David
一名词的分类：
1.名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
二，名词变复数：
2 名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
例如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train （货车）arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划
一、不定冠词的用法：
1、泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any, 如: A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.
2、泛指某人或某物。 A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.
3、表one或every。We work 8 hours a day. I go home twice a month.
4、表示the same 的意思。Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.
5、用在不可数名词前
a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份 A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.
b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）
It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling. There is a cold wind this morning.
c)（用在抽象名词前）一种That is a great disappointment. It’s a pleasure to work with you.
6、（用在某些专有名词前）某个叫…的人，一张…的画，一个象…的人等。
I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00. He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.
What a strange London they saw! He’s a living Lei Feng.
7、用于某些固定词组中。a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。
8、在元音音素开头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。
如a university, an hour, an ―h‖, an X-ray examination.
二、定冠词的用法。
1、表特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The boy likes the film. Shut the door, please. The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.
2、表示世界上独一无二的东西。the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）
3、用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。the second, the tallest, the last, the first.
4、用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。
the United States; the People’s Republic of China;the Communist Party of China;
the Chinese People’s Liberation Army;the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.
5、用在某些建筑物名称前。
The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the People’s Heroes;the Great Wall;
the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。
6、用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。
The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。
7、用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。
the People’s Daily（但：China Daily）the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement
8、用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。
on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm
9、用在形容词前表一类人。the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.
10、用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。Give me the book. Who’s the man?
11. 用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。
the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners
12. 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。
The horse is a useful animal.The computer was invaded not long ago.
13. 指世纪的年代。in the 1890’s或in the 1890s
14.用在表示乐器的名词前。play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)
15. 用在某国语言前，构成the … language的形式。
The English language is very widely used all over the world.
如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。
Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.
16.用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.
三．零冠词的场合。
a)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。
China, Johnson; Air is matter. Sound is invisible.
b)当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。This book is good. I read my English book every day.
c)注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。＊my that book, 应该说：that book of mine.街名、广场名、公园名前。
Wall Street. Tian’anmen Square, Hyde Park.
d)省市、大学名前。
Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan);
Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)
e)湖泊前一般不用冠词。East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lake
f)山峰前不用冠词。Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everest
g)月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。
March, Christmas, Sunday; Have you had lunch? Spring is the best season of the years.
(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)
h)称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。What’s this, John?We made Li Hai monitor.
i)学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。We like maths. They often play football.
j)泛指的复数名词前。Students must work hard at their lesson.
K）与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.
配套习题：冠词练习
( )1.John is____university student. A.some B.any C.a D.an
( )2.He gave my sister ____useful book yesterday. A.an B.a C./ D.the
( )3.I have___Uncle.He is good at mending TV stes. A.an B.a C./ D.the
( )4.There is ___―s‖in the word―smile‖. A.a B.an C.the D./
( )5.Mr Smith always gives me ___hand when I am in trouble. A.a B.an C.the D./
( )6.The cartoon ―Mulan ‖is___interesting film and___story ha ppened in China. A.a;the B.an;the C.the;a D.an;a ( )7.We often have sports after class,and I like to play____basketball. A.a B.an C.the D./
( )8.----Where’s Xiao Ming?-----He’s having___rest over there. A.a B.an C.the D./
( )9.T here is ___―h‖in the word―hour‖. A.a B.an C.the D./
( )10.____earth we live on is bigger than_____moon. A.The;a B.The;the C.An;a D.An ;the
( )11.The scientists from___United States live in __Ninth Street. A.the;the B./;the C./;/ D.the;/
( )12.---What’s the matter with you?----I caught ____bad cold and had to stay in____bed. A.a;/ B.a;the C.a;a D.the;the ( )13.John likes playing ____football.But he doesn’t lke playing ___piano. A.the;the B./;the C./;/ D. the;/
( )14.She is one of ___most popular teachers in this school. A.a B.the C./ D.much
( )15.Tom has___high fever and his mother is looking after him. A.a B.the C.an D./
( )16.This is a story about____one—eyed dog. A.a B. the C.an D./
( )17.---Have you got__E--mail address?---Oh,yes,mine is wjb@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e6046490.html,. A.the B.an C.a D./
( )18.We can’t see ___sun on a rainy day. A.a B.the C./ D.an
( )19.The house in ___front of the river is on ____fire. A./;/ B.the;the C.the;/ D./;a
( )20.---What color is____orange?----It’s ____orange. A.an,an B.an,the C.an,/ D./,the
( )21.Every year___Mother’s Day is on__second Sunday in May. A.the,the B./,the C.the,/ D./,/
( )22.---Are you having ___good time?---Yes,but I’m feeling a little tired.I want to have____rest. A.a,/ B./,a C.a,a D.the,a ( )23.We can’t see ___sun at __night. A.a,/ B.a,the C.the,/ D.the,the
( )24.He is very rich.However,he often says___rich should help___poor. A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D./;/
( )25.__Great Wall is __longest wall in the world．A．A；a B.The；the C．A；the DThe；a
( )26．Bill is _______ English teacher．He likes playing _______ football．A．a；the B．an；the C．a；／D．an；／27．The museum is quite far．It will take you half ____hour to get there by ___ bus．A．an；／B．an；a C．a；／D．／；／
28._____Blacks are going to the park this Sunday.Why don’t we go for___walk? A.A,a B.An,/ C.The,a D./,a
29.He is very rich.However,he often says___rich should help___poor. A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D./;/
30.Jane is___taller of the two. A.the B.a C.an D./
31_______ woman over there is ______popular teacher in our school．A．A；an B．The；a C．The；the D．A；the 32．Is he _____ American boy ？A．an B．a C．one D．／
33．They passed our school ___day before yesterday．A．an B．one C．a D．the
34．Australia is ___English-speaking country．A．a B．an C．the D．／
35．There is _______ picture of _______ elephant on _______ wall．
36．This is _______ useful book．I've read it for _______ hour．
专题三代词
一.人称代词
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
①形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等；
②名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1)漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have done my homework.（不能说* I have done homework.）
We clean our classroom every day.（不能说* We clean classroom every day．）
二.反身代词
1.“反身”用法
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：
He hurt himself．（作动词宾语）Dick bought himself a new coat.（作间接宾语）I heard Jane talk to herself.（作介词宾语）
2.强调用法：反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：
I went to see the chairman myself．（强调主语）We spoke to the mayor himself．（强调宾语）
The mayor himself met us at the door.（紧随主语之后）The mayor met us at the door himself.（在句末）
三.不定代词
1.用some还是用any
1)一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如：There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me．
2.either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。
例如：You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong．
3.nobody, no one, nothing和none
nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：Nobody／No one knows why she was late again．
nothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词,
例如：None of the money on the table is mine.
