《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)
中国人民大学出版社
Part Summary
?[1~2]
?John Tierney outlines the bet and the differences between the two sides.Two intellectual schools debate whether the world is getting better or going to the dogs.
Part Summary
?[3~4]
?the doomster and his proposition
?Erhrich predicted that "before 1985 mankind will enter an age of scarcity" in which "the accessible supplies of many key minerals will be nearing depletion".
Part Summary
?[5~6]
?the boomster and his point of view
?Simon believes that population growth constitutes not a crisis but a boon that will ultimately mean a cleaner environment and a healthier humanity.
Part Summary
?[7~9]
?How the bet came into being.
Part Summary
?[10-11]
?Erhrich's predictions and the reality
?Ehrlich was right about world population. Yet somehow the average person is healthier and wealthier. And things haven't run out yet.
Part Summary
?[12~20]
?Simon's opposite propositions towards Erhrich's predictions
?Simon believed that human ingenuity could indefinitely expand the planet's carrying capacity.
Part Summary
?[21~23]
?Simon had never enjoyed Ehrlich's academic success, when it came to winning over popularity.
?Many scientists are uncomfortable with his sweeping optimism - there is no guarantee that past trends will continue - but the consensus has been shifting against Ehrlich's idea of population growth as the great evil.
Part Summary
?[24~26]
?The bet ended in Simon's success due to the decline in price
Part Summary
?[27-28]
?New problems do exist, but there will be a way out.
Text Summary
?What is the relationship between mankind and the earth? There was a fierce debate between Paul R. Ehrlich, an ecologist, and Julian L. Simon, an
economist. Their debate in nature is between doomsters and boomsters over a view of the planet's ultimate limits and a vision of humanity's destiny.
Ehrlich believed that population growth would result in depletion of
resources. However, Simon held the idea that the resources were not finite.
With the population growth, more people would produce more bright ideas to solve the problem. The key point of Simon's argument was that human ingenuity could indefinitely expand the planet's carrying capacity while
Ehrlich's idea about the world was that a gigantic population crash would inevitably occur. From the debate it may be concluded that the danger does exist, yet there is a way out.
全文翻译
为地球的未来下赌注
输赢岂能赌资计兴亡自是人心系
节编自《纽约时报杂志》
约翰·蒂尔尼
全文翻译
?[1] 1980年，一位生态学家与一位经济学家就五种金属的未来价格打赌1 000美元。与此攸关者何止千元——其中有对地球最终极限的看法，有对人类命运的设想，一位看见的是杀虫剂渗入地下水，而另一位眼中则有农场上简仓内装满了创记录的大丰收；一位所见的是热带雨林被大批毁坏，而另一位已看到人们寿命的延长。
?[2] 现在，这两个人分头领导着两个思想派别——有时被称作毁灭论者和兴旺论者，这两大派为世界是在蒸蒸日上还是在走向毁灭而争论不休。
全文翻译
?[3] 生态学家保罗· R·埃利希，56岁，自从1968年发表《人口炸弹》一书以来一直是世界较知名的科学家之一。该书销售量为两百多万本。如果埃利希不是在斯坦福大学教书或研究蝴蝶的话，那就可以发现他在搞讲座，参加领奖或在―今日‖节目中露面。他是悲观论者。
