强化训练复习第一部分
TEXT TWO
Berkeley seems like a fitting place to find the godfather of the open-innovation movement basking in glory. The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. One of them, Henry Chesbrough, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley, observes with a smile that “this is the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love.”
Mr Chesbrough's two books “Open Innovation” and “Open Business Models” have popularised the notion of looking for bright ideas outside of an organisation. As the concept of open innovation has become ever more fashionable, the corporate R&D lab has become decreasingly relevant. Most ideas don't come from there.
To see why travel to Cincinnati, Ohio—which is about as far removed culturally from Berkeley as one can get in America. The conservative mid-western city is home to P&G, historically one of the most traditional firms in America. For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.
No longer. P&G has radically altered the way it comes up with new ideas and products. It now welcomes and works with universities, suppliers and outside inventors. It also offers them a share in the rewards. In less than a decade, P&G has increased the proportion of new-product ideas originating from outside of the firm from less than a fifth to around half. That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion.
IBM is another iconic firm that has jumped on the open-innovation bandwagon. The once-secretive company has done a sharp U-turn and embraced Linux, an open-source software language. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself. However, it also continues to take out patents at a record pace in other areas, such as advanced materials, and in the process racks up some $1 billion a year in licensing fees.
Since an army of programmers around the world work on developing Linux essentially at no cost, IBM now has an extremely cheap and robust operating system. It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it. Using open-source software saves IBM a whopping $400m a year, according to Paul Horn, until recently the firm's head of research. The company is so committed to openness that it now carries out occasional “online jam sessions” d uring which tens of thousands of its employees exchange ideas in a mass form of brainstorming.
Mr Chesbrough, of course, heartily approves. He gives dozens of other examples of firms doing similar things, ranging from Clorax, a household products firm to Air Products, an industrial gases company. Mr Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble.
1. “Summer of Love” is proba bly _____
{A} a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement.
{B} the anti-establishment movement.
{C} a movement advocating the innovation.
{D} an activity calling for open innovation.
2. According to the passage, the annual profits of P&G in 2001 was about_____
{A} $ 2.87 billion.
{B} $ 1.075 billion.
{C} $ 2.15 billion.
{D} $ 4.3 billion.
3. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community” in that_____
{A} it embraced an open-source software language that is widely sup ported by the “creative commons”.
{B} it endows people inside and outside the company with the access to the software patents it owns.
{C} it encourages an extensive public involvement in the development of new software for the company.
{D} it indeed whops its cost and gains considerable profit from using Linux.
4. IBM could provide its clients with cheap operating system because_____
{A} its progrmmers around the world develop Linux essentially at no cost.
{B} it makes money by providing its client with toll services supporting the operating system instead.
{C} it could save a lot of money by using open-source software.
{D} it has shifted its R&D outside, which save a lot of money.
5. According to the last paragrph, if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble because_____
{A} their competitors will would lose their market share gradually which would be taken by R&D.
{B} they fail to adopt the new model of open business which would pave the way to constant business success.
{C} they do not recognize the best time to shift their backward business model.
{D} they will be sifted out by the market as a result of their conservativeness.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了开放式发明的一些情况。第一段从开放式发明运动教父的故乡引入该话题；第二段讲述开放式发明理念的流行；第三、四段讲述宝洁公司过去的研发模式和现在的发明新方式；第五、六段讲述IBM转向开源软件的情况；第七段讲述Chesbrough先生的观点。词汇注释：
detergent n. 清洁剂bandwagon n.流行
whopping adj. 巨大的
难句突破：
(1)For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.
{主体句式} The company had a closed innovation process.
{结构分析} 这是一个复合句，that引导的是company的定语，centred…分词结构做前面process 的定语。
{句子译文} 几十年来，该公司为世界制造了象牙牌香皂、佳洁士牙膏和Ariel清洁剂，它拥有封闭的发明程序，以其秘密的研发部为核心。
(2) IBM now gushes about being part of t he “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself.