4.every与each
every强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：On every／each side of the square there were soldiers.
此外，each可作名词性代词，如：Each has two books.（each作主语）We each are satisfied with our own rooms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)
We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)
5.other, the other和another
1)other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。例如：
There are other ways of doing this exercise．Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.
2)the other表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为the others，例如：
He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。
Only three of the students were in the classroom；the others were all on the playground.
当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：We must always be ready to help others.
3)another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。
例如：How about another cup of tea？The strike may last another two weeks.
6.one
1)one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：
If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table. What nice shirts！which one／ones shall we buy？
2)one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名词所有格后面。例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.（不能用my one代替mine）
They don't like this town；they want very much to go back to their own.
（不能用* their own one代替their own 或their own country）
但是，当one／ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：
Have you any knives？I need a sharp one. My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one．
3)the／this／that one与that：
that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：
The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. （that不能用the one取代）that后面常接of短语。
例如：This dictionary is more expensive than that one.（that one＝that dictionary. one一般不省略）
The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.
（that＝the window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the one替代）
有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如：
The gold ring is in that box --- the one（＝that）with the key in the lock.
4)one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如：
One should do one's／his duty．
专题四指示代词和不定代词
一.指示代词
1. this 和these 表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物；that 和those 表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。
如：This is a pen and that is a ruler.这是一支钢笔，那是一把尺子
2.向别人介绍某个人时，要说“This is...”，介绍两个人时，先用“This is...”介绍一个人，然后用“That is...”介绍另一
个人。如：This is my brother and that is my sister. 这是我哥哥那是我妹妹
3.that 和those 还可以指前文中的事物，this 和these 指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。
如：I got up late,that's why I missed the bus. 我起床迟了，这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。
4.one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.（不定）我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.（同类但不同个）你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.（同一物）我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了
二.不定代词
不定代词，即不指明代替某特定名词或形容词的代词
1.常用不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no
以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone等
2.除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it.
3.all 都，指三者以上。all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展得很好。all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，
如：不说all the book，而说the whole book。both都，指两者。
4.neither两者都不
a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
either（两者中任何一个），neither （两者都不）。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
5. some 某些，一些，某个
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
注意：(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Would you like some coffee?
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：If you need some help，let me know.
c.some位于主语部分, Some students haven't been there before.
6. none 无人或无
不定代词none的含义和all相反，和no one，not any同义，但其用法相当于名词，在句子中一般作主语或宾语。
它代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数皆可。
例如：none of the problems is /are easy to solve．这些问题没有一个是容易解决的。（作主语，代替可数名词）
7.every 和each
1)every 强调全体的概念，each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book..每个学生都可有一本书。
2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。
3)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.
4)every 与not 连用，表示部分否定；each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。.
8.one/another/the other
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
9.Many，much都意为"许多"，many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting? How much time has we left?
10. few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点few / little为否定含义，没有多少了
He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了
专题五形容词和副词
一.形容词
1.定义用来描写或修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的特征或性质
2.用法：1. 作定语。例如：This is a old house. 2. 作表语. 例如：I am sorry to hear that .
3.作宾语补足语。例如：She made her mother angry.
3.某些形容词前加上定冠词the，可以代表一类人或东西，可以用作主语，宾语等。做主语时当复数看待。
例如：（1）The old are looked after well. (2) We should help the poor.
二.副词
1.定义用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词以及全句。
2.用法：1. 作状语。例如：(1)They work hard.(副词修饰动词) (2) They are quite right(副词修饰形容词)
(3) He park the car very easily.(副词修饰副词) (4) Unfortunately, he was out .(副词修饰整个句子)
三.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级变化
单音节词和部分双音节词
(1) 一般在词尾加er ，est。hard---harder----hardest great----greater-----greatest
(2) 以字母e结尾的加r，st。nice---nicer---nicest
(3)重读闭音节词末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写辅音字母，再加er，est.
big---bigger---biggest fat--fatter--fattest thin--thinner--thinnest
(4)多音节词和部分双音节词在其前加more，most.
interesting--more interesting--most interesting carefully--more carefully--most carefully
quickly--more quickly--most quickly happily--more happily--most happily
表示"较不..."和"最不..."时，可用less和least
difficult---less difficult---least difficult beautiful---less beautiful---least beautiful
（5）部分特别词的变化：good---better----best well--- better---best bad/ill---worse---worst many/much---more---most little---less---least far---farther/further---farthest/furthest old---older/elder---oldest/eldest
四.用法：
1. 两者之间的比较用比较级: (1) He runs faster than his friend. (2) Who is younger,Tom or John?
