初中英语书面表达的强化训练
发表时间：2013-08-09T09:55:44.670Z 来源：《中国科技教育·理论版》2013年第4期供稿作者：杜艳冬
[导读] 添枝叶、拓内容意为将主打句以多种形式，多角度，由点向面拓展来写，是文章内容丰富、新颖，彰显个性与创造性。
杜艳冬河北省丰宁县土城中学 068350
摘要目前，中考作文的命题趋势从以往的单方话题转向多方话题，注重通过书面表达的命题，来考察《课标》要求的学生具有的“听、说、读、写”的综合运用的能力。那么，在新课改的今天，英语书面表达的书写，应该让学生充分发展自主学习能力和合作精神，使其自主性和个性得到充分发挥。
关键词自主学习能力合作精神审主题拓内容特殊句式法
近几年来，中考作文的命题趋势从以往的单方话题转向多方话题，注重通过书面表达的命题，来考察《课标》要求的学生具有的“听、说、读、写”的综合运用的能力。那么，在新课改的今天，英语书面表达的书写，应该让学生充分发展自主学习能力和合作精神，使其自主性和个性得到充分发挥。
然而，在新课改的学习中，英语书面表达一直是困扰广大师生的焦点问题。教师在教学写作训练耗时、费力，但收效不大。而绝大多数学生尤其是农村中学生英语写作时，无思路、无兴趣、怯下笔，词汇短语积累少，语法句式用不通。因此，罗列式英语、汉语式英语、流水账式英语屡见不鲜。至使文章的内容平淡无奇，句式单一，时态杂揉，条理不清。面对以上情况，结合自己在日常教学的实践，谈谈英语书面表达的书写五步训练法。
审主题、确主打
审主题是写成文章的关键。审主题是通过仔细并迅速阅读题目的要求，不仅要审出文章的主要中心内容，而且要审出时态、审出人称，最终确定文章的主打句式。以“假如你是一名美国流行歌手，最近你感到很累，想去度假好好休息一下，根据表格内容，写一篇度假计划。”为例。通过仔细审题，我们可得：1.时态：介绍假期计划，应使用一般将来时态，结构为“主语+be going to + do”.2.人称：文章要求写自己的假期，应以第一人称为主。3.中心内容：度假参加的各种活动。4.主打句式：I am going to do…...
列要点、连成句
列要点是将文章中所给出的时间、地点、行为动作都以短语动词的形式逐一列出。连成句即把一步所确定的主打句式与二步所列要点紧密结合，构成简单的句式结构。（即主+谓+宾；主+系+表等）以下表为例：
要点应列为：climb the mountains ;go hiking; visit the farmers
连成简单句为：I am going to climb the mountains.
I am going to go hiking.
I am going to visit the farmers.
三、添枝叶、拓内容
添枝叶、拓内容意为将主打句以多种形式，多角度，由点向面拓展来写，是文章内容丰富、新颖，彰显个性与创造性。
1添加时间、地点状语，并可灵活调整语序。
Eg :I am going to climb the mountains.
拓展为：On Sunday morning, I am going to climb the mountains in the countryside.
2以 so, because ,and ,if, however ,when 等连词拓展内容，避免句式单一，内容枯燥。
Eg: I am going to climb the mountains in the countryside.
拓展为：I am going to climb the mountains in the countryside. I think there are much more beautiful flowers there and I would like to see them as quickly as possible. Because I love nature very much.通过以and ,because 连词的运用，既使文章内容丰富、新颖，又写出了作者热爱大自然的心声，使文章有血有肉。通过这样的训练，增加了学生表达同一句子的灵活性，提高了应变能力。
3同义词、同义句的相互转换，避免内容重复。
Eg: It will take me two days to visit the farmers .
转换成：I will spend two days visiting the farmers.