{主体句式} IBM now gushes about being …
{结构分析} 这是一个简单句，yielding…rather than registering…是做前面community的定语。
{句子译文} IBM现在总说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，将大量的软件专利权给了“发明的公众”而不是由公司自己注册。
题目分析：
1. “Summer of Love”is probably _____1.“爱的夏日”可能是_____
{A} a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement.{A} 庆祝开放式创新运动的宗教活动。
{B} the anti-establishment movement.{B} 反对固定的运动。
{C} a movement advocating the innovation.{C} 号召创新的运动。
{D} an activity calling for open innovation.{D} 提倡开放是创新的运动。
{答案} B
{难度系数} ☆☆
{分析} 推理题。根据第一段“The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers”，20世纪60年代发生了反对固定运动，可能爱的夏日就是这个运动的名称。因此，答案为B选项。
2. According to the passage, the annual profits of P&G in 2001 was about_____2.根据这篇文章，宝洁公司2001年的年利润为_____
{A} $ 2.87 billion.{A} 28.7亿美元。
{B} $ 1.075 billion.{B} 10.75亿美元。
{C} $ 2.15 billion.{C} 21.5亿美元。
{D} $ 4.3 billion.{D} 43亿美元。
{答案} A
{难度系数} ☆☆☆
{分析} 推理题。根据文章第四段“That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion”，从2001年到2006年年利润增加，是原来的三倍，是86亿美元，那么原来就应该是28.7亿美元，因此A选项是正确答案。
3. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”in that_____3.IBM 现在不停地说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，因为_____
{A} it embraced an open-source software language that is widely supported by the “creative commons”.{A} 它拥有资源公开的软件语言，这种语言受到了“发明的公众”的广泛支持。{B} it endows people inside and outside the company with the access to the software patents it owns.{B}它赋予人们使用它所拥有的软件专利权。
{C} it encourages an extensive public involvement in the development of new software for the company.{C}它鼓励更多的公众参与到为公司研发新的软件中来。
{D} it indeed whops its cost and gains considerable profit from using Linux.{D}由于使用了Linux，公司确实大大降低了成本并增加了可观的利润。
{答案} C
{难度系数} ☆☆☆
{分析} 细节题。根据文章第五段“IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons”rather than registering them for itself”，可见IBM现在不听地说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，他让公众发明软件，从而拥有专利权，而不是自己去注册；但是在其他领域自己也进行注册。因此，只有C选项符合题意。A在一定程度上也是正确的，只是没有C选项更加确切地符合原文的意思。
4. IBM could provide its clients with cheap operating system because_____4.IBM可以为自己的客户提供廉价的操作系统，因为_____
{A} its progrmmers around the world develop Linux essentially at no cost.{A}它分布于世界各地的程序员基本以零成本来开发Linux。
{B} it makes money by providing its client with toll services supporting the operating system instead.{B}它通过为客户提供支持操作系统的付费服务来赚钱。
{C} it could save a lot of money by using open-source software.{C}它可以使用资源开放的软件来节约一大笔资金。
{D} it has shifted its R&D outside, which save a lot of money.{D}它将自己的研发部转移到了外面，这可以省去一大笔钱。
{答案} B
{难度系数} ☆☆☆
{分析} 细节题。根据第六段“It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it”，可见IBM为其客户提供支持Linux系统的服务并收取费用来赢得利润，而操作系统就收费低廉了。因此，答案为B选项。
5. According to the last paragrph, if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble because_____5.根据最后一段，如果他们的竞争者不这样做，他们就会陷入麻烦，因为_____ {A} their competitors will would lose their market share gradually which would be taken by R&D.{A}他们的竞争者会逐渐失去他们的市场份额，这些市场份额都会被宝洁取得。{B} they fail to adopt the new model of open business which would pave the way to constant business success.{B} 他们没有采用开放商业的新模式，而只有这种模式才能使公司取得持续的成功。
{C} they do not recognize the best time to shift their backward business model.{C} 这些公司没有意识到改变他们落后商业模式的最佳时期。