全文翻译
?[4] 《人口炸弹》一书是这样开头的：―养活所有人类的战斗已经结束。20世纪70年代将死于饥饿者达亿万之数。‖埃利希写道：―什么也防止不了世界死亡的大幅度增长。‖1974年，他预言道：―1985年以前，人类将进入一个匮乏的时代‖，在这个时代，―许多主要矿物供开发的储藏量将被耗尽。‖
全文翻译
?[5] 经济学家朱利安· L·西蒙，59岁，是马里兰大学的教授。过去十年来他的观点一直影响着对华盛顿政策的形成，但他却从未在学术上或知名度上有埃利希那样的成就。他是乐观论者。
全文翻译
?[6] 西蒙认为，人口增长不是危机，而最终将意味着大有裨益于更洁
净的环境和更健康的人类。未来的世界将更美好，因为将有更多的人提供更聪明的思想。人类的进步是无限的，因为地球上的资源不是有限的。
全文翻译
?[7] 1980年，当西蒙在《科学》杂志上谈他对未来的幸福憧憬时，他的文章引来了大量愤怒的书信。一位被激怒的埃利希提供了简单的计算：地球的资源不得不按当时情况每年以7 500万人的速度而增加的人口来分配，这超过了地球的―承载能力‖——地球上食品、淡水和矿物的储藏量。随着资源的更加短缺，商品一定会昂贵起来，这是不可避免的。
?[8] 西蒙以挑战的方式作了答复。选出任何一种自然资源——谷类、石油、煤、木材、金属——和任何一个未来的日期。如果随着世界人口的增长资源将变得更加短缺，那么资源的价格也要上涨。西蒙要求以打赌的方式肯定价格反而会下降。
全文翻译
?[9] 埃利希接受了西蒙的挑战。1980年10月，他就五种金属——铬、铜、镍、锡和钨——赌 1 000美元。如果1990年在排除通货膨胀因素之后这五种金属的总价格结果将高于 1 000美元，差额将由西蒙付给他。如果价格下降，埃利希将付钱给西蒙。合同签好了，而至今仍从未见面的埃利希和西蒙在整个80年代继续互相攻击。
全文翻译
?[10] 埃利希对世界人口的预测是正确的。现有世界人口53亿，比他发表的《人口炸弹》一书时多18亿。然而不知为什么，普通人却比以前更健康、更富裕了。婴儿死亡率下降了，估计寿命延长了，这在第三世界尤为显著。在遭受战乱、旱灾和灾难性的农业政策的国家里确实发生过饥荒，但是总的食品产量却超过人口的增长。专家们一致认为，与1968年相比，今日的第三世界普通人的营养状况要更好些。算账的日子将不得不重新排定。
全文翻译
?[11] 埃利希所持观点是有限世界的显而易见的主张：资源会消耗殆尽。环境保护论者们所用的一条标语将此表达得再好不过了：―我们不是从父辈那儿继承地球；我们是从孩子们那儿借用它。‖这一观点决定了我们的行为方式：我们将报纸捆扎保留起来就是为了避免耗尽造纸用的木材。相反的论点远非如此凭直觉即可令人信服。该论点一般只
包括一个简单的问题：资源为什么还没被用完?
全文翻译
?[12] 当朱利安·西蒙在60年代末期听到有关人口过剩的不祥预测时，他开始撰文阐明说服妇女少生孩子的必要性，但是就在那时他读到的一些研究表明，总体来说，人口快速增长的国家并不比其他国家更困难，许多国家生活甚至更好。
全文翻译
?[13] 他也发现这样的证据，即自然资源的价格自从1820年以来的确是下降了。与上一世纪相比，今天的普通工人用一小时的工资可买更多的煤，正如他可以买更多的金属和食品一样。随着人口的增长，物资也丰富起来。
全文翻译
?[14] 西蒙等人回顾来过去一万年的资源危机情况，发现了这一格局：每当物资不足时，人们便以革新来对付。他们发现了新的物资，或实行资源保护。
?[15] 通常，匮乏会导致更好的代用品。3 000年前，希腊人从青铜时代向铁器时代的过渡就是由于贸易中断而引发的。制造青铜需要锡，而锡的不足使得希腊人试用铁。同样，16世纪的英国因木材短缺而开始了用煤的时代；发生于1850年左右的鲸油的短缺促成了1859年第一口油井的开发。
全文翻译
?[16] 暂时的短缺的确会发生，但是西蒙及其他兴旺论者论证说，只要政府不进行干预——指令保护或价格控制——人们会找到可替换的
代用品。
?[17] 在他于1981年发表的名为《极限资源》一书中，西蒙写道：人的足智多谋能无限扩大地球的承载能力。这一观点表明了西蒙和埃利希之间的主要分歧：世界不是被看作一个封闭的生态系统而是被看作一个机动灵活的市场。
全文翻译
?[18] 西蒙承认，这个市场的确需要某种管理。但是美国的空气和水在过去的数十年中变得越来越清洁了，这部分应归功于更大的富裕（更富有的社会有能力支付控制污染的费用）和工业技术（与本世纪初烧煤的炉子所释放的煤烟和马所排出的粪相比，我们城市中由汽车所引起的污染是微不足道的）。
全文翻译
?[19] 西蒙坚持认为环境危机在被夸大。―一旦一场预测的危机没有发生，这些毁灭论者就匆匆转向另一个‖，他抱怨说，―为新的问题而担忧，这无可非议——但是，情况总的说来在好转，对此，他们为什么看不见?他们否认我们解决问题的创造力。‖
全文翻译
?[20] 西蒙最为激烈的战斗是埃利希世界人口过多的说法。西蒙承认，人口的增长会引起短时期的问题，但是他强调，当那些孩子成长为有生产能力和足智多谋的成人时，便会出现长时期的裨益。他抨击埃利希，因为后者建议政府使用强迫的办法业限制家庭规模并对拒绝控制人口增长的国家停止食品的援助。
全文翻译
?[21] 在学术界，西蒙在这场辩论中似乎在占上风。许多科学家们对他的一概都表示乐观的思想感到不舒服——无法保证过去的趋势会持
续下去——但是一致的意见都不赞成埃利希视人口增长为极大罪恶
的见解。
全文翻译
?[22] 然而，若提起谁在公众中占上风的话，西蒙仍然远远落在后面。去年地球日之前，埃利希正在电视上推销他的新书《人口爆炸》，此书声称―人口炸弹已经起爆‖。在华盛顿举行的地球日集会上，当埃利希告诉人们人口增长可能产生这样一个世界，即他们的子孙将在美国大街上忍受食品暴乱时，超过十万人的人群都为之鼓掌。
全文翻译
?[23] 向一天，在一个只隔一街区远的小会议室里，西蒙将人口增长称为对死亡的胜利，因为是由于工业革命以来人类的估计寿命延长了一倍：―这是难以置信的进步‖，他说，―你本指望人类生命的热爱者们欢欣鼓舞；可相反，他们却在为如此多的人仍然活着而痛惜。‖为西蒙发布的消息而祝贺的听众只有16人。
?[24] 埃利希和西蒙的打赌在去年秋天平平淡淡地了结了。埃利希不过是给西蒙寄去了一纸金属价格计算账单以及576.07美元的支票。埃利希那些人所选的五种金属中的每一种，在排除1980年以来通货膨胀因素以后，价格都下降了。
全文翻译
?[25] 物价下跌，其部分原因与数十年前下跌的原因相同——创业精神和持续不断的技术进步。勘探者找到了新的矿脉。多亏计算机、新机器和新的化学反应过程，才有了更有效的提炼矿石的方法。
