浅谈中西方体育价值观 hl

Contents摘要 (1)Abstract (4)1 Introduction (5)1.1 A Brief Introduction to Taiji (5)1.2 A Brief Introduction to Boxing (5)2 A Comparison Between T aiji and Boxing ·····错误！未定义书签。

2.1 Material Arts Cultures Reflected in Taiji and Boxing错误！未定义书签。

2.1.1 Thinking Skills··········································错误！未定义书签。

2.1.2 Training Methods······································错误！未定义书签。

2.2 Fitness V alue Between Taiji and Boxing (7)2.2.1 Focuses (7)2.2.2 Arbitrariness (7)3 Differences in Sports Value Between China And the West (7)3.1 Differences in Goals (7)3.2 Differences in fitness-building (9)4 The Main Causes of the Differences in Sports Value (10)4.1 Divergences in Historical Culture Background (10)4.2 Divergences in National Characters and Ways of Thinking (11)5 Conclusions and Implications (13)Bibliography (14)Acknowledgement (15)从中国太极和西方拳击的比较看中西方不同体育文化价值观摘要体育是一种以形体活动为表现形式的文化，有着丰厚的民族文化底蕴，在历史发展中逐渐成为一种民族文化象征。

笔者希望在文化渗透急剧发展的今天，以中国太极与西方拳击为依托浅析中西方不同体育价值观。

本论文主要采取对比分析及归纳总结的方法成文。

在比较了中国传统武术——太极和西方流行的拳击运动后，可知这两种运动各有优点。

首先，对太极和拳击理论原则上的研究，使得太极和拳击的差别显而易见，主要表现在武术文化和健身价值两方面；其次，通过客观地比较和分析，太极和拳击各自有利有弊；最后，通过总结，两者在对体育价值观的发展上都起着毋庸置疑的重要作用。