四、定总句、分步写
将以上三步内容，重新排序，将相同、相似要点，分类集合，并确定每段总括的中心句，以此铺开来写。仍以假期计划为例，在叙述假期各种活动前，以”It’s relaxing for me to do lots of interesting activities.”为中心句，便会使文章连贯，同时也训练学生语言运用的逻辑能力。
五增开头、亮结尾
文章的开头和结尾可采用以下几种方法：
1特殊句式法
在文章的开头和结尾可运用特殊句式，例如感叹句、反问句、宾语从句、定语从句等各种句式应用于文章中，会成为文章的亮点。比如”What a busy but happy vacation! I love my friend who I’ll never forget.We never know what will happen in the future.”
2引用法
文章中加入日常积累的谚语、名言。例如“Practice makes perfect. Failure is the mother of success.”通过此训练，学生会逐步形成综合运用各种语言的能力。
初中英语强化训练（18） 第三部分有关较长对话的专项训练 第三节有关事件发生原因的较长对话 英语听力: asf听力文件无病毒，请放心打开 听力理解 听下面10。根据所听录音回答问题。每段对话读两遍。 听第1段材料，回答第1至第3题。 （）1. Why can’t the man get to sleep? A. He has got sleepless. B. He doesn’t feel well. C. He has to work till late in the evening. D. He has got a headache. （）2. What is the doctor’s advice? A. He needs to take some medicine. B. He needs to take enough exercise. C. He needs to work hard. D. He needs to change his timetable. （）3. What can we learn from the conversation? A. The man doesn’t like to take any exercise. B. The man has lost his job. C. The job is more important than health to the man. D. The man has to start work very early in the morning. 听第2段材料，回答第4至第6题。 （）4. What was the cause of the accident? A. The truck went through the traffic lights when they were still red. B. The truck moved so fast. C. The car driver had no time to stop when he saw the truck crossing the street. D. The car drove too fast. （）5. What about the speed did the truck move? A. About 80 miles per hour. B. About 40 miles per hour. C. About 20 miles per hour. D. About 10 miles per hour. （）6. What color was the car? A. Red. B. Blue. C. Yellow. D. Black. 听第3段材料，回答第7和第8题。 （）7. Why DOESN’T Helen look well? A. She was ill. B. She failed in her exam.
（英语）初三英语书面表达技巧和方法完整版及练习题 一、英语书面表达 1．书面表达 同学们，中考后就会迎来漫长的暑假了，班会课上老师组织大家讨论假期学习和生活计划。假如你是李华，请根据以下内容提示用英语向同学们汇报一下你的计划。 内容提示： 注意： 1. 表达中必须包括所给要点，可以适当发挥，不要简单翻译。 2. 词数90左右。开头和结尾已经写好，不计入总词数。 3. 表达中请勿提及真实校名及姓名。 Dear classmates, Summer holiday is coming, and here is my plan for it. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ I hope all of you can enjoy the coming holiday. That’s all. Thank you. 【答案】Dear classmates, Summer holiday is coming, and here is my plan for it. First, I'd like to choose several good books and read them carefully. This can help me open my mind and learn more about the world. I also think it's necessary for me to learn at least one skill. I'm interested in cooking, so I will learn to cook some delicious dishes during the holiday. Second, health is the most important. So I will eat healthily and exercise more. I plan to eat more fruit and vegetables and keep running every day. Third, it's a good idea to join in some charity activities because we should be kind to someone in need. I will pay more attention to protecting our environment so that we can make our Earth a
短文强化训练5 一、完形填空 One evening a young woman walked on the beach. She turned to see the ___1___ she had left in the sand, but they had already been ___2___ by the water. When she turned to continue her walk, she was surprised to see an old woman ___3___ by a fire. She walked up to the old ___4___ and asked, “Where did you come from? I didn’t see you here a minute ago.” ___5___ answering her question, the old woman said, “Sit with me, my child. I have something to show you.” As the young woman sat down beside the fire, the old woman handed her a ___6___. She turned the pages of the book one by one and was ___7___ to discover they told the story of her whole life, from the early days of childhood to the present. But when she