托福基础写作
一、托福写作概述
二、英汉两种语言的区别
（一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。 linear way of thinking
（二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。
10 Linking words cohesion
1. conj.:
1) and. but, or, so, while
2) if, because, although,
That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that
2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example
3. however, unfortunately,
Undeniably
4. to make things worse
5. generally speaking
6. 同义词
7. repetition
8. this, it, that, those
9. interesting to see
10. what is more
（三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。
（四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。
三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误
1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation.
2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention.
3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad.
4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places.
5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education.
6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.
7. In large cities of China has many fast food shops.
8. At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.
9. Some students are interested in play computer games.
10. You really have two down sons.
四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇
持某观点: claim ( assert, contend
reckon deem share the belief that )
支持某观点: advocate
(maintain, welcome vote for side with be in favor of )
反对某观点: contradict (oppose, object to, criticize, refute be against cast doubts on question, challenge)
合理的：justified ( sensible feasible convincing hold water bear much analysis)
好处：advantage (benefit, merit, positive(bright) side, upside, boon, pros, strength )
弊端：disadvantage( harm, demerit, negative(dark) side, downside, bane, cons, weakness defect, flaw, drawback )
肯定：undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)
不确定：be likely to ( potentially presumably)
重要的：essential (significant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable, pivotal)
有益的：beneficial （conducive instrumental, rewarding ）
有害的：detrimental （harmful virulent）
有争议的：controversial (arguable, debatable disputable, contentious) 普遍的：widespread ( prevalent, universal, pervasive, ubiquitous )
显著地：considerably (significantly, remarkably,
Dramatically ,tremendously, substantially)
明显的：evident (apparent, manifest，crystal-clear)
16. 增强：enhance (strengthen
boost)
17. 减少：decline (descend, collapse, relieve)
18. 大约：approximately（nearly, around, estimated, roughly）
19. 趋势：trend（tendency, inclination）
20. 预见：predict （expect, project）
21. 带来bring about (result in, lead to)
22. 引起create （spark ; yield;; give rise to）
23. 建立establish （found, institute）
24. 要求call for （request，demand）
25. 去除eliminate（remove, eradicate）
26. 探讨explore (examine, identify)
27. 描绘depict (portray, illustrate)
28. 后果consequence( aftermath; outcome)
29. 足够adequate （enough; sufficient）
30. 解决tackle ( resolve, address)
31. 意识awareness(consciousness)
32. 控制curb ( regulate, censor)
33. 解释：account for （be responsible for）
34. 投资finance (invest in, subsidize)
35. 缓解relieve ( ease, alleviate)
36. 压力stress ( pressure, strain)
37. 和谐harmony ( concordance)
38. 继承inherit (hand down)
39. 培养cultivate （train, foster）
40. 促进promote ( contribute to, upgrade)
41. 适应adapt to (adjust to, acclimate to)
42. 提供provide (render, afford)
43. 替代replace (substitute, take the place of)
44. 保护preserve (protect)
45. 证据evidence (proof)
46. 赢得gain (acquire, attain)
47. 国外的foreign( alien, exotic)
48. 灾难disaster (misfortune, catastrophe)
49. 发展advance (progress)
50. 倾向于tend to ( be inclined to , be apt to)
51. 吸引attract (allure, tempt)
52. 专注的be absorbed in(be immersed in, devote oneself to)
53. 目的是aim at ( The purpose is )
54. 实现achieve (fulfill, implement)
55. 危害endanger ( threaten; jeopardize)
56. 损害undermine (impair, damage)
57. 阻碍hinder (obstruct, impede)
58. 禁止forbid (ban, prohibit)
59. 责备blame( denounce, criticize)
60. 污染pollute (contaminate, stain)
61. 腐蚀erode(wear away, corrode)
62. 欺骗deceive (cheat, defraud)
63. 冲突conflict ( shock, tension)
64. 驱使prompt (spur, incite)
贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented，materialistic)
自私的self-centered (selfish, inconsiderate)
体谅的considerate (understanding, sympathetic) 冷漠的indifferent (apathetic, aloof)
奢侈的wasteful (luxurious, extravagant)
残忍的inhumane(brutal, barbaric)
绝望的hopeless（despairing, desperate）
过分的excessive (extravagant, exorbitant)
激烈的intense (fierce, vigorous)
严厉的stringent (rigorous, rigid)
奇怪的eccentric (odd, peculiar)
难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous, virtual)
惊人的extraordinary (marvelous, spectacular)
有抱负的ambitious（aggressive, aspirant）
固有的inherent（nature, innate）
稳定的steady (stable, constant)
恶化worsen (aggravate, deteriorate)
夸大exaggerate ( overstate)
限制restrain (constrain, confine)
拆除tear down（knock down, pull down）
加速accelerate (speed up, precipitate)
占优势predominate (dominate)
分辨distinguish (differentiate, discern)
抵消counteract (offset, cancel out)
开展launch (conduct, carry out)
颁布enact (enforce, promulgate )
生活节奏pace of life(rhythm of life, tempo of life)
影响influence(impact，pervade)
差异difference (distinction, gap)
交流communicate(exchange, associate)
接触have access to （make contact with, keep in touch with）
优先give priority to (put…into first place)
节约economize ( conserve, cherish)
参与participate in ( take part in, engage in)
措施measure (step, action)
注意beware ( prevent, guard against)
五、―十大句式‖在TOEFL写作考试中的应用
是否非让它假装强调比较差（插）的原因？
即：否：否定句；非：非限制性定语从句；让：让步句；它：it引导的句子；假：
假设句；装：倒装句；强调：强调句；比较：比较句；差（插）：插入语；原因：原因句。兹将雅思写作常用的―十大句式‖简单介绍如下（下划线表示句式的基本结构）。
一、否定句
许多否定句不含not的否定结构。如果考生能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。
1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet. 应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
2、On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge. 我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。
3、College students take part-time jobs not for more money but for a better understanding of societies. 大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。
4、One’s salary does not depend so much on his educational background as on his ability and contribution to the society. 一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。
5、In terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory. 从营养角度来说，快餐远非令人满意。
6、Parents would not expect their children to become useful persons without working hard. 父母们不能指望孩子们不经过刻苦努力就可以成才。
二、非限制性定语从句
如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。
1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality, which is of vital importance to their development in the future. 毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。
2、Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful. 孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。
3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets. 大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的.