{D} they will be sifted out by the market as a result of their conservativeness.{D} 他们会因为保守被市场淘汰。
{答案} D
{难度系数} ☆☆☆☆
{分析}推理题。根据文章最后一段“Mr Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well”and that if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble”，如果他们的竞争对手不这样做，可就麻烦了，要明确是谁会碰到麻烦。是他们的竞争对手，因为这样的话他们的竞争对手很可能会被淘汰出局，因此D选项是正确答案。A选项的前半句即“their competitors will would lose their market share gradually”是正确的，但是后半句却不正确，这里的公司不仅仅指的宝洁，还包括文中提到的其他采用了新的商业模式的公司。B选项的错误在于文章并没有明确指出开放商业的新模式能够达到“pave the way to constant business success”的作用。C选项则与题干的问题无关。参考译文：
伯克利似乎是备受瞩目的开放式发明运动教父的故乡。毕竟这个加利福尼亚村装是20世纪
90年代反固定运动的中心，在这里诞生了许多激进的思想者。其中有一位名叫Henry Chesbrough的加利福尼亚大学商业教授，他笑着说“这是爱的夏日的40周年庆典”。Chesbrough先生的两本书《开放的发明》与《开放的商业模式》使得在组织向外部寻找好主意的理念开始流行起来。随着开放式发明的理念越来越流行，公司的研发实验室就显得越来越不重要了。大多数的新主意都并不是从那些实验室里产生的。
为什么要到俄亥俄州的辛辛那提去呢，那里是全美与伯克利文化差异最大的地方了。这个保守的中西部城市是保洁公司的发源地，保洁是美国历史上最传统的公司之一。几十年来，该公司为世界制造了象牙牌香皂、佳洁士牙膏和Ariel清洁剂，它拥有封闭的发明程序，以其秘密的研发部为核心。
但这些都已经成为历史了。保洁公司已大幅度改变了其发明新产品的模式。公司现在欢迎并与大学、供应商以及外面的发明家合作，甚至还将奖金分给他们一份。十年之内保洁公司就大幅增加了公司外新产品研发的比例，从不到1/5上的比例升到了现在的1/2。公司老总Lafley先生说这大大推进了创新，也是保洁从2001年到2006年保持每年6%增长的主要原因，现在年利润已是原来的三倍，达到86亿美元。目前该公司的市场资本总额为两千亿美元。
IBM是另外一家跳上开放式发明流行花车的传统公司。这家曾经非常秘密的公司进行了U 型反转，开始欢迎一种资源公开的软件语言Linux。IBM现在总说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，将大量的软件专利权给了“发明的公众”而不是由公司自己注册。但是，IBM在其他领域继续以创纪录的速度取得专利，比如高级材料，在这个过程许可费用就达到了每年10亿美元。
由于在全世界有大批程序师以几乎零成本的方式开发Linux，因此IBM现在拥有非常廉价且强健的操作系统。它通过为户提供支持Linux系统的服务来取费用、赢得利润。据该公司研发主任Paul Horn称，使用开源的软件一年就为IBM节约了四亿美元。该公司如此致力于开放的态度，以至于它有时会开展一些“在线会议”，使得成千上万的员工可以通过自由讨论来交流想法。
Chesbrough先生当然赞同这点，他还举了许多其他公司相似的情况，其中就有家居用品公司Clorax，还有工业汽油公司“空气产品”。Chesbrough先生承认“IBM和保洁公司成功转变为高度开放的商业模式”，而如果他们的竞争对手不这样做的话，可能就麻烦了。
强化训练复习第二部分
③may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以问你一个问题吗？当然可以)/ You may go now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)
④must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t”如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)
{注意}用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗？是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房间里吗？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)
⑤“have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑问形式是：助动词+…+have to,否定形式是：助动词+not+have to或者用needn’
t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8点钟吗？)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用这么做)
⑥shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来)
⑦should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)
⑧will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿)
⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)
would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”来表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你现在想要休息一下吗？)
would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
⑩need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)
⑾dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)
⑿‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)
强化训练复习第三部分
词汇辨析
314
telephone/ ring/ ring up
Ⅰ. telephone “打电话”是及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词，其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如：
①Did you telephone Li Lei?
②Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow.
③He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting.
Ⅱ. ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如：
①He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。
此外：ring for 按铃叫（某人）；ring back 回电话；ring off挂断电话。
Ⅲ. ring up “给……打电话”（= call up）如：
①I will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。
315
tell of/ tell about
一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。Tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词，介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ；在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于tell about。如：
①Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗？
②I told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她谈了这件事。
316
thanks for/ thanks to
Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为……谢”强调谢的原因。如：
①Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。
②Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。
Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了……”；“由于……的帮助”相当于because of …或with the help of …, 在此短语中，to是一个介词，后接名词或代词。如：
①Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生，我身体又康复了。
②Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助，我们都及格了。
③Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我才能按时完成工作。317
that/ who/ which
Ⅰ. 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人)，which(一般指物)，that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有：where（地点）when(时间)，why(原因)等。
Ⅱ. that 在从句中指物，也可指人，可作主语和宾语。如：
①Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。（that 在句中指物，用作主语）
②Do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物，用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗？
③He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人，用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。
④Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗？
Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人，分别作主语和宾语。如：
①A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。
②I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。
Ⅳ.which 在从句中指物，可作主语和宾语。如：
①My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
②This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。
Ⅴ. whose 在从句中多指人，也可指物，用作定语。如：
①You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。
②I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。{注意}：在下述情况下，定语从句中关连词只能用that. :
Ⅰ. 先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时，如：①Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什
么。
②I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。
③Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。
④There is little that I can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。
⑤He saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。
{注}：①先行词是something 时，关系代词用that 或which 都可以。
②先行词是：someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时，关系代词用that 或who 都可以。
Ⅱ. 先行词被all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时，如：
①I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你给我的书全都看了。
②He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。
Ⅲ. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。如：
①This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。
②The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。
③?This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。
Ⅳ. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。
①That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。
②This is the very book that I want to find. 这正是我想要的书。
③The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。
Ⅴ. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句只能用that 与主句连接，而不能用who / whom / which引导。如：
①He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。
Ⅵ. 当主句是以who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，关连词只能用that . 而不能用who / whom / which. 如：
①Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。
②Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个？
{注}：在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时，that 与其它关系词有时可以互用，其介词不能提前，而必须放在动词之后，这时指物用that, which 均可，指人时用who, whom, that 均可.
①This is the key which / that you are looking for.
②He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依赖的人。
③The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.