turned to the next page, she found it ___8___. And the rest of the pages in the book were all empty. “Does this mean my life ends tonight?” she asked. “No, my child. It means tonight your life ___9___.” At that time the old woman took the book into her hands ___10___ began to tear (撕掉)each of the pages that had words out of the book. She then threw ___11___ into the fire until all left were empty pages. She handed the book of empty pages to the young woman. “You see,” she said, “just as the water washed away your footsteps i n the sand, your past is forever gone. What you ___12___ have is here arid now. Each moment is the beginning of the ___13___ of your life and you should live it to the fullest, because you won’t live that moment a(n) ___14___ time. For your future, you are free to shape it as you wish, ___15___ it has not yet been written.” (B )1. A. rubbish B. footsteps C. water D. shells (D )2. A. picked up B. taken back C. put out D. washed away (A )3. A. sitting B. dying C. sleeping D. cooking (D )4. A. house B. tree
最新中考英语书面表达经典题型带答案 一、中考英语书面表达（含答案详细解析） 1．书面表达 我的英语学习 初中即将毕业，你在英语学习方面积累了较多的经验与方法，请你向你的表弟介绍你的做法，根据下面表格中的内容，按要求用英语写一篇短文， 要求：1．语句通顺，意思连贯，语法正确，书写规范； 2．必须包含表格中所有内容，并作适当发挥 3．行文中不得出现真实人名、校名或地名； 4．词数80－100。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】My English Study How time flies! My three-year middle school life will be over soon. Looking back, I have many memories of my English study. First, listen more. Listening to the radio is a good way to learn English. We can relax ourselves by listening to English songs. Second, say more. Use spoken English when communicating with classmates. Speaking English can enhance the ability and confidence to learn English well. Third, read more English books. Reading can broaden our horizon and help us understand English culture. In addition, learn some grammar rules to better understand and use English. Finally, we can write about our daily life. In a word, only when we develop interest in studying English can we learn it well. 【解析】 【详解】 这篇短文使用了大量的固定句式和短语，为文章增色不少，如look back，listen to the radio，a good way to learn English，relax ourselves，communicate with，help sb. do，do more reading，in addition，in a word等。而感叹句How time flies!，倒装句only when we
最新初中英语书面表达技巧和方法完整版及练习题 一、英语书面表达 1．最近一份学生体质健康调查结果显示，学生近视率仍维持在高位水平，且越来越低龄化。请根据下表所提示的内容，用英语写一篇短文，并发表自己的观点。 参考词汇：近视的 shortsighted 要求： （1）词数：80～100个。 （2）开头已给出，不计入总词数。 （3）要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥。 The survey shows that many students have become shortsighted at a very young age. At present, _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 【答案】The survey shows that many students have become shortsighted at a very young age. At present, about 70% of the students are shortsighted. Here are some main causes. Some students may not have enough sleep. Some students spend too much time reading or doing their homework without a rest. Some students even like to watch TV or use computers for a long time. In order to have good eyesight, we should do eye exercises every day. We can also try to do more sports in our spare time. We should have the good habit of using our eyes. I think all of us should understand the importance of protecting eyes and try our best to protect them. 【解析】 【详解】 这是一篇图表作文。根据题干要求可知，本篇文章主要使用一般现在时写作，人称用第三人称复数和第一人称。内容包括：学生近视原因：1.睡眠不足（not enough）2.长时间看书、做作业、用电脑等（for a long time）防止近视的方法：1.做眼睛保健操，多进行体育活动（eye exercises）2.养成正确的用眼习惯（have the good habit of）个人观点：如：我认