?[26] 金属的许多用途都被更便宜的材料取代了，特别是塑料制品。电话改由卫星和光导纤维传递而不再是铜线。切削刀具使用的是陶瓷制品而不是钨。
全文翻译
?[27] 未来是否可以此为训呢? ―绝对不可，‖埃利希说，―看看新出现的问题吧：臭氧洞、酸雨及全球变暖。如果下一世纪我们让生态系统继续走下坡路的话，我们有可能面对巨大的人口总崩溃，对此我毫无疑问。‖
?[28] 听到他的对手的反应，西蒙并不吃惊。―这么说埃利希在淡人口总崩溃‖，他说，―这听上去倒是更好的赚钱方法。就此打赌下注，我给他特大优惠。‖
Background Knowledge
?Paul R. Ehrlich received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas. Co-founder with Peter H. Raven of the field of coevolution, he has pursued long-term studies of the structure, dynamics, and genetics of natural butterfly populations. He has also been a pioneer in alerting the public to the problems of overpopulation, and in raising issues of population, resources, and the environment as matters of public policy. Professor Ehrlich's research group covers several areas. It continues to study the dynamics and genetics of natural populations of checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas). This research
Background Knowledge
?has applications to such problems as the control of insect pests and optimum designs for nature reserves. A central focus of his group is investigating ways that human-disturbed landscapes can be made more hospitable to biodiversity. This work in "countryside biogeography" is under the direction of Dr. Gretchen Daily, founder of the field. The Ehrlich group's policy research on the
population-resource-environment crisis takes a broad overview of the world situation, but also works intensively in such areas of immediate legislative interests as endangered species and the preservation of genetic resources. A special interest of Ehrlich's is cultural evolution,
Background Knowledge
?especially with respect to environmental ethics. Professor Ehrlich is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Professor Ehrlich has received several honorary degrees, the John Muir Award of the Sierra Club, the Gold Medal Award of the World Wildlife Fund International, a MacArthur Prize Fellowship, the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Background Knowledge
?Sciences (given in lieu of a Nobel Prize in areas where the Nobel is not given), in 1993 the Volvo Environmental Prize, in 1994 the United Nations' Sasakawa Environment Prize, in 1995 the Heinz Award for the Environment, in 1998 the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement and the Dr. A. H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences, in 1999 the Blue Planet Prize, in 2001 the Eminent
Background Knowledge
?Ecologist Award of the Ecological Society of America and the Distinguished Scientist Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. Members of Professor Ehrlich's research group have gone on to join the faculties of Harvard, Princeton, Cornell, Brown, and Montana State Universities, and the Universities of California, Texas, Michigan, and Florida.
