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[外语类试卷]2014年南京大学考博英语真题试卷
一、Structure and Vocabulary
1 Hunting is thought to be______for the extinction of some wildlife.
（A）responsible
（B）blamed
（C）charged
（D）denounced
2 The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a______visit to theirs.
（A）reciprocal
（B）bilateral
（C）considerate
（D）rewarding
3 That man claimed to be a______of Confucius.
（A）descending
（B）ascending
（C）descendant
（D）offspring
4 Can you______the truth of his statement?
（A）deny
（B）refuse
（C）decline
（D）reject
5 I failed in my new job. If only I______my parents.
（A）listened to
（B）had listened to
（C）have listend to
（D）would listen to
6 He studied at a famous college when he was young, ______contributed to his success in later life.
（A）which
（B）it
（C）that
（D）what
7 My eldest sister went on with the story and young children around her ______ with " wonderful!" from time to time.
（A）broke out
（B）broke off
（C）broke in
（D）broke up
8 Jean holds very______opinions about food; she won't eat anything new of foreign.
（A）awesome
（B）conventional
（C）consistent
（D）condimental
9 Donor fatigue and______of the country's poverty are now causing those hopes to wither.
（A）expenditure
（B）extremity
（C）wreckage
（D）supremacy
10 He felt a great sense of______after his success.
（A）fulfillment
（B）fortification
（C）innovation
（D）illumination
11 They are still in the______stage between the old and new government.
（A）transaction
（B）transplanting
（C）transitional
（D）transforming
12 Starting a new business can be a risky______.
（A）processing
（B）attempting
（C）undertaking
（D）overhauling
13 It's none of your business, you have no right to______.
（A）disturb
（B）interfere
（C）interrupt
（D）obtain
14 The passengers carried on drinking and dancing______unaware of the impending disaster.
（A）witheringly
（B）contemptuously
（C）morally
（D）blissfully
15 We must also understand how to______between what should be remembered and what should be forgotten.
（A）differentiate
（B）distinct
（C）disengage
（D）entangle
16 Maisie had always thought of herself as being shy and______, and was surprised that anyone should ask her opinion.
（A）stuttering
（B）scattering
（C）inarticulate
（D）inexpressive
17 The company made profit in that one month than it made in the whole of the______ year.
（A）previously
（B）proceeding
（C）preceding
（D）unpreceding
18 No president who performs his duties faithfully and______can have any leisure. （A）consistently
（B）conscientiously
（C）nervously
（D）piously
19 Take this bit of seemingly______advice: In order to write quickly, you must first think slowly.
（A）paradoxical
（B）contradict
（C）parallel
（D）disordering
20 I'd rather you______me a new one instead of having mine repaired as you did. （A）had given
（B）have given
（C）gave
（D）giving
二、Cloze
20 In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the【C1】______half of the 19th century; most of 【C2】______were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day-nursery movement received great【C3】______during the First World War, when【C4】
______of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries, nurseries were established【C5】______in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship【C6】______the number of nurseries in the U. S. , also rose【C7】______. this rise was accomplished without
government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War,【C8】______Federal State and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control【C9】______the day nurseries, chiefly by【C10】______them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.
21 【C1】
（A）latter
（B）other
（C）late
（D）first
22 【C2】
（A）those
（B）them
（C）whose
（D）which
23 【C3】
（A）impetus
（B）input
（C）imitation
（D）initiative
24 【C4】
（A）sources （B）abundance （C）shortage （D）reduction
25 【C5】
（A）hardly
（B）entirely （C）only
（D）even
26 【C6】
（A）Because （B）As
（C）Since
（D）Although
27 【C7】
（A）unanimously （B）sharply （C）predominantly （D）militantly
28 【C8】
（A）therefore
（B）consequently
（C）however
（D）moreover
29 【C9】
（A）over
（B）in
（C）at
（D）about
30 【C10】
（A）formulating
（B）labeling
（C）patenting
（D）licensing
三、Reading Comprehension
30 The animal dissection requirement of biology classes has been getting under the skin of students for generations, and there have always been some who asked to be excused from the requirement. Now, a growing number of technological alternatives are making it possible for students to swap that scalpel for a computer mouse. There are laws
in nearly a dozen states — including California, Florida, New York — protecting a student's choice to learn about animal anatomy sans scalpel. Some students choosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed friends. Others are just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and the smell of formaldehyde.