初中英语强化训练（19） 第三部分有关较长对话的专项训练 第四节有关进行简单判断推理的较长对话 英语听力: asf听力文件无病毒，请放心打开 听力理解 听下面10段较长对话。根据所听录音回答问题。每段对话读两遍。 听第1段材料，回答第1至第3题。 （）1. What might the relationship be between the two speakers? A. They are neighbors. B. A mother and a son. C. A wife and a husband. D. A woman and a policeman. （）2. Where are they possibly? A. In the hospital. B. In the street. C. In an office. D. At Robin’s house. （）3. Which of the following statements is TRUE with Robin? A. He was hurt badly in order to save a little girl. B. He had some trouble in breathing because of too much smoke in. C. Because he usually smokes much, he was ill. D. He will give up his work. 听第2段材料，回答第4至第6题。 （）4. How long have they NOT seen each other? A. For about two years. B. For about three years. C. For about four years. D. For about five years. （）5. Where is Roll from? A. England. B. Germany. C. France. D. America. （）6. What does Roll do now? A. He is a taxi-driver. B. He is a bus driver. C. He is a doctor. D. He is worker. 听第3段材料，回答第7和第8题。
初中英语新课程标准教材 英语教案( 2019 — 2020学年度第二学期 ) 学校： 年级： 任课教师： 教学反思 / 英语教学反思 编订：XX文讯教育机构
初中英语书面表达 教材简介:本教材主要用途为通过学习英语的内容，提高学生的语言技能，增加一项语言能力，有利于国际化的日常交流、生活、工作等，本教学反思资料适用于初中英语科目, 学习后学生能得到全面的发展和提高。本内容是按照教材的内容进行的编写，可以放心修改调整或直接进行教学使用。 中考英语作文（书面表达）占15分，主要考察同学们的英语的综合运用语言进行表达的能力。常考的作文类型有看图作文、日记、书信、通知、命题作文、自由命题作文等。 一、写作步骤： 应把握以下几个步骤：. 1．认真审题立意。。文章要有明确的主题，必须具备4个条件：准确、鲜明、深刻、集中。 2．草拟提纲。打造文章的骨架。 1）安排好层次段落 2）铺设好过渡 3）处理好开头和结尾。 如命题作文中有提示句，要从提示句的关键词出发，围绕关键词开拓思路，发挥联想，记录下联想到的东西，可以是句子或单词词组，可以是英语或汉语。如果是看图作文还要认
真观察图画，把图画描述内容连成一个有机整体。如果是书信，还要注意格式3．写出各段主题句，理清文章脉络。 一般分为引导段、主题段和结尾段。每段的主题句非常重要，是段落内容的高度概括。段落主题句通常是一个语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁明了的单句。通常将段落主题句置于段落的开头，可使文章结构更清晰，有说服力，这样可以让读者对文章内容一目了然。 4．参照提纲，紧扣主题句，完成各段落，丰富文章内容。有了段落主题句后，还需要顺着段落主题句的方向，参照提纲中的思路，完成各个段落。引导段要能引起读者的注意和兴趣，为主题段铺路架桥。主题段应围绕文章和该段的主题来展开。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法，和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式. 注意：进行这一步骤还需注意三方面问题： 1）各段主题句都要围绕文章的中心，为中心服务，不可前后矛盾。 2）要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，要有重点段落，不可均匀用墨。 3）用好连接词，注意落间、句子间的连贯性。连词的恰当使用可以使所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，语言流畅，。 二、遣词造句的注意事项。在完成文章的基本构思后，我们开始真正的来写出每一个句
初中英语书面表达技巧范文 一、细心审题，明确要求。 细读题目所提供的信息，明确要求，做到心中有数。要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理，使之更加具体化、条理化，为开始动笔做好准备工作，还要搞清题目的要求，以便根 据不同的题材、体裁，写出不同格式，风格各异的文章，此外，还要注意人称、时态、地 点等信息，避免出错。 二、抓住重点，理顺要点。 根据题目所提供的信息，草拟提纲，分清各要点之间的内在联系，寻求逻辑次序，分 出层次，确定如何下手，使表达内容条理清楚，否则，语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受， 也不可能得到高分。 三、遣词造句，表达规范。 用词要适当，不可逐句把提示汉译英，亦不可生拼硬凑，不要硬拿英语单词到中文句 子里去对号，否则写出中文式英语，闹出笑话。一般来讲，写作时，应尽量选出你有把握 的词，尽量使用短句简单句。如果有的单词不会写，有的思想不会用英语表达，你可以设 法绕开，最好找一个同义词、同义句，或近义词、词组短语来代替。在写书面表达的时候，在英语中一个意思能说好几个词语，所以要选择高级词汇，这样到时候改卷老师也会觉得 你的表达能力好英语底子厚，就算一篇很平常的文章会多给2-3分。要正确使用关联词， 如 and，or，but，so，because，since 等，以便行文自然流畅。除此之外，写作时 还要注意时态、语态的各种句式的交替作用，使文章显得得体，表达流畅。 英文写作方面的基础知识，掌握常用文体的写作方法。其实，用英文写信，记日记等 都是学生力所能及且行之有效的练习写作的好方法。 四、连句成篇，修改润色。 将写好的句子连贯的组织起来。作文写完之后，应注意检查修改，修改时先从全局修改。首先要检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当，接下来检查所写内容是否切题，该交 待的内容是否交待了，最后检查所用时态、人称是否符合要求，最后是否一致。 局部修改，也就是段落、句子水平上的修改。作局部修改时，要检查段落是否完整， 句子表达是否准确，语法、拼写、标点、移行、大小写等方面是否有误。 1. 四周应留空。
新目标英语七～九年级动词搭配专项练习 大全 练习1 add to增加，增进add ... to把……加进…… add up相加，加起来add up to总计；所有这一切说明 1) I don’t think these facts will _________________ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been _________________ the library. 3) The music ________________ our enjoyment of the film. 4) You must have made a mistake when you ________________ the bill ________________. 练习2 break away from打破；脱离，挣脱；改掉break down出毛病；身体(精神)衰弱；分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发break up捣碎；驱散；瓦解；学期结束；拆散 break through突破 1) The criminal managed to break _________________ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _____________ and cried. 