三、让步句
让步句是写议论文最常用的句式之一，考生务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。
1、This view is widely acknowledged；however，there is little evidence that smoking is
beneficial to people’s health. 这个观点被广泛认可，然而，几乎没有证据表明吸烟对人们健康有利。
2、Although(While, Even though) the computer has been widely used in class, it cannot replace the role of teachers. 尽管计算机已经广泛用于课堂，但是它不能取代教师的作用。
3、Reasonable(Plausible) as the opinion sounds, it cannot bear much analysis. 虽然这个观点听起来有道理，但是它经不住分析。
4、In spite of (Despite)a lot of conveniences that cars bring to people’s life, they can create a series of serious problems. 尽管汽车给人们的生活带来了许多便利，但是也产生了一系列严重的问题。
四、It引导的句子
It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。考生应熟练掌握其用法，并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。
1、It is hard to imagine what our life would look like without computers in modern society. 很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。
2、It is conceivable(imaginable) that being physically active(taking an active part in physical training) does good to health. 可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。
3、It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or not. 女性是否应该参军是一个非常有争议的问题。
4、It is universally(widely, generally, commonly) acknowledged that water and air are indispensable to human beings. 人们普遍认为，水和空气对人类不可缺少。
5、It is essential that endangered species of animals be protected against being killed. 保护濒危的动物物种免遭残杀是必需的。
6、It is high time that the government took effective measures to resolve
these problems. 该是政府
采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。
7、It has been made easier for modern people to communicate with each other by the
internet in a few seconds. 现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。
8、It is worth caring about the way a child behaves. 关心孩子们的行为方式是值得的。
9、It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。
10、It has been a few decades since the computer came into being. 自从计算机问世以来已经有几十年的时间了。
五、假设句
假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。
1、If we destroy old buildings, then we will ruin the traditional culture and heritage. 如果我们推倒老房子，就要破坏传统的文化和遗产。
2、You would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at home. 假如你在家上网，你就会失去与其他同学交流的机会。
3、Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of being unemployed. 一旦你变换了现在的工作，就面临着失业的危险。
六、倒装句
在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化，使语言更加生动
有力。
1、Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly. 只有这样才能妥善地解决这个问题。
2、Only when children take arduous efforts can they become successful. 只有当孩子们付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。
3、Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learn how to handle interpersonal relations. 在校学习不仅为了学术目的，而且还可以学会如何处理人际关系。
4、Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on mass media blindly. 青少年决不应当盲从大众媒体上的不良信息。
5、So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
6、Nowadays, most dangerous for youngsters is the tendency to indulge in playing PC games. 如今对青少年最为危险的事情是倾向于过多地玩电脑游戏。
七、强调句
写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使用强调句。
1、It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.正是为了维持生态平衡，人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。
2、It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care.
直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗
上的重要性。
3、Nothing in the world is more valuable t han health. 世界上没有比健康更重要的了。
4、International tourism does promote mutual understanding between people from different countries.
5、This is the very advantages brought by computers.
6、Under no circumstances can we neglect the immense value of education in on e’s life.
7、One cannot emphasize the importance of education too much.
8、It is no exaggeration to say that computers are of vital importance to human’s lives.