Dissection is icy. There's a yuck factor. " admits Brian Shmaersky, a boared member with the National Association of Biology Teachers. " And a teacher has to weigh the benefits with the cost of students being offended to the point that it interferes with learning. "
Virtual blades. So for cases in which a real dissection would be too slimy, it's time to try some toad tech. While the first computer-based alternatives to dissection emerged in the 1980s, modern frog dissection software can be found at different websites. These software programs use creative clicking, high-powered zoom functions, and video clips
to teach anatomy. Froguts software, for example, lets students trace incision lines with a computer mouse and snip through skin with a virtual blade. There are even sound effects like a "slish" for slicing frog flesh, or a "shwoosh" for pinning down skin flaps.(Schools currently pay about $ 300 for a one-year software license, though some organizations will lend programs out free of charge.)
Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed the first-ever haptic(the Greek word for "touch")frog dissection program, which uses a penlike tool to create a sensation similar to cutting into real flesh. The hand-held device connects to a computer, and students move the device through the air while watching the results of their actions on a computer screen.
With Digital Frog — a popular program that's had approximately 1, 500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in use in 2, 000 schools — students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with a mere mouse click. They can then assess their learning with sporadic frog anatomy quizzes.
"Repetition is helpful. The fact that a student can review sections of a program over and over again is important," says Martin Stephens, vice president for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States. "In dissections, the animal's organs are all shriveled and discolored. You look for things and can't find them because body parts have changed drastically since the animal was killed. But on a computer screen, layers can be digitally peeled away. " Other experts think the dissection technology has its limits. Gerry Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association, says that artificial simulations don't give as enriching an experience as the real thing. Still others worry the programs are depriving kids of experiential learning.
31 The word "swap"(Line 4, Paragraph 1)most probably means______.
（A）exchange
（B）throw away
（C）reject
（D）refuse
32 Some students ask to be excused from the requirement of biology classes because of the following reason except that______.
（A）dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells
（B）they are entitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulation （C）they are offended when fulfilling the requirements of animal dissection
（D）they insist that people should treat animals more as friends instead of simply objects.
33 Brian Shmaefsky's statement implies that______.
（A）He indeed supports the students'animal protection movement
（B）He thinks the animal dissection should be banned
（C）He thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectively
（D）He always evaluates the teaching effect by weighing reluctant factors of cost and effect
34 The author's attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be______.
（A）supportive
（B）doubtful
（C）indifferent
（D）provocative
34 Many people dread going on foreign assignments — sometimes even before
they've gone on one. They hear stories about how exhausting and disorienting business travel can be. They worry about getting sick, getting lonely, or getting killed. They're afraid they won't be liked or that they won't succeed. But the fact is that for many people a foreign assignment can be the opportunity and thrill of a lifetime.
The Wall Street Journal reports the story of John Aliberti, who had spent his career working to become a midlevel manager for Union Switch in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for an overseas assignment; He had no experience in international travel and business. But when he was chosen to represent the company as technical expert and representative in China, Aliberti responded with enthusiasm; "Back home, the work we do, it's been done for decades. In China you're breaking new ground. It's a milestone in the history of the world. "
By viewing his China assignment as an exciting adventure, Aliberti largely bypassed the negative effects of culture shock. According to the Well Street Journal, "The crowds and chaotic lines don't faze him. He becomes animated telling stories of long train trips to out-of-the-way cities like Nanchang, where Union Switch is helping to build a railroad yard..."
Alibert's enthusiastic attitude and his active interest in learning about the culture and business practices in China have helped him become a central figure in his company's China operations. His job in Pittsburgh is two rungs below vice president. In China, according to his boss, " He acts like a president or CEO. That's got to turn him on. "
35 John Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for overseas assignment because______. （A）he is the most experienced member of the company.
（B）he has been to China many times.
（C）he has been promoted to the top-level position of the company
（D）he has little experience in traveling abroad
36 "Aliberti largely bypassed the negative effects of culture shock. " "Bypass"(Para.
3)means ______.
（A）ignore
（B）pass away
（C）avoid
（D）shortcut
37 The following statements are correct about John Aliberti except______.
（A）he is good at selling his experience of traveling in China
（B）he is troubled by the crowds and confused transportation in China
（C）he is excited about travelling ground China
（D）he is breaking new ground for his company
38 The story of John Aliberti tells us that______.
（A）culture shock is easy to deal with.