2. 三者或三者以上之间进行比较用最高级
(1) She is the most beautiful girl in her class . (2) Which is the biggest,the sun,the moon or the earth?
3. 比较级前可以用much,a little,even,still,a lot来修饰如；Our school is much more beautiful than your school.
4.在一些含有比较级的句子里，常用that或those来代替前面所提到的词。
如：(1) The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai .
(2) The boys in our class are more than those in your class.
5.形容词比较级前加the或―比较级and比较级‖表示―越来越...‖
(1)The more ,the better . 越多越好(2) The busier he is ,the happier he feels. 他越忙越感到开心
(3)The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷
6. 副词的最高级可以不用定冠词the，如：The boy writes most carefully in his class.
五.原级比较：
1.结构......as +原级+as.......（前者与后者一样）；......not as/so +原级+as.......（前者不如后者那么...）
如：(1) The coat is as old as that one. (2) The weather in Beijing is not as/so hot as that in Shanghai .
2..原级的特殊用法：
1.表示“是...的几倍”。句型是.....times +as+原级+ as...
This house is three times as large as that one. 这座房子是那座房子的三倍大
2.表示“尽可能.....”句型：...as+原级+as possible/one can.
We should get up as early as possible/we can我们应该尽可能的早起。
配套习题：形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
(一)：翻译句子：
1．这本书跟那本书一样有趣。This book is _____ _____ _____ that one.
2．你游泳没有你弟弟好。You can’t swim _____ _____ _____ your brother.
3．今天比昨天冷的多。It is _____ ______ today______ it was yesterday.
4．对这个故事我比另一个喜欢的多。This story is _____ ______ ______ than that one.
5．他比我大两岁。He is _____ ______ ______ than I.
6．这个故事不如那个有趣。This story is _____ _____ _____ than that one.
7．她的身体状况一天天好起来。He is getting _____ ______ ______ every day.
8.他对英语越来越感兴趣。He is becoming ______ _____ _______ _____ ______ English.
9.他吃的越多，人越胖。The more he eats, the _______ he gets.
10.你的问题是两个中比较难的那个。Your question is _______ ______ ______ of two. David
(四)：用所给词的正确形式填空：
1. Of the two girls, I find Lucy the _more clever______ (clever).
2. Gold(黄金) is _less_ (little) useful than iron(铁).
3. My sister is two years ___older____ (old ) than I.
4. John’s parents have four daughters, and she is the _youngest____ (young) child.
5. The ___cheapest__ (cheap) bags are the not usually the best ones.
6. The short one is by far __more_____ expensive of the five.
7. The boy is not so ____interested__ (interesting) as his brother.
8. Dick sings ___well__ (well), she sings ___better___(well) than John, but Mary sings___best___(well) in her class.
9. She will be much ____happier__ (happy) in her mew house.
10. This dress is __twice as more expensive as____ that.(twice, as…as…, expensive)
二．单行选择：
（）1. I think science is _ than Japanese. A. much important B. important C. much more important D. more much important （）2 This pencil is___ than that one. A. longest B. long C. longer D. as long
（）3 These children are ____ this year than they were last year.
A. more tall
B. more taller
C. very taller
D. much taller
（）4 It was very hot yesterday, but it is___ today. A. even hotter B. more hotter C. much more hot D. much hot
（）5 Our classroom is____ larger than theirs. A. more B. quite C. very D. much
（）6 This film is_____interesting than that one. A.more B.much C.very D.the most
（）7 China is larger than ____ in Africa A. any other country B. other countries C. the other country D. any country
（）8 Tom is stronger than ___ in his class. A. any other boy B. any boys C. any boy D. other boy
（）9 When spring comes, it gets____.A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter （）10 By and by, ____ students in our class came to like English.
A. more and more
B. much and much
C. many and many
D. less and least
（）11 At last he began to cry ___.
A. hard and hard
B. more hard and more hard
C. harder and harder
D. less hard and less harder
（）12 When spring comes the days get ____ and nights ____.
A. short; long
B. long; short
C. longer; shorter
D. shorter; longer
（）13___ I look at the picture, ____ I like it. A. The best; the more B. The more; the less C. The more; less D. More; the more （）14___ he read the book, ____he got in it. A. The more; the more interesting B. The less; the more interesting
C. The more; the more interested
D. More; more interested
（）15 Which do you like ___, tea or coffee?A. well B. better C. best D. most
（）16 Which do you think tastes ____, the chicken or the fish?A. good B. better C. best D. well
（）17 Who jumped____of all? A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the most far
（）18 Li Lei is___ student in our class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest
（）19 The fifth orange is____ of all. Give it to that small child. A. big B. bigger C. the bigger D. the biggest
（）20 Who is---of you three? A. the oldest B. much older C. oldest D. older
（）21 Tom is one of ____ boys in our class. A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall
（）22 The tree is ___ in the garden. A. the taller B. the tallest C. taller than of-all D. tall.