八、比较句
正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。
1、Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households. （同级比较）研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。
2、Generally speaking, people in modern times enjoy less leisure time than they did previously. （比较级）一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。
3、Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 与不同能力的孩
子相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。
4、Contrary to (In contrast to, Unlike)pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their society. 与明星不同，其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。
5、Air is to human what (as) water is to fish. 空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。
九、插入语
插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。
1、Computers, most important of all, create wide communication around the world. 最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。
2、Providing more parking areas, in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many
large cities in the world. 从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许多世界大城市切实可行的出路。
3、Observing local culture, consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict. 无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的机会，否则，就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。
4、Space exploration, some people believe, will bring some unexpected discoveries. 有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。
十、原因句
几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。
1、Violent films can do harm to young people, because they contains numerous negative information. 暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息。
2、Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction. 野生动物灭绝的主要责任在人类。
3、We should attribute (ascribe)medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment. 我们应该把医学的发展归因于动物对实验做出的巨大贡献。
4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious problems. 由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。
5、Owing to the fierce competition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure. 由于当今世界的激烈竞争，大量的年轻人承受巨大的压力。
六、英语句子成分
S + V + O
1. 主语S（名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子）
2. 谓语V（动词或动词短语）
In the advent of the era of the economic globalization, computers are becoming increasingly significant roles in day-to-day lives.
Staying in front of computers for a long time enables children to become lonely, passive, self-centered, indifferent(apathetic), inactive, eccentric, unsociable and inconsiderate.
It(S) is(V) adj(O) to do + that S1 V1 O1
It is extremely difficult for graduates to hunt for a satisfying (decent, pleasant, well-paid, desirable, ideal) job.
It is short-sighted to argue that space exploration is sheer a waste of time and resources.
3. 宾语O（名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子。跟不定式作宾语的常见动词：
agree hope plan decide offer prefer wish intend fail desire refuse afford choose manage expect aim promise consent pretend neglect ignore omit happen determine demand threaten resolve decline propose
undertake volunteer。跟动名词作宾语的常见动词：finish enjoy mind keep stop dislike consider suggest miss avoid regret admit acknowledge delay practice deny imagine postpone risk advocate recall resist appreciate cannot help confess escape fancy defer resent evade
contemplate forgive permit detest repent。
跟双宾语的常见动词：ask sent show teach give bring buy find get keep lend tell write wish offer deprive sb of sth
S + V + that + S1 + V1 + O1.
Some people propose that the young should make friends with different ideas from themselves, while others are against it.
A recent survey(research, poll, investigation, questionnaire, census, study) has shown(indicated, made clear, present, demonstrate, illustrate, illuminate, reveal, lay bare, disclose, denote, signify, exhibit, display, represent, expound, imply, provide evidence) that there is a definite link between declining crime rate and imprisonment of criminals(villain, rogue, bad guy, wrong-doer, law-breaker, offender, convict, culprit, mugger, murderer, assassinator, arsonist, robber, burglar, rapist).
Medical experts point out that cigarettes contain a great many ingredients(components, constituents, substances, matters, things) harmful to people’s health.
A1 + S + A2+ V + A3 + O + A4
(adj,n)
achieve the goal of going
my pen runs out of ink again
Middle-aged man
what + V1 +O1
Children are too young to distinguish(differentiate, tell) right (virtue)from wrong(evil), so they tend to imitate (follow blindly, copy, emulate, simulate)what they have seen and heard on mass media.
A recent survey(poll, questionnaire, census) has revealed that the employment rates of graduates this year are considerably on the decline.
Experts point out that smoking should be banned (prohibited,forbidden) in all public places, because cigarettes contain a great many
numerous poisonous ingredients(composition, substances, contents, matters, things,).
4. 表语（名词，形容词:某些形容词，如careless, absurd, brave, courageous,
careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, inconsiderate, greedy, money-oriented acquisitive materialistic generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish,
self-centered egocentric wicked, wrong等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。代词，数词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子）
The purpose to(of) attend colleges is to not only acquire knowledge but broaden your minds. Horizon
I am extremely exceedingly amazed astonished to hear that a 19-year-old girl killed a middle-aged man.
An advantage of raising pets is that some peo ple can dispel the loneliness.
5. 定语（形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子）
A1 + S + A2 + V + A3 + O + A4
Adj – n+ed white-haired girl, green-eyed examiner
n + to do
1. The purpose to attend university is not only to acquire knowledge, but to widen (broaden, expand, enlarge) one’s eyesight(vision, horizon, the scope).
2. Yang Liwei, a distinguished astronaut in China, has become the first man to explore space in the history of China.
3.
Nowadays, there are an increasing number of young people studying abroad.
Poisonous fumes(wastes, pollutants) emitted(released, discharged, given off, sent, made) from factories endanger (threaten) people’s health.
The negative effects caused (induced) by computers on children’s psychological health can hardly be neglected.
S + who (S1) + V1 + O1 + V + O.
People who are against (advocate) raising(feeding) pets assert that it can not only disturb normal lives of neighbors, but transmit (contract) some diseases such as rabies(hydrophobia) and bird flu.
S + that (S1) + V1 + O1 + V + O.
One leading factor that leads to the rising juvenile delinquency rate is parental divorce.
S + that (O1) + S1 + V1+ V + O.
Another factor (that) we cannot neglect is that television can present a vivid (lifelike, graphic, colorful) pictures in front of audiences.
S + where (in which, why, when) + S1 + V1+ O1.
In modern society where competition is becoming increasingly fierce, young people find themselves under heavy pressure(lead a stressful life) When it comes to taking part-time job, I recall
those wonderful days when I stayed in colleges.