（B）many people dread going on business.
（C）the transportation of China is confused to foreigners.
（D）you can deal with culture shock well with an active interest in learning about the culture.
38 The period of adolescence, i. e. , the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constututes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescence period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there is no longer agreement as to what constitutes initiation
ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the education ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of 16 the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license, he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of 18 the law provides adult prsponsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of 21 the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, buy liquor, enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
39 The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because______.
（A）the definiton of maturity has changed
（B）the industrialized society is more developed
（C）more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
（D）ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
40 Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to______.
（A）graduations from schools and colleges
（B）social recognition
（C）socio-economic status
（D）certain behavioral changes
41 No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is______.
（A）eleven years old
（B）sixteen years old
（C）twenty-one years old
（D）between twelve and twenty-one years old
42 Starting from 22, ______.
（A）one will obtain more basic rights
（B）the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
（C）one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21
（D）one will enjoy more rights granted by society
42 " Tear ' em apart!' " " Kill the fool!" " Murder the referee!"
These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let's not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term "opponent" as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.
The dictionary meaning of the term "opponent" is "adversary" , "ememy" , "one who opposes your interests. " Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one's intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a play's request for a time out for a glove
change because he did not considered them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. " Are they wet enough now?"
In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent's international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.
Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term "opponent" with "associate" could be an ideal way to start.
The dictionary meaning of the term "associate" is "colleague"; "friend"; "companion. " Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term "associate" rather than "opponent."
43 Which of the following statements best expresses the author's view?
（A）Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
（B）The words people use can influence their behavior.
（C）Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
（D）Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
44 Harsh words are spoken during games because the players______.
（A）are too eager to win
（B）are usually short-tempered and easily offended
（C）cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
（D）treat their rivals as enemies
45 What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
（A）He refused to continue the game.
（B）He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
（C）He claimed that the referee was unfair.
（D）He wet his gloves by rubbing them acress his T-shirt.
46 According to the passage, players, in a game, may______.
（A）deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
（B）keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
（C）lie down on the ground as an act of protest
（D）dash with the ball across the court with force
46 Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world's largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.
The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats are endangered by highway construction Toprotect the Poconos'natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy named the area one of America's "Last Great Places".
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy's Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemese, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14, 000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.
Altemose's family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Franchl worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program As a result, his family's land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.
Cook attributes the Conservancy's success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents.
"The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community," Cook said, "The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort. "
For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world's other "Last Great Places," please call 1-888-5646864. Or visit us on the World Wid Web at www. tnc. org.
47 The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America's "Last Great Places" is
to______.
（A）gain support from the local community
（B）protect is from irresponsible development
（C）make it a better home for black bears
（D）provide financial security for future generations
48 We learn from the passage that______.
（A）the population in the Pocono area is growing
（B）wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly
（C）the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened
（D）farmlands is the Pocono area are shrinking fast
49 What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?
（A）The setting up of an environmental protection website.
（B）Support from organizations like the Nature Conservancy.
（C）Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders.
（D）Inclusion of farmlands in the region's protection program.
50 What does Bud Cook mean by "having a local presence"(Line 1, Para. 5)?
（A）Financial contributions from local business leaders.
（B）Consideration of the interests of the local residents.
（C）The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area.
（D）The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.
四、English-Chinese Translation
51 The legends of the Wild West still color many people's impression of the United States of America. Unfortunately, the romanticized Hollywood cowboys and Indians have given a distorted picture of what really happened. Certainly, America's western expansion was in many ways an epic of courage and endurance. Dogged pioneers opened up new territory and forged a nation from the wilderness. This is the stuff of legends. But there was a dark side to this story. For the Indians it was a sad, bitter tale of misunderstanding, greed and betrayal — and we should know that too.
52 If a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of society. Its art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, nor creates heroes or inspires genius on the other Works, indeed, of genjus fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule; a University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations, It does not promise a generation of Aristotles or Newtons, of Napoleons or Washingtons, of Raphaels or Shakespeares, though such miracles of nature it has before now contained within its precinets.