Background Knowledge
?Julian Simon1932 – 1998
?University of Maryland, College Park, College of Business and Management
Background Knowledge
?Bronze Age: Third phase in the development of material culture among the ancient peoples of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, following the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods and preceding the Iron Age. The term also denotes the first period in which metal was used. The date at which the age began varied by region; in Greece and China it began before 3000 BC, in Britain not until c.1900 BC.
The beginning of the period is sometimes called the Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone) Age, referring to the initial use of pure copper
(along
Background Knowledge
with its predecessor, stone). By 3000 BC the use of copper was well known in the Middle East, had extended westward into the Mediterranean area, and was beginning to infiltrate Europe. Only in the 2nd millennium BC did true bronze come to be widely used. The age was marked by increased specialization and the invention of the wheel and the ox-drawn plow. From c.1000 BC the ability to heat and forge iron brought the Bronze Age to an end.
Background Knowledge
Iron Age: The period in cultural development succeeding the Bronze Age in Asia, Europe, and Africa, characterized by the
introduction of iron metallurgy. In Europe it began around the eighth century B.C.A system for classifying prehistoric artifacts according to successive stages of technological development, divided into the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages.In organizing the extensive collection of artifacts at the National Museum of Denmark, the 19th-century Danish archaeologist Christian Thomsen proposed an innovative system based on the
Background Knowledge
assumption of a progression in human technology from stone to bronze to iron. His insight that early technology had developed in chronological stages rather than concurrently at different levels of society proved essentially correct, though ultimately of limited use in describing the various progressions in other parts of the world.
Once empirical study of archaeological collections began,
Thomsen's Three Age system was rapidly modifed into four ages by the subdivision of the Stone Age into the Old Stone (now
Background Knowledge
Paleolithic) and New Stone (Neolithic) ages. Subsequent
refinement has added Mesolithic (Middle Stone) and Chalcolithic (Copper and Stone) to the original terms, which are now known as periods rather than ages. Use of the full terminology-Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze, and Iron-is appropriate only for Europe, the Middle East, and Egypt, and even there it is not uniformly accepted among archaeologists today.
Background Knowledge
The History of Earth Day
In 1963, former Senator Gaylord Nelson began to worry about our
planet. (A senator is a person that the people of the United States have chosen to help make the laws.) Senator Nelson knew that our world was getting dirty and that many of our plants and animals were dying. He wondered why more people weren't trying to solve these problems. He talked to other lawmakers and to the President. They decided that the President would go around the country and tell people about these
Background Knowledge
concerns. He did, but still not enough people were working on the problem. Then, in 1969, Senator Nelson had another idea. He decided to have a special day to teach everyone about the things that needed changing in our environment. He wrote letters to all of the colleges and put a special article in Scholastic Magazine to tell them about the special day he had planned. (Most of the schools got this magazine and he knew that kids would help him.) On April 22, 1970, the first Earth Day was held. People all over the country made promises to help the environment. Everyone got involved and since
Background Knowledge
then, Earth Day has spread all over the planet. People all over the world know that there are problems we need to work.Earth Day 1970 achieved a rare political alignment, enlisting support from Republicans and Democrats, rich and poor, city slickers and farmers, tycoons and labor leaders. The first Earth Day led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species acts.Sen. Nelson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom -- the highest honor given to civilians in the United States -- for his role as Earth Day founder.
Background Knowledge
then, Earth Day has spread all over the planet. People all over the world know that there are problems we need to work.Earth Day 1970 achieved a rare political alignment, enlisting support from Republicans and Democrats, rich and poor, city slickers and farmers, tycoons and labor leaders. The first Earth Day led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species acts.Sen. Nelson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom -- the highest honor given to civilians in the United States
-- for his role as Earth Day founder.