There exist numerous recreational(entertaining) facilities and employment opportunities in large cities(metropolises), and this is the reason why countless people flood(swarm, flock, crowd) into them.
S + V + O, which S1 + V1 + O1.
1. which is beneficial to
2. which is detrimental (hazardous, toxic, virulent) to
3. which means(is equivalent to)
Old people should be encouraged to cultivate(foster)
some hobbies such as keeping pets, growing flowers, and learning painting, which contributes greatly to dispelling the loneliness.
The government ought to give priority to developing international tourism, which is conducive to the increase of tax revenues of a nation. Now some children spend too much time being addicted to playing computer games all day long, which is detrimental to their physical and mental well-beings.
These days, the number of graduates is increasing at an alarming(amazing, astonishing, surprising, staggering, unprecedented) speed,
Which means that the prospect of employment will become bleak (bleary).
6. 状语Ad（副词, 名词,不定式，分词，介词短语，句子）
Ad1 + A1 + S + A2+ V + A3 + O + A4 + Ad2
介词短语
1 原因because of, in view of on account of by virtue of
Because of the advancement in medical science at an 一alarming(amazing) rate, scientists have cured numerous fatal(deadly, mortal, lethal) diseases.
2. 方式
By watching advertising on TV，customers(clients, consumers, shoppers,
buyers) can have access to (learn)where to purchase their favorite products(goods, commodities, merchandizes, things).
3. 比较
In contrast to the computer that is like a cold flickering machine, classroom teaching can promote emotional exchanges between teachers and students.
4. 否定
Instead of benefiting from the internet, some children are addicted to playing PC games.
不定式
1. 目的
In order to acquire some unexpected discoveries, the government should subsidize (invest, finance, fund, patronize, allocate) more money in space exploration.
2. 原因
I am surprised to hear that 19-year-old girl killed a middle-aged man.
In order to enrich the late lives of senile groups, they are supposed to be encouraged to foster (cultivate) some hobbies such as feeding pets, growing flowers.
I never fail to be surprised to hear that
现在分词
原因
Living in rural areas for a long time, people can experience a quiet, comfortable pastoral life.
结果
Smoking can cost large sums of money, thus bringing about tremendous economic burdens to smokers’ families.
Staying in front of computers for a long period, children tend to become inactive, passive, eccentric, indifferent (apathet ic, aloof, inconsiderate), unsociable
and self-centered(egocentric, selfish).
过去分词
Influenced by attractive(fascinating, charming, tempting, captivating,
glamourous ) messages on the net, some kids spend too much(excessive) time in being indulged in playing PC games
让步句
S1 + V1 + O1; however, S + V + O.
2. Although(While, Even though) S1 + V1 + O1, S + V + O.
3. O1+ as+ S1 + V1（b e）, S + V + O.
Beneficial to our lives
as computers are
becoming,
Plausible as the view sounds, it cannot hold water after a second thought.
4. In spite of (Despite) + O1+(that)+ S1 + V1 , S + V + O.
Celebrities such as movies, sports stars deserve high salaries, because they have made painstaking endeavors before they become famous. Since human beings are omnivore(carnivore, herbivore), they cannot survive without meat.
The source of air pollution is ascribed(attributed, traceable) to poisonous fumes emitted from a variety of factories.
If we topple (tear, knock, break, put) down old buildings, we will undermine cultural heritage as well as traditional values.
Once people have shifted(switched) their present jobs, they will be (run the risk of)faced(confronted) with the danger of being unemployed(laid off).
比较
A survey has suggested that the number of graduates this year is up to twice more than that a decade ago.
The more + S1 + V1 + O1, the more+ S + V + O.
The more developed and advanced the scientific technology is becoming, the more workers will be unemployed.
Compared with male counterpart, females are more suited to doing certain kinds of jobs such as actresses, nurses, operators, and secretaries.
A is to
B what (as)
C is to D.
The main road is essential to a city as the artery is to blood circulation in the body.
7. 补语（形容词，名词，不定式：下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask get prompt allow forbid prefer force press
inspire require
assist hate advise
recommend bear implore remind beg induce report compel invite command intend show drive
mean train cause instruct deserve leave tell
direct tempt entitle order warn enable need urge encourage oblige condemn teach entreat permit wish，分词，介词短语）
Parents should encourage kids to learn how to communicate with peers, which contributes greatly to advancing their career in the future.
A great consumers find some fake advertisement misleading and cheating, deceitful (deceptive ).
8. 同位语（名词，句子，后跟同位语从句的常见词
Edison Chen, a famous movies star in Hong Kong,
fact news question proposal report altitude （latitude longitude evidence proof suggestion request idea conclusion thought notion value fiction fear）that (90%)
Edison Chen, a well-known singer in Hong Kong, is disclosed some photo scandal.
Confucius, a famous philosopher in ancient China, instructed his students to worship moral values.
Johnson, a sociologist in
The undeniable fact that the computer has found a wide application in almost every field in the society is generally accepted.