五、Chinese-English Translation
53 世界与宇宙的本质是什么?这是中国哲学的基本问题。春秋时期的思想家老子是第一个尝试进行阐释的中国哲学家，老子认为“道”乃宇宙及世界之源。道无始终，“道”即“天”，“天”即“道”。老子主张“道法自然”。这个观点揭示了一个平凡但深刻的真理：天、地、人及世间的一切都有着自然的属性，人类作为自然的一部分应当遵循自然的法则，而不应无节制地向自然索取。
南京大学哲学系历年考博真题（2008—2013年） 考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305） 适用专业：中国哲学宗教学 2008年（中国哲学专业做A卷宗教学专业做B卷）A卷（每题25分，共100分） 1、孔子“仁”的思想内容及其评论 2、老子“道”的思想内容及其评论 3、王阳明“知行合一”说述评 4、试论程朱理学对先秦儒学的丰富和发展 B卷（每题25分，共100分） 1、荀子天人思想述评 2、孟子仁学思想述评 3、王充元气自然论述评 4、郭象“独化”论述评 2009年 1、试述墨子对孔子学说的批评，并给予评论（25分） 2、老子、庄子思想异同（25分） 3、张载“气本论”思想述评（25分） 4、试述中国传统哲学中的“天人合一”思想，并给予检讨（25 分）
1．孔子“仁爱”、老子“道爱”、墨子“兼爱”之比较（25分）2．魏晋玄学讨论的主要问题并给予评论（25分） 3．试述程朱“理本论”与陆王“心本论”异同（25分） 4．试述儒学哲学化历程并给予评论：以先秦儒学、宋明儒学、现代新儒学为例。（25分） 2011年 1、试论儒学人文主义思想及其特质。（25分） 2、《大学》主要思想内容述评。（25分） 3、王夫之“理势合一”论述评。（25分） 4、试述老子的“道”与宋明理学的“理”之异同。（25分） 2013年 1、 2、老子辩证法及其评论（25分） 3、中国佛学在中国哲学中的地位（25分） 4、张载《西铭》的主要思想述评（25分） 考试科目名称及代码：中国佛学（2294） 适用专业：中国哲学
论述题（每题25分，共100分） 一、慧远“法性论”思想述评（25分） 二、天台宗“三谛圆融”思想述评（25分） 三、试从佛学与儒学两个方面论述佛儒交融的内在根据（25分） 四、试评析《维摩诘经》对现当代人间佛教的影响（25分） 2009年 论述题（每题25分，共100分） 一、如何理解《心经》中所说的：“色不异空，空不异色；色即是 空，空即是色”？（25分） 二、竺道生佛性思想述评。（25分） 三、禅宗的中国化主要表现在哪些方面？（25分） 四、从王阳明的“本体工夫”看禅学对阳明学的影响。（25分） 2010年 论述题（每题25分，共100分） 一、华严“四法界”思想述评（25分） 二、慧能对传统佛教进行了哪些根本性改革？（25分） 三、佛教对中国传统思维模式的影响表现在哪些方面？（25分） 四、什么是佛教的“不二法门”？（25分）
兰州大学考博英语真题及其精解 1.This rock has to be_______in order to build a road. A.blasted B.explored C.hired D.maintained 2.He did not go to the party last night,which_______her feelings deeply. A.wounded B.injured C.hurt D.injury 3.When they returned to the river,they found that the boat had _______away. A.framed B.frosted C.frowned D.floated 4.If you need further information,please_______our office. A.constant B.construct C.contact D.contain 5.During the war,many soldiers were killed not by_______,but by disease. A.bulledts B.devil C.bible D.depth 6.We watched the ship until it became only a_______in the distance. A.point B.jar C.stove D.dot 7.The English proverb‘_______the rod and spoil the child’means that if you deep from punishing the child,you will spoil its character.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. A.rule B.rug C.clap D.spare
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
兰州大学 2003 年招收攻读博士学位研究生 英语考试试题 Section Ⅰ(20%) 1.To control intelligence in the attempt to insure only benevolent consequences would sentence the human race to ignorance, stagnation and decadence, and probably would be impossible. A. deception B. decline C. revelation D. disclosure 2. During the 1800s and early 1900s the academic disciplines such as chemistry and physics made great headway. A. sacrifice B. progress C. forefront D. preconceptions 3. The purpose of the law is to prevent discrimination on the grounds of. Sex A. nationality B. race C. gender D. profession 4. The governor`s helicopter hovered over the field for a long time before landing. A. stayed B. adjusted C. confronted D. subdued 5.The noise was so faint that it was impossible to be sure what it was or even where it came from. A. loud B. frightening C. general D. indistinct 6.An understanding of the quantum theory is vital in the study of solid-state physics. A. helpful B. alive C. acquired D. essential