只有在认真收集材料、分析材料和对比总结的基础上，研究中西方体育价值观才会有新发展、新突破。

关键词：太极；拳击；体育价值观An Insight into Chinese and Western Sports Valueby Comparing T aiji and BoxingAbstractSport is a kind of physical activity as the manifestation of culture, it riches in national culture. In the long history, sport has gradually become a national cultural symbol. This paper sets out to examine the cultural infiltration of today's development of Chinese traditional Taiji and Western boxing. In view of the controversy between traditional Chinese material art ----Taiji and boxing，which is popular in western countries, individuals advance that each of them has its advantages. Firstly, utilizing the theory of the principal contradiction in them, we demonstrate that the main difference between traditional Taiji and modern boxing lies in their material art cultures and fitness values, based on which, each of them is defined. Secondly, by objectively comparing and analyzing, we point out that each of them has its advantages and defects. Thirdly, a conclusion is given that each of them should not be neglected in sports value's development. It was found that the data should be seriously collected, analyzed and examined, and sports valve development during the period studied can get qualitatively continuous with subsequent development on that basis.Key words:Taiji; Boxing; Sport valueAn Insight into Chinese and Western Sports Valueby Comparing T aiji and Boxing1IntroductionTaiji has become increasingly popular worldwide as a C hinese traditional material art which signal its emphasis on fitness-buiding and relaxation. However, boxing is the sport of fighting with fists, it originates in western countries and also gain its popularity among the individuals. This part shows the introductions of Taiji and Boxing relatively. It tells the origins and histories of the two, and many others.1.1 A Brief Introduction to T aijiTaiji (also written as T'ai Chi, Taiji, Tai Chi Chuan, among others) is a kind of slow movement, moving meditative exercise for relaxation, health and self-defense. Taiji is regarded as one of the internal styles of martial art in China, and it is the most widely accepted martial art world-wide today. The term refers to the ancient Chinese cosmological concept of the interplay, which is between two opposite yet complementary forces, like (Yin and Y ang) as being the foundation of creation. Taiji has its origins in Taoism and Martial Arts.Taiji Quan means “Supreme Ultimate Boxing”. Structurally speaking then, the Taiji Quan practitioners focus on neutralizing his competitors‟use of the degree of force before applyinga countering force of his own. In this give and take, the interplay of energies, Taiji finds itshighest expression. (Edson Lee, 2002, p.12) [6]1.2A Brief Introduction to BoxingBoxing is one of the oldest martial arts styles of the western countries. It is also known as fist pugilism, In other words, boxing is the sport of fighting with the fists. Basically, boxingis generally played by two players where they fight, knocks each other on proper techniques. There are various types of boxing, for example, bare-knuckles boxing. Y ou have to play the game without wearing any gloves at all. And there is also another type of boxing where you have to wear boxing gloves. (张枫. 2001. p.21)[4] However, boxer requires boxing equipments to protect him against damages and injuries from the opponent. Some of the boxing equipments include boxing gloves, headgear, punching bags, rings, and many others. However, these gears will be highly helpful to the players, because these equipments will protect them against damages when fighting against one another. The players have to fight a series of rounds (normally 12) with one-three minutes intervals. One wins if his opponent is knocked down and can‟t get up in ten counts, or in another way, if he is declared too injured to carry on.In a boxing match, there can be three judges. During the match, they maintain a score card depending on the perfection with which the boxers perform. The boxers are required to follow the instruction properly. However, a good performance is like this: one boxer has the correct punches that connect, and also knockdowns and defense. Violation of these rules is termed as "fouls". Fouls probably lead to disqualification of the offending boxer and thus lead to a default loss.2 A Comparison Between T aiji and BoxingBased on their big difference, here the article compares the two in two perceptions. one is the comparison of Material Arts Cultures Reflected in Taiji and Boxing, the other is that of Fitness V alue Between Taiji and Boxing.2.1 Material Arts Cultures Reflected in T aiji and BoxingFrom the aspects of the thinking skills and training methods of Taiji and Boxing respectively, the differences are not difficult to find.2.1.1 Thinking SkillsThis article insists that making people learn and practice the Chinese Taiji Martial Arts can not only make them actually master one or two body exercising skills which are prior to their contacting the practical job, but also have active and direct effects on the improving people‟s moral and ideological quality through accepting the idea of polish of people‟spersonality and body among the Chinese Taiji Martial Arts. The mode, in “Zhou Yi” (Book of Changes), of “like”thinking, is the original thinking skill of Chinese Taiji. It is great and profound whether it influences Chinese traditional culture in a positive or negative way. In this regard, it is the way of thinking that has determined the appearances, features and trends of Chinese Taiji, and has determined the view of sports values, the mode of behaving manner, the awareness of aesthetics, and folkways or customs that Chinese people have their own personalities. This kind of way of thinking naturally and definitely has infiltrated through the mode of human motion in China, influencing the development of Taiji. (刘淑君, 2004, p.11)[1] The power of positive thinking in boxing is unbelievable. Whether it is boxing, golf or any