要求: Integrated Writing :200-300 Independent Writing:求>400,越多越好,一般写够500以上都就是good 如果只写够最低值,得不了高分 打字速度: 30min400字以上 格式: 如何分段: 缩行式 空行式 不要又缩又空 标点符号后要空格,前面不空 如何用TPO作文: 综合写作:33道题——全部复习材料(1-10,22-27,其余模考),练能力 独立写作:33道题一道不要做,做机经。讲得30道题必须会写。 二、综合写作 （1）听力永远反驳阅读 (2)阅读与听力得文章结构(一总三分) 阅读听力 总观点总观点 分论点一分论点一 解释 例子+细节
细节 分论点二分论点二 分论点三分论点三 Tips: 对应性反驳,三三对应,逐条反驳 分论点=要点 (4)综合写作行文构架(共四段): 阅读主要说。。(阅读总观点)。。听力主要说。。(听力总观点)。。听力反驳了阅读; 阅读认为。。(阅读分论点一)。。听力认为。。(听力分论点一)。。那就是因为。。(听力分论点一后得细节)。。听力反驳了阅读; 阅读认为。。(阅读分论点二)。。听力认为。。(听力分论点二)。。那就是因为。。(听力分论点二后得细节)。。听力反驳了阅读; 阅读认为。。(阅读分论点三)。。听力认为。。(听力分论点三)。。那就是因为。。(听力分论点三后得细节)。。听力反驳了阅读; 综合写作不需要标题,不要写结尾 补充: [1]阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。 [2]阅读中论点为主观想法时,可以直接加not反推听力论点;阅读中论点为客观事实时,听力认为阅读中论点不充分。 [3]阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时,论点常为主观想法,直接+not [4]当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时,至少有一种论证方式为主观想法,听力只反驳主观想法 [5]听完后先不要动笔写,回忆一下听得与读得就是否能对得上 关于行文框架得几点说明: A、综合写作2,3,4段每段必须包含3部分: 阅读材料要点;听力材料得要点与细节;两者关系——反驳 B、阅读得细节不重要,可以不写,一般不写。如果写阅读细节得话,则需要归纳改写阅读得核心细节,最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文 C、阅读分论点得位置:段首或者段尾(占80%);不明确(能归纳)。如出现在段首或者段尾,同义改写:分论点比较短得,同义词稍稍改写个别词即可;分论点比较
（一）综合写作 All the more 尤其 At best 充其量姑且 Hold water （理论、计划等）证明正确合理，说得通，（容器）不漏水;言之有理 综合写作（1+3） 综合写作流 1、Direction(1min) 2、Reading(3min)——230-300 words academic articles 3、Listening(2min)——the topic is same as reading 4、Writing(20min)——200-220 words best 综合写作要求： 1、topic: academic 2、不能写自己的观点 3、写阅读和听力之间的联系（OPPOSE 三驳三） 驳斥的种类： （1）优点被驳斥 （2）缺点被驳斥 （3）证据被驳斥 应试攻略： （1）找例子：typically, suppose, for example, take..example, especially, actually, in fact （2）找原因：since, because, the reason why, due to, thank to, owing to （3）找结构性连词： a)“结果”: so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result b)“让步”和”转折”：in contrast, on the contrast, nevertheless, still, yet 阅读要义 读完一句，用简洁中英文或符号记下大意 重点关注两类词： （1）文中反复出现的词 （2）实义动词 听力要义 （1）阅读中出现过的词 （2）听具有知己意义的词（实义动词、形容词） 写作要义（1+3） 1、开头段：写一段 表明Reading 和Lecture 的联系 （1）综合写作话题 （2）阅读中心论点 （3）听力中心论点 2、主体部分：写三段
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education 1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team 2) 在...的帮助下with the help of 3) 穿校服wear a school uniform 4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment 5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course 6) 与小组一起学习study with a group 7) 出国留学study abroad 8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone 9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb 10) 现实生活经验real life experience 11) 优先考虑... put a priority on 12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s i ndividual interest 13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking 14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence 15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion 16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts 17) 选修科目optional subjects 18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity 19) 在...方面改变make a change in... 20) 主修major in 21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm 22) 讲座lectures 23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing 24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself 25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget 26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability 27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth 28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth 29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about 30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about 31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in 32) 有...的选择have a choice of 33) 从学校毕业graduate from 34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school 35) 经历青春期go through puberty 36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize 37) 取得好成绩get a good grade 38) 收到良好的教育get good education 39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news 40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from 41) 组成学习小组form a study group 42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure
Curricular for TOEFL Writing ⅠOutline 1.Course Introduction 2.Test Introduction Writing section Question Reading Time Listening Time Writing Time Integrated task 3 minutes 2 minutes 20 minutes Independent task －－30 minutes Question type setting Time:50 minutes Question type: a.Integrated writing (20 minutes) Step 1: read a passage (3 minutes) Step 2: listen to a passage related to the reading material (2 minutes) Step 3: summarize a passage about 150 to 225 words based on the reading and listening passages. (without you own viewpoints) b.Independent writing (30 minutes) ▲agree or disagree ▲comparison Test evaluation a.effectively addresses the writing topic and task b.well organized and well developed https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c2274786.html,es specific details and examples to support your view d.displays language facility by demonstrating syntactic variety, word choice and idiom 3.Principles of TOEFL writing ▲simplicity ▲equality ▲difference 4.Difference between English and Chinese writing ▲Structure vs. meaning ▲Long sentence vs. short sentence ▲Clause vs. individual sentence ▲Pronoun vs. noun ▲Passive voice vs. active voice ▲Variety vs. repetition ▲Abstract vs. specific ▲Extension vs. reasoning ▲Omission vs. complementary ▲Center in the beginning vs. center in the back 5.Appreciation and analysis of model composition with full mark. ▲ vocabulary ▲ grammar
声明：本资料由考试吧（https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c2274786.html,）收集整理，转载请注明出自https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c2274786.html, 服务：面向较高学历人群，提供计算机类，外语类，学历类，资格类，会计类，工程类，医学类等七大类考试的全套考试信息服务及考前培训. 六级写作讲义 ( If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me and I can be reached during the days I am in NOS. ) 前言： 教习过好几门课程，深感写作这一课是最难教的，"危乎高哉!'写作'之难难于上青天。……一夫当关，万夫莫开。"学生学习英语写作多时，大多不能迥脱蹊径之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲观起来，认定"文不可以'教'而能"。虽说文字和技法可以也应当教一些，俾学生邯郸学步，渐次入门，但就本质特征而论，写作远不只是一个章法和技巧的问题，而是"气之所行"，是皮相之下许多深层主观因素的综合，是一个厚积薄发的养成过程。这些主观因素，在我看来，体现在国内的英语写作考试当中只局限于素心烂读的积累。Reading makes a full man.这是英国学者的传世之言，我们的祖先说"读书破万卷，下笔如有神"。我们赞叹一篇文章，往往是因为我们被文章中的语言所吸引、所征服：语汇丰富、句式整齐、语言或精练或华丽，句式安排熟练自如，自然流畅;而这只能来自于 reading。但是我们已没有那么多的时间去"读"了，于是乎，语言的总结就变得极其必要! 要归纳记叙文中漂亮、地道的语言是困难的，但是要归纳论说文这个各种英语考试的作文类型中的语言不是不可能的。论说文是由开头、结尾、启转、分析、举例、比较等部分所组成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型来表达。由于这些句型都是地道的英语，是经过千锤百炼，且能表达论说文写作中的不同意思，若能把以论说文为主的当代英语essays中的这些句型摘录归纳成类，供读者参考，无疑是能有助于提高英语写作的语言水平。 模仿和学用漂亮和地道的英语表达法或句型并不是可耻的事。地道的英语不应是你用学过的词汇和语法规则按某个意思苦苦思索造出来的，地道的英语应是你把英美人对这个意思的习惯说法用到你自己的文章上来的。该讲义收集了论说文常用的一些句型，与六级考试的一些文章结构模式;希望同学们能以此为依据，Practice makes perfect，达到熟能生巧的境界，从而在六级考试作文部分获得理想的分数! 写作原则 内容简单化 结构模式化(主题句-分论点-总结) 语言要包装 错误要回避 万能理由 (Omnipotence)： 1、方便：convenient/convenience
托福写作强化班讲义 开头段文 The best way to increase students’ interest in a subject is to teach them the significance of the subject outside of school. It is well acknowledged that interest is the best teacher. Students can considerably improve their academic performance if they study with great interest. Therefore, educators are striving to find ways to help arouse students’interest in various subjects. Some propose that no means is better to increase students’ interest than teaching them the importance of the subject outside of school. However, I have different opinion. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The main role of a university professor is to educate students rather than to do research. Universities are places where foundations of academic study are cultivated and it is no question that professors play an important role in the education quality at the university. Among the tasks that professors