西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析 I.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15points) EXAMPLE: I was caught_the rain yesterday. A.in B.by C.with D.at ANSWER:(A) l.Those two families have been quarrelling__each other for many years. A.to B.between C.against D.with 2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared___ A.in B.with C.among D.by 3."How often have you seen cases like this?"one surgeon asked another."Oh,__times,I guess,"was the reply. A.hundred of B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred 4.Give me your telephone number__I need your help. A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case 5.You sang well last night.We hope you'll sing__. A.more better B.still better C.nicely D.best 6.Those people__a general understanding of the present situation. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b2889229.html,ck of B.are lacking of https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b2889229.html,ck D.are in lack 7.Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work
南京大学社会学2001-2003考博试题 2001年试题 社会学理论与方法 一、简述题（每题8分，共40分） 1、简述马克斯.韦伯的理想类型 2、简述达伦多夫社会冲突理论 3、简述社会交换理论在人类学、经济学和心理学中的理论来源 4、简述布尔迪厄德“文化资本”理论 5、有关政府预算的一项社会调查想知道某市市民对政府在教育经费投入、交通建设经费 投入方面的意见。由于调查经费有限，甲研究人员把问卷发往全市各小学，然后通过学生 转到家长手中；乙研究人员从全市18岁以上成人中随机抽出调查对象，再用邮寄方式发放 问卷。请比较两种不同的调查方法，指出各自的长短。 二、论述题（每题15分，共45分） 1、论述唯名论和唯实论两种社会观 2、论述宏观社会学理论和微观社会学理论的区别 3、社会学的中国化应该如何借鉴西方社会学发展的历史教训？ 三、计算题（每题15分，共15分） 在一次对研究生考生的社会调查中，某地区所有考生的资料显示，该地区考生5门课程的总 分成绩近似服从正态分布。每个考生的平均分为320分，标准差为25.38，试求： （1）、从该地区中随机抽取一名考生，其总分超过340分的概率；（2）、如果抽取一个容量为9的随机样本，求其平均总分超过340分的概率 （3）、比较（1）和（2）的结果，请做出统计意义的解释；另外，如果总体不是正态，那 么（2）的答案将是什么？ （附：查表可知，Ф（Z<=0.79）=0.7851 Ф（Z<=0.78）=0.7823 Ф（Z<=2.36）=0.981）
2002年试题 社会学理论与方法 一、简述题（每题8分，共40分） 1、简述迪尔凯姆的社会事实及其特征 2、简述符号互动论中衣阿华学派和芝加哥学派的差异 3、简述米尔斯对美国中产阶级的论述 4、简述吉登斯的现代性制度“组织丛” 5、什么是操作化?它在社会研究中的作用是什么？ 二、论述题（每题15分，共45分） 1、论述库恩的范式思想及其对西方社会学理论的影响 2、科尔曼针对社会科学中普遍存在的缺陷——宏观理论和微观理论的联系脆弱，提出了 怎样的解决方法？是举例说明。 3、试比较调查研究和实地研究两种社会研究方式的特点。 三、计算提（每题15分，共15分） 对北京和南京两城市各随机抽取400名居民进行调查，结果发现，北京居民人均月收入为1 200元，标准差为180元；南京居民人均月收入为500元，标准差为80元。问： （1）、北京居民互相之间在收入上的差异，与南京居民相互之间在收入上的差异，哪一个 更大？ （2）、在95%的置信度下（Z=1.96），南京市居民平均月收入的置信区间是多少？ 2003 理论与方法 简答题 1、帕累托的剩余物与衍生物 2、齐美尔的社会类型 3、柯林斯的互动仪式 4、哈贝马斯的合法化危机 5、米德的精神、自我与社会的关系 6、分层抽样与整群抽样分别应用于什么情况下
2003年南京大学考博英语真题及详解 SECTION I LISTENING COMPREHENSION（20%） （略） SECTION II STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY（35%） Part A Directions:Questions31-40are incomplete sentences.Beneath each sentence you will see four-words or phrases,marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 31.This platform would collapse if all of us______on it. A.stand B.stood C.would stand D.had stood 【答案】B 【解析】一般现在时的虚拟语气结构，主句用would+动词，从句用一般过去式。 32.The young man who saw the car______into the river telephoned the police. A.plunged B.plunge
C.was plunging D.to plunge 【答案】B 【解析】see sth.do表示看到事物动作的整个过程，这里表示看见车陷入河里。 33.You can come with me to the museum this afternoon______you don’t mind walking for half an hour. A.unless B.so far as C.except D.if 【答案】D 【解析】句意为“如果你不介意走半个小时路的话，你今天下午就跟我一块去博物馆吧。” 可知为D，其余三项均不通。 34.We can rely on William to carry out this mission,for his judgment is always ______. A.inexplicable B.healthy C.sound D.straight 【答案】C
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题 一、阅读理解 Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part. 1. The best title for this selection is （） A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts 2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive ju