There is considerable evidence that there is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. Namely, the more you smoke, the higher rate of the risk of catching lung cancer. Inversely proportional to
The undeniable fact that international tourism is able to enhance tax revenues of a nation is hard to be negligible.
Cater for embrace job-hopping
Once you have shifted(switched, changed) your present jobs, the fear that you will be unemployed (laid off, dismissed, expelled, lose your job, out of job)someday will arise.
Restart at a lowest rank, barricade promoted loyal to
Shopping, a necessary activity in daily lives, is becoming increasingly widespread and convenient in large cities.
9. 插入语（不定式，分词，介词短语，句子）
Ad1 + A1 + S + A2, P, + V + A3 + O + A4 + Ad2
新托福写作讲义09年暑假 第一课时新托福考试流程 报名-缴费-考试流程和界面-成绩-大学录取分数线 第二课时新托福考试备考 观点1 攻克托福考试最有效的捷径是听写 观点2 托福考试全面复习的同时重点放在单词和听力上 观点3口语和写作部分是很容易得分的 第三课时新托福独立写作评分标准 第三课时新托福独立写作中文构思和文章结构 第四课时新托福独立写作开头部分 例子——提炼——中文思维模板——中文练习——英文模板——英文练习——英文模板变换 开头类型1：特训234 同意不同意：明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多 明智的父母教会我们许多生活的哲理，例如高尚的价值观、与不同的人融洽相处的方法以及理解她对他人的责任。优秀的老师则教会我们怎样为将来的工作做好准备和实现梦想所需要的技能。老师和父母在我们的成长中起着同样重要的作用，是他们使我们对未来有了一种敏锐的洞察力。所以，我反对明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多的观点。 提炼类型1：用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以，表明观点
开头类型1举例：图书馆还是体育设施 图书馆的资源是大学生获取知识、培养自学能力最主要的方式之一。而体育设施能够使大学生强身健体、舒缓压力、娱乐身心。我不否认体育锻炼对于学生成长的重要影响。但作为大学投资的决定，学校应该把更多的钱投资于图书馆而不是体育设施。 开头类型1举例：事实还是概念 事实是发生在我们周围事情，往往形象生动并且容易让人理解，而概念是事实的总结和抽象，能够概括一系列符合规律的事实。因此据我来看，在学习的过程中间，概念和事实的学习对于学生来说有着不同的作用。 开头类型2：特训236 同意不同意在社区周围建立一家折扣店 折扣店的出现成为我们社区关注的焦点。当一家企业决定在购物区开折扣店时，一些人游行表示反对，而另一些人觉得在这种商店购物很方便。我喜欢附近有一所大型折扣店，但我也能理解在同一条街开小商店的朋友为什么不喜欢这种竞争对手。换句话说，我支持新商店，因为它位置便利、价格低廉。 提炼类型2：关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点 开头类型2举例：经济发展和环境保护 经济发展和环境保护逐渐成为全球政府共同关注的两大议题。政府在制定国家发展策略的时候，一些人主张优先发展经济，而另一些人认为人们的首要任务是保护环境。
新托福满分作文范文(30篇).pdf
托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏（１）Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice? As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and
《新托福》课程教学大纲 课程编号： 课程名称：硕士英语(新托福听说读写) 课程英文名称：Insights to IBT TOEFL 课程学分：3分 课内学时：48学时 课程类别：必修 课程性质：学位课 授课方式：讲授 考核方式：口试、笔试、闭卷 一、课程的性质、任务与基本要求 （一）性质与任务 《新托福》课程是研究生第一学期的一门必修课程。此课程涵盖托福听力、托福口语、托福阅读和托福写作，对考试内容、提问方式、解题方法和考试技巧进行逐一的讲解和全面的介绍，并且提供模拟试题，以帮助学习对托福考试的形式、要求、难度等有一个全面的了解，提高使用英语的能力。 （二）基本要求 本课程终结时，学生应达到如下要求： 1、托福听力：托福听力考试的材料类型和题目形式，听具体信息活细节，听总体内容或大意，听暗示内容，听作者观点或态度，听总体结构和其标志词的技巧； 2、托福口语：托福口语考试的题目形式，口语流利技巧，产生参与和扩大谈话的愿望，阐述个人感受，如何简答，话题深入讨论； 3、托福阅读：托福阅读的材料内省和题目形式，快读/浏览获取具体信息，识别论点与论证，整体阅读段落大意，中心思想，意义重述，区分观点与事实的技巧；
4、托福写作：托福学术写作的题目形式，审题、收集素材、构思、提出观点、让步、评价和反驳、定义与解释、主题句与论证、前后一致、难句写作等。 二、主要教学内容及教学要求 THE LISTENING MODULE Unit1Introduction 主要教学内容 1、General information 2、Listening Test Format 3、Questions Type 教学要求 要求同学们掌握托福听力的基本技巧，熟悉托福听力的基本构成与题目类型。 Unit2Listening Strategies and Skills 主要教学内容 1、Listening for specific information 2、Identifying detail 3、Identifying main ideas 4、Seeing beyond the surface meaning 5、Following signpost words 6、Being aware of stress,rhythm and intonation 教学要求 要求同学们掌握托福听力的基本技巧，能够掌握听力基本技能并提高英语的运用技能。 Unit3IBT Listening Sample Tests 主要教学内容 1、Sample tests 教学要求 要求同学们能够将所学习的托福听力技巧应用到实践中。 THE SPEAKING MODULE Unit1Introduction 主要教学内容 1.General information 2.Speaking Test Format
托福写作圣经： 1.写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚；（就是解释） 2.习作考试不基于考试的真实身份；（可以作假，真情实感没有任何意义） 3.写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平（unique, critical ideas mean nothing） 4.写作考试不测试考生的真实想法； 5.写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译； 6.写作考试不同于平时写作； 7.写作内容和语言同等重要； 8.观点的层次比观点的数目更重要； 9.逻辑错误比语法错误更严重; 10.跑题就完蛋（finish egg）. “T he longer, the better.”------黄金规则 Use best structure and sentence Sentence: “我认为…………….” I feel/think/hold/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue/assume that…………. In my opinion From my point of view From my perspective/angle As far as I am concerned I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that My viewpoint/belief/opinion is that……… As I see/view/perceive/ the problem/question/issue/case/discussion/argument/controversy……. 托福作文不需要标题 段落格式：缩行式，空行式 教材推荐： 俞敏洪：《托福词根》 张洪伟，戴云《托福词汇10000》 张道真，《实用英语语法》 戴云，《托福语法精要》 张洪伟，戴云《新托福写作词汇小伴侣》 句子训练方法 1.多种方法表达同一句意 e.g A 对B很重要 1) A is important to B