（）23 Which is___, Li Lei or Wu Tong? A. strong B. strongest C. stronger D. the strongest
（）24 Which language is____, English, French or Japanese?
A. easy
B. the most easy
C. the easiest o
D. much more easy
（）25 Which is____interesting, science, maths or English？ A. more B. the most C. very D. too
（）26 Which city is____, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou?
A. beautiful
B. more beautiful
C. much more beautiful
D. the most beautiful
（）27 Which month is____, June, July or August? A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest
（）28 I am twelve; Mike is fourteen; Mary is thirteen. So Mike is the ___ of the three.
A. old
B. older
C. oldest
D. the oldest
（）29 My ____ brother is three years ____ than I. A. elder; elder B. older; oldest C. elder; older D. older; elder
（）30 His ____ son often go to see him on Sunday. A. eldest B. older C. the eldest D. the older
（）31He is two years ___ than I. A. elder B. smaller C. younger D. Less
专题六动词时态
一、一般现在时：
（1）概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况，以及客观真理。
（2）时间状语：always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom, never, every…，once a week，on Sundays，etc.
例如：we don’t go to school on Sundays. The earth moves around the sun.
二、一般过去时：
(1)概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
(2)时间状语：ago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week（year，night，month…），in 1989，just now，
at the age of 5，one day，（long long，two days ）ago，once upon a time，etc.
例如：Where did you go just now? When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
三、一般将来时：
（1）概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
（2）时间状语：tomorrow，next day（week，month，year…），soon，in a few minutes，the day after tomorrow，this evening, in 2012 , by the year 2012，etc.
（3）基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
例如：If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
四、现在进行时：
(1)概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
(2)时间状语：now，listen，look，at this time，these days，etc.
(3) 基本结构：am/is/are+doing
例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel these days . It's getting warmer and warmer.
五、过去进行时：
（1）概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
（2）时间状语：at this time yesterday，at seven o’clock yesterday evening, at that time或
以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
(3)基本结构：was/were+doing
例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
六、现在完成时：
(1)概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
(2) 时间状语：for接时间段，since接时间点或时间状语从句，just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），
ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（已经），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），
how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）
(3)基本结构：have/has + done
例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years。I have lived here since I was born.
七、过去完成时：
(1)概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即―过去的过去‖。
(2)时间状语：by last week, by the end of last year（term，month…），by the time etc.
(3)基本结构：had + done.
例如：He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
配套习题：时态复习练习题
一．单行选择：
（）1. ----Is this your coat ,sir ? ---- No , mine ___ over there near the window .A. hangs B. is hanging C. hung D. has hung （）2. Could you please tell me how soon ___ ? A. is your brother back from Britain B. your brother is back from Britain
C. will your brother be back from Britain
D. your brother will be back from Britain
（）3. Bad luck ! We ___ Mount Emei when it rained heavily . A. climbed B. were climbing C. are climbing D. have climbed （）4. ---- Is that Jack speaking ? ---- Sorry ,he isn’t in right now . He ___the cinema with his aunt.
A. has been to
B. has gone to
C. have been to
D. have gone to
（）5. ---- When did you borrow the English story-book ? ---- I borrowed it last week . I ___ it for a week .
A. have bought
B. have kept
C. have borrowed
D. had
（）6. ---- May I speak to Mr Green ? ---- Sorry , he ___ London . But he’ll back in two days .
A. has been to
B. has gone to
C. has been in
D. went to
（）7. Mr.Read knows Taizhou very well . He ___ here many times . A. is B. will come C. came D. has been
（）8. My friend ___ the army in 1989 . A. joins B. join C. joined D has joined
（）9. There ___ a basketball match in our school the day after tomorrow .
A. will have
B. will be
C. is going to have
D. would be
（）10. Don’t make any noise .Grandma ___. A. has slept B. is slept C. will sleep D. is sleeping
（）11. ---- ___ your brother ___ a new watch ? ---- Not yet . A. Have ; bought B. Did ; buy C. Has ; bought D. will ; buy （）12. He ___ here in 1980 . He ___ a teacher for over ten years .
A. came ; was
B. came ; has been
C. has come ; is
D. has come ;has been
（）13. She ___ the dictionary to Alice yet . A. has returned B. hasn’t returned C. would return D. returned
（）14. Bill was listening to the radio while Ann ___ TV . A. watched B. has watched C. was watching D. watch
（）15. As soon as I get there I ___ you . A. telephone B. telephoned C. have telephoned D. will telephone
（）16. The teacher said the earth ___ around the sun . A. move B. moved C. moving D. moves
（）17. I’ll come to see you as soon as I ___ back . A. will be B. am being C. was D. am
（）18. I’ll tell Mrs Green about it as soon as she ___ back . A. will come B. is coming C. comes D. came
（）19.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since five
A. kept…waited
B. have kept…waited
C. kept…have waited
D. have kept…have waited
（）20.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library. He _________ there for an hour.
A. has…been…has gone
B. has…gone…has been
C. did…go…went
D. did…be…went
（）21.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.
A. Has…cried…has stopped
B. Is…crying…stopped
C. Did …cry…stopped
D. Is…crying…has stopped
（）22. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many years.
A. knew...have lived C. knew...live C. know...have lived D. know (iv)
（）23. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.