Unit One Text: You Are What You Think And if you change your mind-from pessimism to optimism -you can change your life Claipe Safran [1] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. [2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15,000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University①in Houston②，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills." [3] "Your abilities count," explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University③in Pittsburgh④, "but
Language Points 1.Subtitle:Toxin sniffers，missile jammers,dirty-bomb detectors： The post-9/11security blitz is affecting more than public safety—it’s changing the course of science. Toxin sniffers:毒素嗅探器missile jammers:导弹人为干发射机 dirty-bomb detectors:放射性核弹探测器 全句可译为：毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11” 事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。 2.Par.[1]:In the race to prevent future9/11-style attacks—or worse—Washington has marshaled the U.S.science establishment on a scale not seen since Sputnik. 全句可译为：华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科 学机构做了安排。 3.Par.[2]:“A lot of it is security theater technology designed to make you feel better,”says Bruce Schneier，author of Beyond Fear：Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World. 全句可译为：《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁 斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到 更安全。 4.Par.[6]:As the archive of visa applicants balloons，scans of all10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications. 全句可译为：随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将 使身份验证更加万无一失。 5.Par.[9]:Resembling a sleek outhouse，the$150,000walk-through machine sends a quick blast of air over your clothing to dislodge trace explosive particles. walk-through:（建筑物）从两端都可进入的 全句可译为：这种价值15万美元的从两端都可进入的机器像个造型优美的 户外小屋，它在你的衣服上面迅速地吹过一股气流，从衣服上吹下微量炸药 粒子， 6.Par.[10]:Still,building technology today already seems light-years beyond pre-9/11days． 全句可译为：然而，今天的建筑技术看来已经远远超过“9·11”事件以前的 日子了。 7.Par.[11]:GPS:Global Positioning System全球卫星定位系统 8.Par.[12]:A cyber-attack on the country’s financial networks or power and telecommunications grids could make other means of protecting our physical assets moot. 全句可译为：对国家的金融网或电力和电信网进行的网络攻击，可使我们保 护有形资产的其他手段变得无实际意义。 9.Par.[12]:Developers describe it as a“Google-esque”tool and predict
研究生英语精读教程（下）答案 Unit 2 Exercise A I．Comprehension 1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die． 2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family． 3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less． 4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death． 5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live． 6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple． 7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized． 10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter． Ⅱ．V ocabulary 1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B 16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．D Ⅲ．Cloze 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．C Ⅳ．Translation A．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。青春时期有一种永恒的感觉，使我们能自我纠正，适应一切事物。年轻人酷似神仙。虽半生一晃就过去了，还有下半生带着无限的宝藏给我们储备着，因为前程远大，希望无穷。这个新的时代是属于我们年轻人的。“一个远大无边的前景展开在我们面前。”我们环顾周围这个新的世界，充满着生命，活跃和不断的进步；我们自身感到朝气蓬勃，精神焕发，紧跟时代步伐。没有任何征兆会使我们预感到有朝一日，自
《研究生英语综合教程上》1-6单元练习参考答案 Unit One Planning Your Future Career Reading Focus Traits of the Key Players Text Exploration Task 2 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. A 12. B Task 2 1. public (c) 2. discipline (b) 3. strength (a) 4. reference (a) 5. strength (d) 6. public (a) 7. demonstrated (b) 8. discipline (c) 9. reference (c) 10. personality (a) 11. disciplining (d) 12. demonstrates (a) 13. public (d) 14. reference (b) 15. personality (c) Task 3 1. employment 2. paid 3. adjust
4. setting 5. discouraged 6. credit 7. cite 8. demonstrate 9. teamwork 10. rules Translation Practice Paragraph One “一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行。这意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行。”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一，就是要更快到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” Paragraph Two 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Unit Two Arts of the Table Reading Focus Culinary Delights in China
一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法： [18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。
研究生英语精读教程（第三版上） Unit 4 B. great regret C. great despair D. great disappointment 2. I have nothing but disdain for such a person. A. respect 3. The grass was interspersed with beds of flowers. A. scattered 4. I am sure disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas. D. generate 5. There was a meager attendance at the council meeting. B. enough C. ample D. haughty A. negotiation B. punishment 7. We can't rule out the possibility that he will come after all. B. refuse C. accept D. take C. tied to D. shut on 9. We three were the sole survivors in the traffic accident. A. lucky B. fortunate C. blessed 10. I slept through her dull speech. D. imaginative A. letters B. dealings C. writings A. pieces B. slips D. portions 13. The old lady ______ the sweet-smelling flowers into a garland. A. tied C. curved D. twisted B. prudent C. shrewd D. rude A. area B. place C. district A. firing B. lighting D. glowing 17. Sports, and not learning, seem to ______ in that school. A. appear B. occupy 18. Each chess player will have five minutes to ______ his next move. A. hoped C. wished D. wished to B. A word C. Words D. The word Unit 5 1. His beautiful writing is akin to drawing. A. as B. from C. above 2. His knowledge on the subject seems to be on a par with my own. A. different from