318
think of / think about/think over
Ⅰ. think of “想起、记起；有……想法、看法；对……有意见；考虑”如：
①Will you think of me after I’ve left? 我离开后，你还会记着我吗？
②I know the person you mean,but I can’t think of his name.我知道你讲的人是谁，但记不起他的名字。
④We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有到西班牙去休假的想法（打算）。
⑤What do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样？(可与think about 互换)
⑥She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。
Ⅱ. 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时，常与think about 通用。即：“……考虑”；“对……看法”
①We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前，我们还有许多事情要考虑。
②见Ⅰ④
Ⅲ.think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如：
①I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。
{注}：think of 可以表“想象一下，想想”而think about 则不能。—→Think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧！
—→Think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧！
Ⅳ.think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如：
①I will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。
319
think much(well) of/ think highly of/
think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of
Ⅰ. speak highly of “高度评价，赞扬”，相当于think highly of 如：
①Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。
②The people speak highly of the TV play. 人们对这部电视剧评价很高。
{注} speak 构成的短语：
speak English 讲英语（某种语言）；speak to sb. 和某人交谈；
speak well / ill of 说……的好/坏话；speak like a book 大胆地说
speak for oneself 为自己辩护。
Ⅱ. think much well of “对……印象很好”如：
①We all think well of your suggestion. 我们都认为你的建议很好。
Ⅲ. think little / poorly / badly of “对……印象不好”如：
①You thought very badly of him at first, didn’t you? 起初你对他印象很坏，是吧？
Ⅳ. think much of “比……更看重（考虑得多）”如：
①He thought more of health than of money. 和金钱相比他更看重健康。
Ⅴ. sing high praise for “高度赞扬某人/某物”
320
till/ until
till 和until 都可作介词或连词，其用法有两种：
Ⅰ. 在肯定句中，意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如：
①I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。
Ⅱ. 在否定句中，意为“直到……才……”，表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如：
①They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。
第一篇 基础知识 第一节字母 英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为―Alphabet‖。 1.26个字母的读音 2.元音字母是哪些？ 英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa , Ee , Ii, Oo, Uu为5个元音字母，除Yy 外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy 为半元音字母. 第二节语音 关于语音的几个概念 1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标：词的语音形式。 3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。 4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand 5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i:/ /I/ /e/ /?/ /?:/ /?/ /∧/ /a:/ /?/ /?:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /?I/ /?u/ /au/ /I?/ /ε?/ /u?/ 6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有11个：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ//∫/ /h/ /t∫/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /δ/ /з/ /r/ /dз/ /dr/ /dz/ /m//n/ /? / /l/ /w/ /j/ 7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi 8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
初中英语强化训练（18） 第三部分有关较长对话的专项训练 第三节有关事件发生原因的较长对话 英语听力: asf听力文件无病毒，请放心打开 听力理解 听下面10。根据所听录音回答问题。每段对话读两遍。 听第1段材料，回答第1至第3题。 （）1. Why can’t the man get to sleep? A. He has got sleepless. B. He doesn’t feel well. C. He has to work till late in the evening. D. He has got a headache. （）2. What is the doctor’s advice? A. He needs to take some medicine. B. He needs to take enough exercise. C. He needs to work hard. D. He needs to change his timetable. （）3. What can we learn from the conversation? A. The man doesn’t like to take any exercise. B. The man has lost his job. C. The job is more important than health to the man. D. The man has to start work very early in the morning. 听第2段材料，回答第4至第6题。 （）4. What was the cause of the accident? A. The truck went through the traffic lights when they were still red. B. The truck moved so fast. C. The car driver had no time to stop when he saw the truck crossing the street. D. The car drove too fast. （）5. What about the speed did the truck move? A. About 80 miles per hour. B. About 40 miles per hour. C. About 20 miles per hour. D. About 10 miles per hour. （）6. What color was the car? A. Red. B. Blue. C. Yellow. D. Black. 听第3段材料，回答第7和第8题。 （）7. Why DOESN’T Helen look well? A. She was ill. B. She failed in her exam.