A. Have…gone to
B. Have…gone in
C. Have…been to
D. Have …been in
二．综合填空：
I h_______ a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her l_____, she said that she w_____ come to England next year. If she c_______, she will get a surprise. We are now l_______ in a beautiful new house in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The h_____ was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay w_____ us. The house has many large r______ and there is a lovely g______. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some p______. It must be the only modern house in the district.
专题七被动语态
一.总述：英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice)和被动语态（The Passive Voice).主动语态表示主语是动
作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
二.被动语态的结构：be + 动词过去分词+ (by+动作执行者)
三.主动句变被动句万能口诀：抓.看.变. 1.抓宾语 2.看时态 3.变动词
四.被动语态的基本时态变化：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态.：（构成：am / is / are + 动词的过去分词）
Our classroom is cleaned every day. This car is made in China.
2.一般过去式的被动语态: （构成：was / were + 动词的过去分词）
His desk was cleaned just now. The station was built in 1928.
3.现在进行时的被动语态: （构成：am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词）
A new factory is being built in our city now. Some trees are being cut down in the park.
4.过去进行时的被动语态: （构成：was / were + being + 动词的过去分词）
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.
5.一般将来时的被动语态:
构成：(1) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词(2) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.
Some new factories will be built in our city this year. Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.
6.现在完成时的被动语态:（构成：have / has + been + 动词的过去分词）
Some new factories have been built in the city since last year. Your watch has been mended already.
7.含情态动词的被动式：（构成：can/may/must/should + be + done）
例如：He can not be found. I must be paid for this.
五. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1.有些动词带有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，可以分别把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓
语后面。（常见的接双宾语的动词有：send, pass, give, post, bring ,buy, show, take）
主动句：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
被动句：He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
或 A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.
2.在使役动词let, make, have,以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, listen to等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构
中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk on the road. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk on the road.
3.主动结构表示被动意义：
（1）英语中有很多动词如drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of shirt sells well.这种样式的裙子卖的很好。
(2) look, taste, smell, seem, sound等系动词用主动结构表示被动意义。
The soup tastes good.
She looks very beautiful today.
(3) 只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。如:happen, take place, break out ,belong to，last.
Great changes have taken place in our hometown.
配套习题：英语被动语态练习题
（）1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year? A. Is，built B. Was , built C. Does ; build D . Did ; build
（） 2.An accident ____ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened
（） 3.Cotton ____ in the southeast of China. A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow
（） 4.So far, the moon ____ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited
（） 5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives （） 6.A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done （） 7.The doctor _____ for yet. A. isn't sent B. hasn't been sent C. won't be sent D. wasn't sent
（） 8.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C .is; used D. are; used
（） 9.Who _____ this book _____? A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written
（） 10.Mary ____ show me her new dictionary. A. has asked to B. was asked to C. is asked D. asks to
（） 11.A story _____ by Granny yesterday. A. was told us B. was told to us C. is told us D. told us
（）12.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree. A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump
（） 13.Older people ____ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after
（） 14.Our teacher ______ carefully. A. should be listened to B. should be listen C. be listened D. is listened
（） 15. In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
（） 16. It was reported that the murderer _______ arrested. A. has been B. had been C. has D. had
（） 17. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year?
A. would be completed
B. will be completed
C. had been completed
D. is being completed
（） 18. Great changes _______ in China since the People’s Republic of China _______ in 1949.
A. have taken place; was founded
B. has taken place; was founded
C. have been taken place; founded
D. took place; founded
（）19.—Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy? —She has _______ by her classmates.
A. laughed
B. laughed at
C. been laughed
D. been laughed at
（） 20. Doctors _______ in every part of the world. A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need
（）21. I promise that matter will _______. A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of
（） 22. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building. A. been given B. given C. to give D. be given （） 23. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given （） 24. Can such a thing _____ happening again?
A. prevent from
B. prevented from
C. be prevented from
D. to prevent from
（） 25. A new house ________ at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building
（） 26. This bike ________ last year. A. bought B. has been bought C. was bought D. had been bought
（） 27. Did you see the house that ___ by fire last year?A. was destroying B. destroyed C. would destroy D. was destroyed （）28. It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital.
A. hasn’t been decided
B. isn’t deciding
C. doesn’t decide
D. hasn’t decided
（） 29. The pen ____ me. It is hers.A. isn’t belong to B. wasn’t belong to C. doesn’t belong to D. didn’t belong to （） 30. I can’t use my bike because it _______. A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. will repair D. was repairing
（） 31. The chairman told the speaker that she ______ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _____.
A. was expected; heard
B. had expected; hear
C. had hoped; hear
D. was hoped; heard
（） 32．- The window is dirty. —I know. It _____ for weeks.
A. hasn’t cleaned
B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned
D. hasn’t been cleaned
（） 33. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _______ in Beijing.
A. would be completed
B. was being completed
C. has been completed
D. had been completed
（） 34.—How long _______ at this job? —Since 1990.
A. were you employed
B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed D .will you be employed
（） 35.—What happened to the priceless works of art? —_______.
A. They were destroyed in the earthquake
B. The earthquake was destroying them
C. They destroyed in the earthquake
D. The earthquake destroyed them
（）36. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He ______ trying to save a child in the earthquake.
A. killed
B. is killed
C. was killed
D. was killing
（）37. Rainforests ______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut
B. are cut
C. are being cut
D. had been cut
（） 38. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _______ so rapidly.