托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 好的开端等于成功的一半，所以托福写作如果能写好开头，你的作文也能奠定下高分的基础。今天和大家分享托福独立写作高分开头写作方法,希望能帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 一.先根据话题铺设背景 在独立写作的背景铺垫中，首先我们需要明晰独立写作常考的15个topic，其中包括education，technology，sports等。在审题、理解题意之后，可以适当定位关键词进行文题分析和头脑风暴，进行社会背景定位。 示范：Increasingly，under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth，people especially employees show great concern to their career development. 二.确定观点 此步骤一定不要直接抄写原题。结合第一句的背景铺垫，可适当改写题目，引出有争议性的argument。 三.表明自己针对话题的立场
立场是开头段最为重要且核心的句子，其作用是表明了考生对这一论题的态度，且后面内容的陈述也是建立在这一立场基础上进行论证、分析;立场表明时，尽量用自己的语言进行表述最佳。 四.结尾句启下 过渡句的作用是承上启下，承接开头段内容的同时，以一种自然流畅的方式简要引出下文，从而加强*的逻辑关系;也可以适当提及中间段会涉及的论点，进行实际内容的铺垫。建议大家多进行练习和范文积累，一定可以总结出不同的过渡句写作方式。 示范：… with several reasons t o exemplify. 托福独立写作是托福写作的重点，而开头段对于独立作文整体评分影响颇大，所以小站君建议大家认真学习上文中关于开头段的写作方法，并运用起来，写出漂亮的开头。 托福写作解析：take more exercise 托福写作解析： If there’s a way to improve yourself, which one among the three choices you would take? 1. take more exercise 2. eat more healthy food
托福英语独立写作模板指导 很多学习者翻开作文书籍，就如同想打开一本武功秘籍，只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧) 。技巧固然十分重要，但在应试准备中，常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒大家的是，不可高估技巧的作用，犹如在武打片中，要想得到某某宝典和剑法，是需要付出惨痛的代价的。 如何运用托福英语写作模板 1. 熟悉和理解4大评分标准是高分关键 评分标准1：effectively addresses the writing topic and task. 要求考生有效地阐明主题，考生千万不要跑题。从笔者的教学经验看，考生全部跑题现象较少，但是局部跑题现象十分严重，这也是考生不能轻取高分的缘故。 评分标准2：well organized and well developed 逻辑条理清楚，发展充分。每次作者在讲写作时总是把它和阅读相对照。各位考生要想拿到独立写作满分必须真正理解八股文的结构，千万不要写中国式的八股文，而应写出美式八股文。 评分标准3：uses specific details and examples to support you view 考生的论据一定要具体、明确，且对论点有支持作用，而不能空洞和泛泛而谈。 评分标准4：displays language facility by demonstrating syntactic variety, word choice and idiom.(通过谴词造句和习惯表达来展示语言的熟练程度) 这一点是各位考生经常忽视,迷惘和不清楚的一点。新托福作文占总分120分的30分。我们对大家的要求是在作文上花的时间既要少又要拿高分，至少28分。凡是想拿到28分甚至满分
何凯文写作强化班整理笔记 1、Just as an old Chinese proverb says. 正如一句古老的中国谚语所说。 2、Sample as the picture is, the symbolic meaning behind it is as deep as ocean. 尽管图画很简单，寓意却非常深刻。 3、Aspire to inspire until I expire. 生命不息，奋斗不止。 aspire/??spa??/ v(aspiring,aspired,aspires)有志(于) inspire /?n?spa??/ v(inspiring,inspired,inspires)鼓舞; 激励 expire /?k?spa??/ v(expiring,expired,expires)到期; 失效 4、With current state of affairs being so sorry, it is high time that we took effective measures to tackle this problem. 问题如此严重，是马上采取有效措施解决这个问题的时候了。 tackle /?t?k?l/ (tackling,tackled,tackles)处理 5、It is imperative that corresponding laws and regulations be introduced and enforced to curb and harness this urgent problem. 我们必须制定并执行一些法律和政策来解决这个问题。 correspond /?k?r??sp?nd/v (corresponding,corresponded,corresponds)相一致; 相对应 imperative /?m?p?r?t?v/ adj至关重要的 curb and harness 解决 6、In no country other than China , it has been said , is the problem of environment more serious. 在中国，环境问题是最重要的。
1月23日托福写作考试真题解析 正在备战托福写作的考生们，不知道你们准备的怎么样了呢?为了给正在备考的同学们带来一定的帮助，在今天的文章中，天道小编为各位准备了2016年托福作文真题解析，一起来看!更多托福写作机经，还请继续关注我们的频道! 备考托福的小伙伴们注意了，托福真题是你不可缺少的备考利器。因此，本文天道小编给大家整理了刚刚过去的1月23日托福作文真题。正在备战托福写作的考生们还等什么，赶快收藏 吧!2016年1月23日托福写作机经如下： 综合写作：鼠兔灭绝的原因 阅读： 1. 鼠兔有一种能防御寒冷的外衣，在温度升高的时候会因过热而死亡; 2. 夏天温度太高，难以储存过冬的食物，导致冬天因缺乏食物而饿死; 3. 冬天鼠兔要靠雪层来保温，但是因为全球变暖，雪融化得过快，导致它们暴露在寒冷的环境中。 听力反驳： 1. 每个地方的温度不一样，如果鼠兔生活在阴凉的地区，它们就不会因为温度过高而死亡; 2. 因为温度高，鼠兔吃得不多，可以把食物留下来为冬天做准备; 3. 雪化得快，冬天结束得早;这些动物就可以很快熬过冬天，在春天的时候恢复体力。 独立写作： Some people think that some lessons for young students (age5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, other people think this way is distracting and a waste of time. What’s your opinion? 是否新题：是 题材：教育类 观点： Lessons for young students (age5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting. 写作思路： 1. 含有视频游戏的课程可以活跃课堂气氛，激发学生的学习兴趣;
托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏（１） Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice? As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others ’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group ’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village. Asking others’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other. Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrasedfrom John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do. 托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏(2) Case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others' advice contribute greatly
托福ibt口语讲义