2013年南京大学考博英语真题及详解 SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY(30%) Part A(20%) Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there arc four choices marked A,B,C,and D respectively.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. l.Shoes of this kind are to slip on wet ground. A.feasible B.appropriate C.apt D.fitting 【答案】C 【解析】句意：这种鞋在湿地上容易打滑。apt恰当的；有…倾向的；灵敏的。feasible 可行的；可能的；可实行的。appropriate适当的；恰当的；合适的。fitting适合的；相称的。 2.I bought an alarm clock with an_____dial,which can be seen clearly in the dark. A.supersonic B.luminous C.audible
D.amplified 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我买了一个有发光针盘的闹钟，黑夜中也能看得很清楚。luminous发光的；明亮的；清楚的。supersonic超音速的；超声波的。audible听得见的。amplified 放大的；扩充的。 3.Her jewelry_____under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball. A.glared B.glittered C.blazed D.glowed 【答案】B 【解析】句意：她的珠宝在灯光下闪闪发亮，让她成为了舞会上的焦点。glitter闪光；闪烁。glare瞪视；发眩光。blaze燃烧；照耀；激发。glow发热；洋溢；绚丽夺目。 4.Put on dark glasses or the sun will_____you and you won’t be able to see. A.discern B.distort C.distract D.dazzle 【答案】D
浙江理工大学 2013年博士研究生招生入学考试试题 考试科目：英语代码： 1001 （请考生在答题纸或答题卡上答题，在试题纸上答题无效） Part I Vocabulary (20 marks, 1 mark each) Section A Directions:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. 1. If you never do any work, you will only have yourself ____ if you fail your examination. A.to fault B. to reprove C. to mistake D. to blame 2. I’d like to study under your guidance, because I know you are a(n) ____ scientist in physics. A.prominent B. requisite C. desperate D. impatient 3. Before their skins were used, their feet were ____, leading to the misconception that the birds never had feet. A.cut down B. cut into C. cut over D. cut off 4. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____. A. favorable B. reasonable C. dependable D. predictable 5. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources. A. pensions B. accounts C. donations D. advertisements 6. We’ll all take a vacation in the mountains as soon as I finish working _____ my project. A. with B. on C. in D. about 7. Her husband is interested in designing electronic _________. A. safety B. management C. routine D. devices 8. Gestures are an important means to _______ message. A. study B. convey C. keep D. exploit 9. ________ preparations were being made for the Prime Minister's official visit to the four foreign countries. A. Elaborate B. Wise C. Neutral D. Optional 10. ____ adults, young children find little difficulty in imitating sounds in foreign languages. A.Not like B. Unlike C. Being not D. Not as Section B Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrases underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding
[外语类试卷]2014年南京大学考博英语真题试卷 一、Structure and Vocabulary 1 Hunting is thought to be______for the extinction of some wildlife. （A）responsible （B）blamed （C）charged （D）denounced 2 The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a______visit to theirs. （A）reciprocal （B）bilateral （C）considerate （D）rewarding 3 That man claimed to be a______of Confucius. （A）descending （B）ascending （C）descendant （D）offspring 4 Can you______the truth of his statement?
（A）deny （B）refuse （C）decline （D）reject 5 I failed in my new job. If only I______my parents. （A）listened to （B）had listened to （C）have listend to （D）would listen to 6 He studied at a famous college when he was young, ______contributed to his success in later life. （A）which （B）it （C）that （D）what 7 My eldest sister went on with the story and young children around her ______ with " wonderful!" from time to time. （A）broke out （B）broke off （C）broke in