A. has changing
B. has changed .
C.will have changed
D. will change
（） 39. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
（） 40. A new cinema _______ here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built
B. is built
C. has been built
D. is being built
[参考答案]
1-5 BDACC 6-10 BBBBB 11-15 BDBAB 16-20 BBADC 21-25 BABCB 26-30 BDACB 31-35 ADDBA 36-40 CCABD
专题八：动词不定式
一.概念：动词不定式属于非谓语动词形式的一种.不定式的形式：to do sth 不定式可以在句子中做主语.表语.宾语.定语.状语.
补语，具有名词、形容词和副词的功能。
二.动词不定式的用法：
1、用途一：具有名词特征，可以在句子中作主语
作主语时，要记住：谓语动词要使用单数的动词形式。例如：
To say is easy, to do is difficult. 说的容易，做来难。
To travel in space will come true. 在太空旅行即将成为现实。
在充当主语的位置上可用it 替代不定式，这时句子意思不变。
It will come true to travel in space. 在太空旅行即将成为现实。
在使用不定式作主语时，记住典型句型是It is /was +形容词+to do sth 如：
It is hard to learn English well.
2、用途二：具有名词特征.可以在及物动词之后作宾语。
常见动词有：
begin(开始)，decide(决定)，hate(憎恨)，like(喜欢)，love(喜爱)，refer(宁愿)，start(开始)，want(想要)，wish(希望)等。
例如：He began to learn English at the age of thirteen. 他十三岁时开始学习英语的。
She decided to leave here at once. 她决定立即离开这里。
在believe (相信), feel (感到)，find (发现)，guess (猜想)，think (想) 等动词之后作宾语时，若后面再有补语时，可用it 作形式宾语。
例如：I find it difficult to play football well. 我发现踢好足球很难。
I think it very interesting to play computer games. 我想玩电脑游戏很有趣。
另外，还可以和除why以外的疑问词连用，以―疑问词+ to do sth.‖的形式作动词的宾语。
例如：I don’t decide what/which/whom to choose. 我没有决定选择什么/ 哪一个/ 谁。
He explains how to use the computer. 他解释如何使用电脑。
I wonder when and where to visit the fashion show. 我想知道什么时候，在哪里参观那个时装表演。
还可以和whether连用，如：He hasn’t told me whether to do the job. 他没告诉我是否做那工作。
3、用途三：可以作宾语补足语：用不定式作宾语补足语的动词如：ask (请求)，advise (建议)，beg (祈求)，invite (邀请)，
order (命令)，tell(告诉)，warn(警告)，wish(希望)等。这时的句型是：动词+ sb +to do sth
例如：I asked Jim to teach me English. 我请吉姆教我英语。
Mr. Green invited me to have dinner with him. 格林先生邀请我和他一起吃饭。
He tells me not to open the window. 他告诉我不要打开窗户。
在某些动词后作宾语补足语时，需接不带to的不定式，常见动词如feel (感觉)，hear (听见)，listen to (听……)，see(看见)，watch (观看)，look at (看……)，notice (注意)，smell (闻)，make(使)，have (使)，let (让) had better(最好)等。
例如：I hear someone knock at the door. 我听见有人敲门了。
The boss made us work twelve hours a day. 老板每天让我们工作十二小时。
但是上述动词在变为被动语态以后，需要加上to .
例如：We were made to work twelve hours a day. 我们每天被要求工作十二小时。
She was noticed to wait for a bus just now. 有人注意到她刚才在等公共汽车了。
4、用途四：可以在句子中作状语。跟在不及物动词之后，表示动作的行为、目的、原因、方式等等，
常见的动词如：come (来)，go (去)，stop (停下来)等等，例如：
He came to learn how to use the computer. 他来学习如何使用电脑。
Let’s stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息吧。
记住在glad, pleased, surprised, sorry 等形容词后可以接句子。例如：
I am surprised to hear what you said. 听了你的话我感到很惊讶。
I’m sorry to fail in the driving exam.我很遗憾没有通过这次驾驶考试。
5、用途五：在句子中可以作定语：在句子中修饰名词或代词，作定语使用。
中心词要放在不定式的前面，两者具有动宾关系。
例如：He has a lot of work to do. 他有很多工作要做。
She has an important meeting to attend. 她有一个重要的会议要参加。
6、用途六：可以用在连系（be）动词后做表语。例如：Her job is to look after the old man. 她的工作是照看这位老人。
My wish is to buy myself a house. 我的愿望是给自己买一栋房子。
配套习题：动词不定式练习题
一，单项选择：
（）1. Her wish is _____ a famous singer. A. become B. became C. becomes D. to become
（）2. Our monitor is always ready _____ others. A. help B. helps C. to help D. helping
（）3. Have you decided _____ for your holidays? A. go where B. where to go C. to go where D. where go
（）4. Would you please _____ me a chair _____? A. give; to sit on B. give; to sit C. giving; sit D. to give; sit on （）5. There is no difference between the two words. I really don’t know _____.
A. what to choose
B. which to choose
C. to choose which
D. to choose what
（）6. Though he had often made his sister _____, today he was made _____ by his sister.
A. cry; crying
B. crying; crying
C. cry; to cry
D. to cry; cry
（）7. –Why are you going shopping if you don’t _____?