3) Don’t break ____________ while others are speaking. 4) Why don’t you break ____________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break ____________? 6) After harvest we break _____________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. 练习3 bring up抚养；呕吐；提出bring about造成bring out取出；出版 bring in引入，引进；挣钱bring back使回想起bring down使下降，使倒下 1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars. 2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3) The song brought __________ happy memories of our schooldays. 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan. 6) We decided to bring the matter __________ at the next meeting. 7) The wind brought __________ a lot of trees last night. 8) Next month they willbring ___________ a new edition ofthe book. 练习4 call on号召；拜访（某人）call at拜访、参观（某地）call for接（某人）；要求；需要call up使回忆起；征召入伍call in邀请；收集call out大喊，高叫；召集call off取消，不举行 1) Doctors are often called ___________ in the middle of the war.
2012年九年级中考英语总复习专题 健康问题（热点） 健康问题是中考常考的话题,出题形式多样,有必要下苦功掌握。 典型例句 1. It is very important to keep healthy。 2. How can we keep healthy 3. We can't go to sleep too late. We can't get up too late。 4. We should eat the food healthily。 5. We should do more exercise。 6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head。 7. I didn't feel like eating anything。8. I decided to see the doctor。 9. In the doctor's office, the doctor looks over me carefully。 10. He said: "Nothing serious." And he told me to take a rest and drink more water。 11. A nurse gave me an injection. It was a little painful。 12. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day。 13. A few days later, I felt better. From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world。 例文1健康的生活习惯对于成长中的我们是非常重要的。你认为健康的生活习惯应当是怎样的呢请根据下面的信息提示,写一篇短文,首句已给出。 信息提示：健康饮食。②.早睡早起,不熬夜。③.参加运动,强身健体。 要求:根据信息提示,把握要点,适当发挥,不逐字翻译。字数在80词左右。 I think healthy habits are very important for us. As we know, we must have enough food to keep us healthy. Breakfast is necessary. It gives us energy for the morning. We must also have the right kind of food. Remember to eat more fruit and vegetables but less junk food. Don't forget to wash your hands before meals. Staying up late at night is bad for our health. If we can't get enough sleep. We may have a headache. We should go to bed early and go to bed early. Of course it's necessary for us to take exercise. Exercise will keep us active and strong. 2、根据中英文提示,写出内容完整、意思连贯、符合逻辑的稿件。（字数不少于60词,英文提示词供选用） 有些学生不爱吃学校的午饭,常到校外去吃他们所喜欢吃的食物。但有些食物并不利于他们的身体健康。“英语角”打算针对这个问题展开讨论。请你准备一篇讨论稿,谈谈你的看法和建议。 参考词汇：not like, go out of school, be afraid, be back, more delicious, offer 范文：We know that some of our students do not like eating lunch at school because the food isn’t d elicious. So they often go out of school to buy something they like to eat. But I’m afraid it’s bad for their health to eat lunch outside because some of the food they buy isn’t healthy enough. In my opinion, if our schools want more students to be back and enjoy lunch inside, they should make the food more delicious, and also they should offer our students a larger choice of food as well. 关于环境保护问题（热点） 环境保护问题是中考热门话题,出现频率高,难度较大,必须掌握。 典型句子1. It’s our duty to save water 2. As we know, water is very important to man, 3. We can’t live without water. 4. The amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less. 5. But some people don’t care about it. 6. Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted. Something must be done to stop the pollution.