人教版初中复习资料 【初中英语词组总结】 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中
短文强化训练5 一、完形填空 One evening a young woman walked on the beach. She turned to see the ___1___ she had left in the sand, but they had already been ___2___ by the water. When she turned to continue her walk, she was surprised to see an old woman ___3___ by a fire. She walked up to the old ___4___ and asked, “Where did you come from? I didn’t see you here a minute ago.” ___5___ answering her question, the old woman said, “Sit with me, my child. I have something to show you.” As the young woman sat down beside the fire, the old woman handed her a ___6___. She turned the pages of the book one by one and was ___7___ to discover they told the story of her whole life, from the early days of childhood to the present. But when she turned to the next page, she found it ___8___. And the rest of the pages in the book were all empty. “Does this mean my life ends tonight?” she asked. “No, my child. It means tonight your life ___9___.” At that time the old woman took the book into her hands ___10___ began to tear (撕掉)each of the pages that had words out of the book. She then threw ___11___ into the fire until all left were empty pages. She handed the book of empty pages to the young woman. “You see,” she said, “just as the water washed away your footsteps i n the sand, your past is forever gone. What you ___12___ have is here arid now. Each moment is the beginning of the ___13___ of your life and you should live it to the fullest, because you won’t live that moment a(n) ___14___ time. For your future, you are free to shape it as you wish, ___15___ it has not yet been written.” (B )1. A. rubbish B. footsteps C. water D. shells (D )2. A. picked up B. taken back C. put out D. washed away (A )3. A. sitting B. dying C. sleeping D. cooking (D )4. A. house B. tree
第一篇基础知识 第一节字母 英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为“Alphabet”。 1.26个字母的读音 2.元音字母是哪些？ 英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa , Ee , Ii, Oo, Uu为5个元音字母，除Yy 外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy 为半元音字母. 第二节语音 关于语音的几个概念 1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标：词的语音形式。 3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。 4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand 5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i:/ /I/ /e/ /?/ /?:/ /?/ /∧/ /a:/ /?/ /?:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /?I/ /?u/ /au/ /I?/ /ε?/ /u?/ 6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有11个：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ//∫/ /h/ /t∫/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /δ/ /з/ /r/ /dз/ /dr/ /dz/ /m//n/ /? / /l/ /w/ /j/ 7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi 8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
初中英语强化训练（19） 第三部分有关较长对话的专项训练 第四节有关进行简单判断推理的较长对话 英语听力: asf听力文件无病毒，请放心打开 听力理解 听下面10段较长对话。根据所听录音回答问题。每段对话读两遍。 听第1段材料，回答第1至第3题。 （）1. What might the relationship be between the two speakers? A. They are neighbors. B. A mother and a son. C. A wife and a husband. D. A woman and a policeman. （）2. Where are they possibly? A. In the hospital. B. In the street. C. In an office. D. At Robin’s house. （）3. Which of the following statements is TRUE with Robin? A. He was hurt badly in order to save a little girl. B. He had some trouble in breathing because of too much smoke in. C. Because he usually smokes much, he was ill. D. He will give up his work. 听第2段材料，回答第4至第6题。 （）4. How long have they NOT seen each other? A. For about two years. B. For about three years. C. For about four years. D. For about five years. （）5. Where is Roll from? A. England. B. Germany. C. France. D. America. （）6. What does Roll do now? A. He is a taxi-driver. B. He is a bus driver. C. He is a doctor. D. He is worker. 听第3段材料，回答第7和第8题。
一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don’t want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 2.一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3)句型: It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
新目标英语七～九年级动词搭配专项练习 大全 练习1 add to增加，增进add ... to把……加进…… add up相加，加起来add up to总计；所有这一切说明 1) I don’t think these facts will _________________ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been _________________ the library. 3) The music ________________ our enjoyment of the film. 4) You must have made a mistake when you ________________ the bill ________________. 练习2 break away from打破；脱离，挣脱；改掉break down出毛病；身体(精神)衰弱；分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发break up捣碎；驱散；瓦解；学期结束；拆散 break through突破 1) The criminal managed to break _________________ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _____________ and cried. 3) Don’t break ____________ while others are speaking. 4) Why don’t you break ____________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break ____________? 6) After harvest we break _____________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. 练习3 bring up抚养；呕吐；提出bring about造成bring out取出；出版 bring in引入，引进；挣钱bring back使回想起bring down使下降，使倒下 1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars. 2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3) The song brought __________ happy memories of our schooldays. 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan. 6) We decided to bring the matter __________ at the next meeting. 7) The wind brought __________ a lot of trees last night. 8) Next month they willbring ___________ a new edition ofthe book. 练习4 call on号召；拜访（某人）call at拜访、参观（某地）call for接（某人）；要求；需要call up使回忆起；征召入伍call in邀请；收集call out大喊，高叫；召集call off取消，不举行 1) Doctors are often called ___________ in the middle of the war.