Task1 Free Choice Task 人物类题目： 1.Describe the famous person you admire most. Explain why you admire this person. Include details and examples to support your response. 2.Describe a person whom you enjoy spending time with. Explain why you would like to spend time with this person. Include reasons and details to support your response. 3.Describe a special friend in your childhood，why he or she is special to you? Include reasons and details to support your response. 4.Describe a person that you admire as an important role model. Explain why you look up this person. Include details and details to support your explanation. 5.Describe a character in a book，movie or TV program that deeply impressed you. Explain why you like this character. Include reasons and details to support your response. 6.Describe a person you’d like to know more. Explain what you’d like to know more about this person. Include reasons and examples in your response. 7.Describe a person you dislike. Explain why and use specific details to support your answer. 8.Describe a person who always makes you laugh. 9.which of the followings do you think is the most important features in friendship：honesty，loyalty，humor? Please include specific examples and details in your explanation. 10.what do think is most important feature for being a good teacher/leader/parent/neiborhood? Explain why and use specific detail to support your answer. 地点类题目： 1. Describe you go to often and explain why you like it most. Include reasons and examples to support your response. 2.Describe your favorite place or area in the city or town you live in and
复习建议 敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作 重复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343 分类读185题库，列提纲，贯彻详细细节，查字典 分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经 练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述能力 练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子 练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量 三角和巴朗练习 一、独立写作评分原则 An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following: ●Effective ad dresses the topic and task ●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details ●Displays unity，progression，and coherence ●Displays consistent facility in the use of language，demonstrating syntactic variety，appropriate word choice，and idiomaticity，though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors. OG 325-343 effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result organized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure developed:to make an idea clearer by explaining it further explanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sth unity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing way progression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to another coherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a whole consistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard
新托福独立写作必背分类话题词汇 一、Education教育 二、Technology科技 三、Media媒体 四、Success 成功 五、Work 工作 六、Government 政府七、Friends 朋友 八、Old vs. Y oung 九、Transportation 交通 十、Environment 环境 十一、Money 金钱 十二、Leisure 休闲 十三、Family 家庭 十四、Animals 动物 十五、Food 食物 十六、Safety安全 十七、Health健康 十八、Food 食物 一、Education教育 作业n. assignment（可数)与homework不同选修课n. elective course 学分n. credit 青少年n. ；青春期的adj. adolescent 适应adapt to sth. / become accustomed to sth. 应用v. apply 团队精神team spirit 独立思考think independently 在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding 学生的反馈students’ feedback 学生评价老师的教学students appraise/ evaluate their teachers’ performance 通才n. generalist 专才n. specialist 全面发展的adj. well-rounded 多才多艺的adj. versatile 为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being (or welfare) 工科n. engineering 学科（通称）；纪律n. 管教vt. discipline 互动vt. interact 自制力n. self-discipline 小（中、大）学教育primary-level (or secondary-level/ tertiary-level ) education 职业教育vocational education 学校给学生的教育n. schooling 学校提供的课程总称n. curriculum ( pl. curricula) 心理的adj. psychological 参与n. participation 熟练掌握……be proficient in 榜样role model 同龄人n. peer 对孩子/弱者过度保护adj. overprotective 家长给小孩的教育n. parenting 批判眼光看问题能力critical thinking abilities 有创造力的adj. creative/original 表现出色perform well 为…打好基础lay a solid foundation for 评估n. evaluation 对…非常好的掌握n. mastery 好奇心n. curiosity 精英n. elite 应试教育test-oriented education 富于想象力的imaginative 无知的adj. ignorant 误入歧途go astray 文盲（的）n.&adj. illiterate 给人动力的adj. motivating 未成年人n. minors 溺爱vt. spoil 青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency 欺负（n. “喜欢欺负人的孩子”）vt. bully 植物学n. botany 天文学n. astronomy 培养v. cultivate/ foster/ nurture 促进学生身心发展promote the student’s physical/mental (or intellectual) and emotional development 心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare 给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth/ motivate the students to do sth 传授知识impart/ inculcate knowledge 灌输高尚的道德观instill high moral values 给学生以灵感give the students inspiration 学生对老师所教知识的掌握students’grasp (or command) of what has been taught 就业技能employable skills 填鸭式教法教学生force-feed the students 死记硬背learn things by rote 责任感sense of obligation/ duty/ responsibility 记忆方程式、公式、定理、定律memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws 盲从follow sth. blindly