UNIT 1 1. 你对他说的话不能为你这种行为辩护。(justify) 1) What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours. 2. 你认为他会因为同主教的私人关系而免受宗教迫害吗? (immune from) 1) Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop? 3. 你对心理医生的忠告采取什么态度会影响到你是否会再做恶梦。(recur) 1) Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs. 2) Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist 4. 乐观主义者成功的秘诀在于他们是用积极的态度对待失望和失败。 1) The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way. 5. 悲观主义者往往容易失败，部分原因就是一个人对自己的看法常常是一种能够自我实现的预言。(in part) 1) The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy. 2) Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy. 6. 在幼儿的性格特征没有来得及发展之前，他们的行为不如大多数成年人的行为那样保持一致(consistent)。一个儿童行为的改变，可能表明他的注意力已因其活动特点的不同而转变。他的兴趣总是集中在手头的事情上。个性坚强、兴趣强烈的人能够坚持把自己正在做的事进行下去，只有重大的环境变化才能干扰其行为的方向和目的。 1) In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior. UNITE THREE 尊敬的编辑同志： 非常高兴中央电视台和贵报举办“我与电视”征文活动。我很遗憾地告诉您我是位残疾人。当您看到我的稿子时，一定觉得我的字迹很乱吧。那是因为我的手不能动，多年来一直叼着笔用嘴写字，这些年来，我用嘴写出了一篇篇文章，一首首小诗。 现在我怀着无比激动的心情把这篇征文寄给您。祝好！ 残疾青年王丽 My respected editor, I am greatly delighted that CCTV and your TV GUIDE are inviting us readers to contribute articles on the subject “Television and Me”. But I regret to tell you that I am a disabled girl. My handwriting is bad you’ll know when reading my manuscript. This is because I’m unable to move my hand, and I can write only with “my mouth”. For many years I grip the pen with my teeth and write the way I do. Over the past years I have “mouth-written”one essay after another, and one poem after another. At this very moment my heart is throbbing with great excitement while answering your call for a report also from me.
Cancer & Chemicals -Are We Going Too Far? Marla Cone Last year, California governor George Deukmejian called together many of the state's best scientific minds to begin implementing Proposition 65, the state's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into water supplies. Some claim it will also require warning labels on everything that might cause cancer. 去年，加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会，开始执行第65号提案，即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案。这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质。有些人宣称，新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。 A day of esotericscience and incomprehensible jargonwas predicted. But Bruce Ames, chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, had plans to liven the proceedings. 原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学
家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译 Unit 1 核心员工的特征 1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit 4 爱和情感连系 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和
Unit Three Evolution and Natural Selection ［1］The idea of evolution* was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle①, speculation* had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing; no real evidence was forthcoming*. When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived*, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers – Bacon①, Descartes②, Leibniz③ and Kant④. Herbert Spencer① was preaching* a full evolutionary doctrine* in the years just before Darwin's② book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing* view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals. ［2］The first complete theory was that of Lamarck①(1744～1829), who thought that modifications* due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type. Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a working hypothesis* for naturalists to use, and many of the social and philanthropic* efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit* assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited. ［3］But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend* Robert Malthus① (1766～1834),sometime curate* of Albury in Surrey. The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence* unless the redundant* individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes: ［4］In October 1838,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck* me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations* would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work. ［5］Darwin spent twenty years collecting countless facts and making experiments on breeding* and variation in plants and animals. By 1844 he had convinced himself that species are not immutable*, but worked on to get further evidence. On 18 June 1858 he received from Alfred Russell Wallace a paper written in Ternate, in the space of three days after reading Malthus's book. Darwin saw at once that Wallace had hit upon the essence of his own theory. Lyell① and Hooker②