-My wife wants _____ with her. A. want to; I go B. want; me going C. want to; me to go D. want; to go
（）8. We are often told _____ people in trouble. A. to smiling B. not to smile C. to laugh D. not to laugh at
（）9. You look so tired. Why not _____ a rest? A. stop having B. to stop have C. stop to have D. to stop to have
（）10. Mary went ___ after she finished ___ her work. A. swim; doing B.to swim; to do C.to swim; doing D. swimming; to do （）11. A fridge is used for _____ vegetable and food cool. A. keptB. keepingC. to keepD. keeps
（）12.. The farmers on the farm are busy _____ apples on the trees. A. picking B. to pick C. pick D. picked
（）13. One day when Edison was five years old, his father saw him _____ some eggs. A. sat B. to sit C. sitting D. was sitting （）14. She has no paper ____ A. to write B. to write with C. writing on D. to write on
（）15. When class began, we stopped _____ to the teacher carefully. A. listening B. listen C. listens D. to listen
（）16. There are so many kinds of radios in the shop. I can’t decide ____
A.to buy what
B. to buy which
C. what to buy
D. which to buy
（）17.–Do you often hear John _____ in his room? -Listen! Now we can hear him _____ in his room.
A.sing; to sing
B. singing; singing
C. sing; singing
D. to sing; singing
（）18.I usually forget _____ the door, but I remembered _____ it when I left yesterday.
A. closing; closing
B. to close; to close
C. closing; to close
D. to close; closing
（）19. My mother often asks me ____early. A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up
（）20. He is too old _____ the box.. A. to carry B. carrying C. carry D. carries
（）21. It was raining heavily outside , The father made the children ____inthe room. A. to stay B. stay C. staying D. stayed 二，完形填空：
A lady once wrote a long story. She sent it to a famous editor(编辑). After ___1___ weeks the editor ___2___ the story to her. The lady was ___3___. She wrote back to the editor: "Dear Sir,Yesterday you sent back a story of mine. ___4___ do you know that the story is not good? You did not read it. ___5___ I sent you the story, I pasted(粘贴) together pages 18, 19 and 20. This was a ___6___ to see whether you would read the story. When the story came back yesterday, the pages were ___7___ pasted together. Is this the ___8___ you read all the stories that are sent to you?" The editor wrote back: "Dear Madam,___9___ breakfast then I have an egg. I ___10___ eat the whole egg in order to discover(发现) that it is bad."
( )1. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little ( )2. A. gave B. came back C. handed D. returned
( )3. A. angry B. happy C. satisfied D. glad ( )4. A. How B. Why C. What D. Where
( )5. A. After B. Until C. Before D. Since ( )6. A. lesson B. test C. question D. thing
( )7. A. already B. still C. even D. yet ( )8. A. work B. check C. road D. way
( )9. A. On B. On the C. At D. At the ( )10. A. must not B. have not to C. need not to D. don't have to
专题九：动名词
动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加-ing构成，它在句中起名词的作用，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。
1、动名词作主语
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟可能导致癌症。
通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长，用it作形式主语。如：
It's nice talking with you. 和你谈话很高兴。It's no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用。
―There + be + no + -ing‖结构，如：
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no harm in doing so. 这样做没有害处。
2、动名词作表语
My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
3、动名词作宾语
Your shoes need polishing. 你的皮鞋该擦了。
Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 吉姆不喜欢吃巧克力。
She can’t help crying at a sad movie. 她看了忧伤的电影禁不住要哭。
有些动词既可接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式，但在语义上却有很大差别。如：
⑴chance to do 碰巧去做某事chance doing 冒险试一试做某事
⑵forget to do 忘记要去做某事forget doing 忘记曾做过某事
⑶go on to do 接着又做另一件事go on doing 继续做同一件事
⑷remember to do 记得要去做某事remember doing 记得曾做过某事
⑸stop to do 停下来去做某事stop doing 停止做某事
⑹try to do 努力做某事try doing 试一试做某事
⑺regret to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾
⑻mean to do 打算／想做某事mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事
4、动名词作宾语补语
I found the parade quite interesting to watch.
这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中，后接宾语然后加上-ing分词，构成复合宾语结构，动名词充当宾补成分。
表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如：see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等。如：There we found him watching TV.我们发现他在那儿看电视。
I heard someone knocking at the door.我听见有人在敲门。
在有些动词(如：regard, describe, accept, think of, quote等)之后，可由as引出-ing分词词组作宾补。如：
They regarded the contract as being invalid.他们认为合同无效。
They described the child as being very clever.他们描述这孩子非常聪明。
使役动词，如：set, keep, have, get, leave, catch等。如：
Can you get my watch going again?你能使我的表再走起来吗？
This sets me thinking.这使我思考。
5、动名词作状语
动名词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动名词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden. (时间)打扫完房间，我们开始在花园里除草。
Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. (时间)进屋以后，她看到人人都在工作。
Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因)因为生病，他不能去上学。
Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (条件)只要刻苦学习，你会成功的。
My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果) 我的车被交通拥挤堵住，所以延误了。
Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式)我们坐火车访问了好多城市。
Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴随)玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁，正在读一本书。
6、动名词作定语
动名词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的。动名词可以单独作定语，如:a smiling face 笑脸 a leading figure 领导人物动名词还能构成合成词作定语，
如：easy-going man 好说话的人swimming pool 游泳池sleeping-pill 安眠药片dining-car 餐车
专题十：连词和并列句
并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子，其结构为“简单句+并列连词+ 简单句”。常见的并列连词有and, but, so 和or。这不, 弟兄四个人聚在一起，煞有介事地开起会来了。那咱们就来听听吧！
and 自述———
我的意思是“和”，有我的并列句表示联合关系。
如：彼得踢足球，并踢得很好。Peter plays football, and he is good at it.
but 自述———
我的意思是“但是”，和我在一起的并列句当然是表示转折的关系了。在使用时，千万要注意我有一个冤家，它是though 或although（虽然，尽管），有它没我，有我没它！
如：虽然天下着雨，但是我还是去上学了。It rained heavily, but I still went to school.
so 自述———
我的意思是“所以”，有我的并列句表示因果关系。我呢，也有一个不能出现的死对头，because （因为）。在使用时，你可要小心了。
如：因为没有车了，所以我不得不走着回家。
I had to walk home because there was no bus.