托福基础写作 一、托福写作概述 二、英汉两种语言的区别 （一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。 linear way of thinking （二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。 10 Linking words cohesion 1. conj.: 1) and. but, or, so, while 2) if, because, although, That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that 2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example 3. however, unfortunately, Undeniably 4. to make things worse 5. generally speaking 6. 同义词 7. repetition 8. this, it, that, those 9. interesting to see 10. what is more （三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。 （四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。 三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误 1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation. 2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention. 3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad. 4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places. 5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education. 6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.
小站教育托福培训新托福写作范文欣赏 我们相信，很多考生在托福写作考试之前会看很多优秀范文，也会准备很多写作模板，但是从实际上看，模板虽然很重要，但它不应就是万能的。所以说只有很好的掌握了优秀写作方法才能正确应对考试。下面就跟我们TPO小站一起来看看这篇有些的托福写作范文吧！ TOPIC: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 20years from now, people will have more leisure time than they do now. Do you think that in 2034 working people will have three days off every week? I believe so and I have good reasons to support my opinion. In the coming 20 years, science and technology would have developed by huge leaps and bounds that governments and labor unions will pay more attention to people’s leisure time and the awareness for the relaxation of the general public is expected to rise. The first point I want to mention is that as science and technology develops, the likelihood of inventing inexpensive and user-friendly automatons is large. With an automaton, people can leave daily chores like cleaning, washing, and cooking to it and use the large portion of the day watching TV, playing games, or engaging in outdoor activities. Now I spend nearly 2 hours a day preparing my family’s decent meals. I believe that 20 years later I can play with my grandchildren and let a small robot cook for us. Many people may contradict my statement by saying that the saved time should instead be used for study and work. While this may be the truth, it is their choice. We can choose to use the saved time to relax instead of allocating it to study and work. Second, the role of the government in increasing the general publics’free time should not be ignored. To maintain a prosperous and stable society, the government must prioritize their citizens’ welfare. Since having more days off is what everyone likes, the government will gradually increase people’s leisure time. Many people would argue that productivity may decrease if people have extra one day off. But this worry does not hold water, for only a relaxed mind can function well. 30 years ago, people in China had only 1 day off every week. Now we have two days off per week. So it is reasonable to predict that 20 years later, we will enjoy three days off without posing any harm to our productivity. Last but not least, people increasingly feel that there is a strong correlation between relaxation and health. So they will take themselves away from work in the hope of living a care-free life often. I always hear people say that many individuals spend the first 30 years of their life working, resulting in a deteriorated physical health. As a result, they have to use money to treat their illnesses in the later decades of their lives, which is really costly. Now many people understand that if we spend more time relaxing our body and mind, we are expected to live a longer and happier life. So with the increase of awareness, it is justifiable to say that people have a great chance to live a relaxed life in 20 years time. In conclusion, I see an optimistic future. Our children, our grandchildren, and even we will not suffer as much pressure as people do nowadays. This is because of the combined effects of science, the government, and the general public themselves.(508)