other sport, there are numerous numbers of techniques that help to relax the mind and muscles of every boxer. Breathing exercise by closing eyes, breathing through nose and out deeply through mouth is a good start. Boxing for success gained its status as a focusing aim in its status as a focusing aim in its thinking skill. The learning aims of boxing are: it can improve literacy, numeric and ICT skills, and improve motivation and encourage learning resilience.Boxing is a very unique sport. At its face value, the aim is to inflict blows on your competitors and avoid injury yourself by landing more punches than you receive. Therefore, a very common perception is that boxers need to psyche themselves up into a frenzied state, fuelled by anger with the intention of causing injury. But, for those who have worked in boxing, this perception could not be further from the truth.Boxers are convinced that their sport is a type of physical chess –a battle that is as much psychological and tactical as it is physical. However, it is not getting away from the brutality of the sport; other sportsmen and women may “play”matches, however, boxers …fight‟ them. In a sport where there is only one winner, seeing an opponent strugglingphysiologically during a competition provides a large source of motivation, and boxers look to exploit every weakness or frailty in their opponents.Many people hold the view that boxers need to be mentally tough to compete. While few boxers use sport psychologists, most recognize the importance of psychology to performance. “The legendary trainer Cus D‟Amato, who steered Floyd Patterson and Mike Tyson to world heavyweight titles, o nce said that …fights are won and lost in the head‟ and this bears testament to the importance of psychological factors for performance.” (David Green, 1989, p.221)[8] 2.1.2 Training MethodsTaiji is inherited as a great sport treasure of China, because Chinese government has paid great attention to it. As a popular substance in physical education and a good means of physical training, Taiji is very famous and has been spread throughout the whole China and many other western countries. The training method of show boxing is very important. According to the present situation, different teaching methods has been compared and much attention has been paid to the steps in training Taiji, so he has found out a set of unique way of studying Taiji for the common people. Developing training principles and methods on training of “Simple Taijiquan”is conformed to the principle of consolidated teaching as well as modern auto-controlled teaching. The experimental result reflects that, it could develop students‟psychological quality and be good for the consolidation of correct exercises, and improve memorizing exercise movement as well. During the training of “Simple Taijiquan”, the effect of using emotive training teaching is more effective than traditional training method.Boxing is one of the world-famous sports in the world. It involves attack and defense with the fists. However, boxing trainer plays a very important part in becoming somebody a good boxer. One needs to be patient. The information on training method o f boxing is very important. One of the most commonly used boxing techniques is straight left jab to the head.In this method of techniques for boxing, the chin and partially the mouth has to be covered with the left fist of the boxer. According to the onward movement of the left fist, the left hand is straightened and the left elbow rises. The chin must be covered by the left fist. However, another basic boxing techniques straight jab to a stomach contains keeping the body bent in a waist and knees, take a step with the front foot when the target is contacted, and the extended arm has to be parallel to the floor as well. This jab can coerce the opponent to lower the arms and open the head for the further attack. Right uppercut is another kind of defense boxing technique. This method is done by standing in a boxing stance as well as holding the back knee bent. In this technique, you should lower your right shoulder to bight the right to make a semi-crouch point. The fist must be placed sufficiently upwards near the chin to cover the head. The hips have to be turned forward, pushing the ball of the back foot and punching the right fist up towards the target. The right arm stays very close to the boxer‟s body and it turns up in a semicircle. The game of boxing is gaining more and more popularity all over the world of sports today. Basically, this game involves two boxers where they punch each other to knock out each other. Y oung people can easily involve in this game. However, before stepping into the world of boxing, people should be properly trained. Boxers need to learn the boxing methods to play this game successfully.3 Differences in Sports Value Between China and the WestComparing the sports value in China and the west, the differences exist in their goals and the way of fitness-building. Taiji is the pearl of ancient oriental culture, and it aims at keeping fit and cultivating temper accordingly. Taiji can be regarded as one of the first choices of life-long sport term to promote and spread. While boxing is a unique sport, with its goal to inflict blows on your competitors and avoid injury yourself by landing more punches than you receive.3.1 Differences in GoalsTaiji is a traditional system of movement in China and meanwhile also western countries, with the focus of prevention regarding heart cycle illness, joint problems and muscular diseases. Taiji was first created as martial art with its focus of self defense and health cultivation. Chinese Taiji Quan has formed and developed for nearly 3,000 years and Taiji is the pearl of ancient oriental culture for its important philosophical meaning and profound exercise effects that arouse the individuals of western countries highly attention. The article relates to modern civilization which brings serial social problems. On the basic achievements, conduct