初中英语语法基础知识汇总(1) 英语语法基础知识词类-名词Noun 名词（Noun．-n．） 第一部分：名词基础知识 定义：人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。 人：Edison（爱迪生），Helen（海伦），Mr．Wang（王先生） 地：Asia（亚洲），China（中国），New York（纽约） 物：book（书），dog（狗），tree（树），water（水） 事或观念：work（工作），music（音乐），truth（真理） 注： 1．如人名、地名、国名等属于该名称持有者专用的名称，其第一字母必须大写，如E dison，New York，China。 2．名词亦有可数和不可数之分，如果是可数的就有单数和复数的区别。所谓复数就是多于一个的意思，通常是在单数名词的词尾加“-s，es，ies，…”以示其为复数。例如： a book（一本书）two books（两本书） one boy（一个男孩）some boys（一些男孩） one girl（一个女孩）many girls（许多女孩） 名词在句子中的主要功能如下： （1）作句子的主语，例： Miss Lin is our English teacher． （林小姐是我们的英语老师。） （2）作句子的主语补语或宾语补语，例： John and Tom are good friends． （约翰和汤姆是好朋友。—主语补语） I call my puppy “Luck”． （我叫我的小狗“来福”。—宾语补语）
（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿
强化训练复习第一部分 TEXT TWO Berkeley seems like a fitting place to find the godfather of the open-innovation movement basking in glory. The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. One of them, Henry Chesbrough, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley, observes with a smile that “this is the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love.” Mr Chesbrough's two books “Open Innovation” and “Open Business Models” have popularised the notion of looking for bright ideas outside of an organisation. As the concept of open innovation has become ever more fashionable, the corporate R&D lab has become decreasingly relevant. Most ideas don't come from there. To see why travel to Cincinnati, Ohio—which is about as far removed culturally from Berkeley as one can get in America. The conservative mid-western city is home to P&G, historically one of the most traditional firms in America. For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations. No longer. P&G has radically altered the way it comes up with new ideas and products. It now welcomes and works with universities, suppliers and outside inventors. It also offers them a share in the rewards. In less than a decade, P&G has increased the proportion of new-product ideas originating from outside of the firm from less than a fifth to around half. That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion. IBM is another iconic firm that has jumped on the open-innovation bandwagon. The once-secretive company has done a sharp U-turn and embraced Linux, an open-source software language. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself. However, it also continues to take out patents at a record pace in other areas, such as advanced materials, and in the process racks up some $1 billion a year in licensing fees. Since an army of programmers around the world work on developing Linux essentially at no cost, IBM now has an extremely cheap and robust operating system. It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it. Using open-source software saves IBM a whopping $400m a year, according to Paul Horn, until recently the firm's head of research. The company is so committed to openness that it now carries out occasional “online jam sessions” d uring which tens of thousands of its employees exchange ideas in a mass form of brainstorming. Mr Chesbrough, of course, heartily approves. He gives dozens of other examples of firms doing similar things, ranging from Clorax, a household products firm to Air Products, an industrial gases company. Mr Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble. 1. “Summer of Love” is proba bly _____ {A} a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement. {B} the anti-establishment movement.