初中英语作文写作技巧 一、掌握常用过渡性词语 叙事文常用的句子间连接词 at first; at last; in the end… then / next/ after that… when / while/as soon as/not… until… at the same time; at times; once in a while; so that To one’s surprise/joy Luckily/fortunately/unluckily/unfortunately… in a word/in all 议论文常用连接词 表示并列：either…or; neither…nor; both…and; not only…but also; 表示递进的：besides; what’s more; what’s worse; (moreover); 表示原因的：because; for…; because of…; thanks to…; (for the reason that…); 表示结果的：so; as a result; so…that…; therefore; 表示目的的：so that…; in order that…; (in order) to…; for…; 表示对比的：while; on the one hand + on the other hand; Each coin has two sides.; prefer…to…; would rather do…than do…; 表示转折的：however; but; 表示举例的：for example; for instance; such as…; like…; that is to say… 表示总结的：in all/short; in a word; in brief/ total; last but not least; last; 表示利弊的：be good/bad for sb.; be harmful to sb.; do harm to sb.; …have great/much influence on sb.; sth. benefit sb.; sb. benefit from sth. affect; have an effect on sb.; 表示喜爱的：love/like/enjo y…; be fond of…; be interested in…; show great interest in…; lose oneself in…; put one’s heart into…; be good at; be poor at; be weak in; 表达个人想法的：
强化训练复习第一部分 TEXT TWO Berkeley seems like a fitting place to find the godfather of the open-innovation movement basking in glory. The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. One of them, Henry Chesbrough, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley, observes with a smile that “this is the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love.” Mr Chesbrough's two books “Open Innovation” and “Open Business Models” have popularised the notion of looking for bright ideas outside of an organisation. As the concept of open innovation has become ever more fashionable, the corporate R&D lab has become decreasingly relevant. Most ideas don't come from there. To see why travel to Cincinnati, Ohio—which is about as far removed culturally from Berkeley as one can get in America. The conservative mid-western city is home to P&G, historically one of the most traditional firms in America. For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations. No longer. P&G has radically altered the way it comes up with new ideas and products. It now welcomes and works with universities, suppliers and outside inventors. It also offers them a share in the rewards. In less than a decade, P&G has increased the proportion of new-product ideas originating from outside of the firm from less than a fifth to around half. That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion. IBM is another iconic firm that has jumped on the open-innovation bandwagon. The once-secretive company has done a sharp U-turn and embraced Linux, an open-source software language. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself. However, it also continues to take out patents at a record pace in other areas, such as advanced materials, and in the process racks up some $1 billion a year in licensing fees. Since an army of programmers around the world work on developing Linux essentially at no cost, IBM now has an extremely cheap and robust operating system. It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it. Using open-source software saves IBM a whopping $400m a year, according to Paul Horn, until recently the firm's head of research. The company is so committed to openness that it now carries out occasional “online jam sessions” d uring which tens of thousands of its employees exchange ideas in a mass form of brainstorming. Mr Chesbrough, of course, heartily approves. He gives dozens of other examples of firms doing similar things, ranging from Clorax, a household products firm to Air Products, an industrial gases company. Mr Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble. 1. “Summer of Love” is proba bly _____ {A} a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement. {B} the anti-establishment movement.