further seep to how to use Taiji Quan to exercise. Keeping fit and cultivating temper accordingly, Chinese Taiji Quan can be regarded as one of the first choices of life-long sport term to promote and spread.While in western countries, successful boxers must desensitize themselves to the effects of bearing injury and accept many risks each time when they compete. Boxing is a unique sport. The focus of boxing is to inflict blows on your competitors and avoid injury yourself by landing more punches than you receive. Thus, a common perception is that the boxers need to psyche themselves up into a frenzied state, fuelled by anger with the purpose of causing injury. (李士英, 2001, p.225)[2]3.2 Differences in Fitness-buildingTaiji was first created as a kind of martial art which aims at health cultivation. Each time when Taiji Quan is practiced, the practitioner gains the feeling of comfort. The whole set of movements show an obvious combination of the practitioner‟s body, energy and spirit. Taiji is a harmonious presentation of Yin and Y ang, such as “lightness and heaviness”, “softness and hardness”, as well as “left and right”, “internal and external”. Above all, the m ovement of Taiji Quan is widely open and graceful, like moving clouds and flowing water; relaxed andsoft as a butterfly fluttering airily and gracefully; like a poem and it is as beautiful as a picture. It is an dynamic art with strong internal power, and apparent external softness and gracefulness as well. (Klaus Moegling, 1968, p.167) [10]While in western countries, successful boxers must desensitize themselves to the effects of bearing injury and accept many risks each time when they compete. Boxing is a unique sport. The focus of boxing is to inflict blows on your competitors and avoid injury yourself by landing more punches than you receive. Thus, a common perception is that the boxers need to psyche themselves up into a frenzied state, fuelled by anger with the purpose of causing injury. Boxing is very suitable for the preventive movement work, but likewise for persons suffering from a damaged heart-cycle, so that boxing probably has become the subject of empirically created health studies. Certainly, empirical-analytically aligned research strategies cannot explain the health problems in connection with a movement system completely. In particular the subjectivity of the health phenomenon, the life-lay and various social influences and the associated non-standard variability make a generally accepted empirical investigation of the health effect of the boxing very difficult.4 The Main Causes of the Differences in Sports ValueTaiji is regarded as one of the popular styles of martial art in China, and it is the most widely accepted martial art throughout the world today. The comparison of the Chinese and Western sport value from the historical and cultural aspects reflected that during the different cultural processes. It is the way of thinking that has determined the differences of appearances, features and trends between Chinese Taiji and western boxing, and has determined the view of sports values, the mode of behaving manner, the awareness of aesthetics respectively.4.1 Divergences in Historical Culture BackgroundTaiji is term of Chinese traditional material art and it is a kind of slow movement, it is also a healthy exercise for relaxation and body-shape, health and self-defense. Taiji is regarded as one of the popular styles of martial art in China, and it is the most widely accepted martial art throughout the world today. Based on the historical culture value of Taiji, The comparison of the Chinese and Western sport value from the historical and cultural aspects reflected that during the different cultural processes, entertainments and sports can reflect the development of the Chinese and Western material arts, which are featured by perseverance and openness relatively. The Chinese material arts stress being healthy while the Western sports focus on success and failure. The term refers to the ancient Chinese traditional cosmological concept of the interplay, which is between two opposite yet complementary forces, like (Yin and Y ang) as being the foundation of creation. Taiji has its origins in Taoism and Martial Arts. Taiji Quan means “Supreme Ultimate Boxing”. Here refers to the Tao. Structurally speaking then, the Taiji Quan practitioners focus on neutralizing his competitors‟use of the degree of force before applying a countering force of his own. In this give and take, the interplay of energies, Taiji finds its highest expression. In this paper, how the Chinese traditional material art can meet the challenges brought by the outside world and how the world sports value will develop are expounded.At the end of 20th century, women‟s boxing was organized. However, during the 18th and early 19th centuries, fighting was an essential forerunner of boxing in Britain. For a generation following the Queensberry rules, bare-knuckle and glove-fights were both promoted and popular. The bare-knuckle fights were usually held under the “New Rules”produced by the Pugilistic Benevolent Society in 1866, which had superseded “the Pugilistic Association‟s Revised Rules”of 1853. Get more information on modern boxing so as tounderstand the activity of boxing. Boxing is one of the oldest martial arts styles of the western countries. It is also known as fist pugilism, In other words, boxing is the sport of fighting with the fists. Boxing is one of the oldest martial arts styles of the western hemisphere of this world. It is also known as fist pugilism or pugilism of the fist. In other words, boxing is the act or sport of fighting with the fists. Basically, the game of boxing is generally played by two players where they fight, knocks each other on proper techniques. The following article sharesa brief introduction to boxing.4.2 Divergences in National Characters and Ways of ThinkingThe Chinese Taiji martial arts can not only make them actually master one or two body exercising skills