中考辅导 ——人教版初中阶段中考基础知识整合与测评 JUNIOR BOOK I 一．知识网络 【重点内容概要】 1．元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音。 2．常用的日常交际用语。 3．人称代词，物主代词、指示代词及基数词。 4．动词be(am，is，，are)的用法及人称代词，名词的数的一致性， 5．一些表示方位、地点介词的用法． 6．名词所有格。My father’s watch the pic of Billy billy’s pictures 7，冠词a，an，the的基本用法。 8．以What、Where、Who、Whose、Which、How等引导的疑问句和一般疑问句以及它们的回答． 9．能灵活运用人称代词的主格和宾格． 10．掌握可数名词和不可数名词的用法，以及与其搭配使用的相关修饰词 11．There be句型以及与have(has)的运用及区别。 12．动词的现在进行时和一般现在时的运用。
13．祈使句的肯定、否定形式． 14．常用的句型及交际用语。 15．人称代词主格和宾格的使用。 16．可数名词和不可数名词的运用． 17．常用的句型。 18．现在进行时和一般现在时的使用。 【句型、词组精讲】 Words and Expressions 1. Excuse, me. / I’m sorry. 这两个句子是会话时常用客套语。 1）Excuse me. 表示“劳驾”，“请问”，“请原谅”，“对不起”，“打扰一下”等意思，多用于句首，主要用于在请求别人帮忙时用。如： Excuse me, is this watch yours? Excuse me. How can I get to the station? 2）I’m sorry. 或Sorry. 一般用于听到别人的不幸或做了对不起别人的事情表示遗憾或向其道歉，或不能够给对方提供信息或帮助时的场合。如：I’m sorry I’m late. I’m sorry to hear your mother is ill. Sorry, I can’t go with you. Sorry, I won’t do that again.
第一部分 TEXT TWO Galvanized by the April tragedy at Virginia Tech, in which Seung Hui Cho killed 32 students and faculty members and then committed suicide, colleges and universities around the country are urgently taking stock of the reach and effectiveness of their mental-health services. The goal is not just to avoid another catastrophe caused by a deeply troubled student who fell through the cracks. It's also to face up to the needs of today's students, who increasingly struggle with eating disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. The rate of depression among college students has doubled in just 15 years; last year, some 45 percent of all students said they've sometimes felt too depressed to function, according to an annual survey by the American College Health Association. Nine percent of college students seriously considered suicide. "Some of the key questions that Virginia Tech has brought out are: When do you recognize that a student's having serious problems? What steps do you take, and how do you coordinate care?" says Richard Kadison, director of mental-health services at Harvard University and author of College of the Overwhelmed. Last week, Kadison and other campus psychiatrists from across the country gathered in Washington, D.C., to map out a better way to meet the demand. Many schools are finding that change will be a significant challenge. About 65 percent of campus counseling centers still have no relationship with the health center, for example, making it difficult to manage illnesses that require medication. Just 59 percent have a psychiatrist available. And the funds necessary to add expertise can be hard to find. Days after the Virginia Tech slayings, Florida public university administrators asked for $3.5 million to hire more psychologists and campus police officers and to set up interdisciplinary teams that would identify troubled students. The Legislature denied the request. The ratio of counselors to students at the University of South Florida is 1 to 3,500; at Cornell, there's a counselor for every 800 students. Experts say that parents should check out the mental-health resources when they send their child to school and make sure that the counseling office is aware of any history. "Continuity of care is really important, so that people don't fall through the cracks and have unnecessary stresses and strains," says Jerald Kay, chair of psychiatry at Wright State University Medical School. The thrust of the movement at institutions in the lead has been to redouble efforts to identify students in need of help and then make that help available. Some, like Cornell and Wisconsin, are adding counseling offices in dorms and academic buildings so students have ready access; Cornell has two counselors on staff whose sole job is to talk with faculty and staff and pick up the first inklings of trouble. The University of Illinois requires anyone who threatens or attempts suicide to have a four-session mental-health evaluation. And early-warning systems that involve the entire university community are a priority on many campuses. At Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., for example, faculty and staff can log concerns about academic problems or behavioral issues on a website, which is monitored by an intervention team of representatives from the dean's office, faculty, housing staff, campus police, and counseling center. The team meets regularly to decide on an appropriate response. 1. The word “galvanized” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means________________ (A)=> encouraged. (B)=> warned. (C)=> stimulated. (D)=> inspired.