which are prior to their contacting the practical job, but also have active and direct effects on the improving people‟s moral and ideological quality through accepting the idea of polish of people‟s personality and body among the Chinese Taiji martial arts. It is great and profound whether it influences Chinese traditional culture in a positive or negative way. In this regard, it is the way of thinking that has determined the appearances, features and trends of Chinese Taiji, and has determined the view of sports values, the mode of behaving manner, the awareness of aesthetics, and folkways or customs that Chinese people have their own personalities. (Brown Lee, 1985, p.154)[9]This kind of way of thinking naturally and definitely has infiltrated through the mode of human motion in China, influencing the development of Taiji.The power of positive thinking in boxing is unbelievable. Whether it is boxing, golf or any other sport, there are numerous numbers of techniques that help to relax the mind and muscles of every boxer. Breathing exercise by closing eyes, breathing through nose and out deeply through mouth is a good start. Boxing for success gained its status as a focusing aim in its status as a focusing aim in its thinking skill. The learning aims of boxing are: It canimprove literacy, numeracy and ICT skills, and improve motivation and encourage learning resilience. (唐波, 2004, p.227)[3] Boxing is a very unique sport. At its face value, the aim is to inflict blows on your competitors and avoid injury yourself by landing more punches than you receive. Therefore, a very common perception is that boxers need to psyche themselves up into a frenzied state, fuelled by anger with the intention of causing injury. But, for those who have worked in boxing, this perception could not be further from the truth. The Chinese Taiji Martial Arts can not only make them actually master one or two body exercising skills which are prior to their contacting the practical job, but also have active and direct effects on the improving people‟s moral and ideological quality through accepting the idea of polish of people‟s personality and body among the Chinese Taiji Martial Arts. It is great and profound whether it influences Chinese traditional culture in a positive or negative way. In this regard, it is the way of thinking that has determined the appearances, features and trends of Chinese Taiji, and has determined the view of sports values, the mode of behaving manner, the awareness of aesthetics, and folkways or customs that Chinese people have their own personalities. This kind of way of thinking naturally and definitely has infiltrated through the mode of human motion in China, influencing the development of Taiji. The power of positive thinking in boxing is unbelievable. (Y Jianying, 2004, p.36) [11]5 Conclusions and ImplicationsTaiji Quan means “Supreme Ultimate Boxing”.Taiji is a kind of slow movement, moving meditative exercise for relaxation, health and self-defense. The Taiji Quan practitioners focus on neutralizing his competitors' use of the degree of force before applying a countering force of his own. Taiji determined the view of sports values, the mode of behaving manner, the awareness of aesthetics, and folkways or customs that Chinese people have their own personalities. (Allan Poe, 1995, p.163)[7] Developing training principles andmethods on training of “Simple Taiji Quan”is conformed to the principle of consolidated teaching as well as modern auto-controlled teaching.The power of positive thinking in boxing is unbelievable. Boxers are convinced that their sport is a type of physical chess. Boxing is a very unique sport. At its face value, the aim is to inflict blows on your competitors and avoid injury yourself by landing more punches than you receive.(赵刚, 2001, p.20)[5] Therefore, a very common perception is that boxers need to psyche themselves up into a frenzied state, fuelled by anger with the intention of causing injury. The power of positive thinking in boxing is unbelievable.Bibliography[1] 刘淑君.民族文化差异与武术国际化发展的哲学思考[J]. 上海：上海体育学院学报，2004，（2）.[2] 李士英.武术散打[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2001.[3] 唐波.竞技武术与奥林匹克运动文化背景比较研究[J]. 北京：体育文化导刊，2004[4] 张枫.武术散打国际化现状及其对策研究[J]. 上海：武术科学出版社，2001，（3）.[5] 赵刚.中国散打与美国综合格斗体育文化比较[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.[6] Brief Introduction Of Tai Chi. Edson Lee. June 2002. Y ork U. 16 Mar.2012</Chinese-martial-arts/Brief-Introduction-of-Tai-Chi.html>[7]Allan Poe, J. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. New Y ork Press, 1995[8] Boxing Techniques. David Green. March 1989. American Boxing Association. 22.Mar.2012 </western-martial-arts/Boxin-Techniques-Chi.html>[9] Brown Lee, J. Chinese Material Arts. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985[10] Klaus Moegling, ed. Scientific test results of the health effects of Taijiquan. Institute forKinematics and Movement Research Press, 1968[11] Y Jianying, J. Research on the Comparison Between Traditional Wushu and ModernCompetition Wushu. Journal of Tianjin Institute of Physical Education Press, 2004AcknowledgementI have gained lots of benefits from the enlightenment of my supervisor ----Bao Chunyan, whose inspiring insights, generous encouragements, and enthusiastic instructions have facilitated me much throughout my paper writing. Her penetrating and insightful comments provide me with inspiring source. She has been in constant concern about my paper, spared no pains to help me complete my paper draft. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to the English Department of City College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology as well as all my teachers. Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four yea rs‟ schooling, I can acquire the opportunity to study English. Finally, my great gratitude also goes to those writers and editors whose works I have perused and benefited greatly from, and without their work, the completion of the paper would not have been possible.。