There was no bus, so I had to walk home.
or 自述———
我有两个意思，“或者”或“否则”，和我在一起的并列句表示选择关系。
如：你可以待在家里，或者跟我们去钓鱼。You can stay at home, or go fishing with us.
好好学习吧，否则你就落后于其他人了。Work hard, or you’ll fall behind others.
怎么样，听完了四兄弟的自述，对并列句掌握的怎么样了呢？来“并列句操练场”大显身手吧！
配套习题：
从方框中所给的并列词中，选出正确的一个，完成句子。
and or so but because though
1. Open the door_________ let the cool air in.
2. There are f ew new words in the article, _________we couldn’t understand it.
3. I like beef, __________my father doesn’t like it.
4. We finished the homework quickly _______ it was very easy.
5. Be more careful, _______ you’ll have an accident.
6. It’s raining very hard, ________ we’d better stay here.
7. Claire wanted to buy a car, _______ he didn’t have enough money.
8. He’s always very careful, ______ he never makes any mistakes.
9. Take a raincoat with you, ________ you’ll get wet.
10. He kept on working outside, _________ it was colder and colder.
Keys: 1. and 2. but 3. but 4. because 5. or 6. so 7. but 8. so 9. or 10. though
专题十一：宾语从句
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：
一，引导词：
A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.
B在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
C在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
D,由连词if、whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether 和if 可以替换。例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导.例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
2宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导. 例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
3和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
E,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二，宾语从句的语序：
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher. They wanted to know what they can do for us.
三，宾语从句的时态：宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，
既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。
如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。
例:1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already.
4)She says that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English.
l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. He told me that Japan is an island country.
2.Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?
3由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
例：I don’t know what I should do next. == I don’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live. ==He didn’t know where to live.
配套习题：
I．从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。
（）1. I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow. _________ he comes, I'll tell you．
A. if; Whether
B. whether; Whether
C. if; That
D. if; If
（）2. I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.
A. when does he come
B. how will he come
C. if he comes
D. whether he'll come
（）3. Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is? A. what B. how C. whether D. where （）4. Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?
A. how did he mend
B. what did he mend
C. how he mended
D. what he mended
（）5. I want to know _________.
A. whom is she looking after
B. whom she is looking
C. whom is she looking
D. whom she is looking after
（）6. Do you know where _________ now? A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live
（）7. Do you know what time _________?
A. the train leave
B. does the train leave
C. will the train leave
D. the train leaves
（）8. I don't know _________. Can you tell me, please? A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players
C. the two players are how old
D. how old the two players are
（）9. The small children don't know _________.
A. what is their stockings in
B. what is in their stockings
C. where is their stockings in
D. what in their stockings
（）10. I can't understand _________.
A. what does Christmas mean
B. what Christmas does mean
C. what mean Christmas does
D. what Christmas means II. 按要求转换句型。1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?（改写句子）
→Could you tell us _________ Mr. Brown _________ living in China?
2. "Does the girl need any help?”he asked me.（变为复合句）→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子）_________ Jim _________Tom is a student.
4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）。I want to know _________ the train _________.
5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not．．．until改写)
They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework．
6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)
Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday.
III.能力提升训练
（）1.Can you see________?
A. what he’s reading
B. what is he reading
C. what does he read
D. he reads what
2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子) Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan?
（）3._What did your son say in the letter? _He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day
A.will visit
B. has visited
C. is going to visit
D. would visit
（）4.He didn’t know_____ A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is C. what was the matter D. what the matter was
（）5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____
A.who were they
B. who they were
C. who was it
D. who it was
（）6.I want to know_____ A.what is his name B. what’s his name C. that his name is D. what his name is
（）7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for?
---Her cousin,susan. A.that B.whose C .who D.which
8.Do you know_______ ____?(谁正在唱歌)
9.Do you know______ _____?(她正在和谁谈话)
10.Do you know_______ ____?(昨天发生了什么事)
宾语从句专项训练参考答案：
I. 1—5DDDCD 6—10ADDBD
II. 1. if／whether; enjoys 2. if／whether; needed 3. Neither; nor 4. when; leaves
5. didn't; until
6. whether; came
The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B 9 who is singing
10 who she is talking with 11 what happened yesterday
专题十二：状语从句
一.概念：用一个句子(从句)来作另一个句子(主句)的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。状语从句可以表示时间、条
件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义。
二. 状语从句的分类：
1. 时间状语从句：引导时间状语从句的词有when, before, after, until, as soon as, while 等，
（1）when既可以指"时间点",与瞬间动词连用，也可以指"时间段"，与延续性动词连用（=while）。如：When he came in, his mother was cooking.
When (While) we were at school, we went to the library every day.
（2）While表示时间段,因此，while 从句的谓语动词要用延续性动词。如：
Please don't talk so loud while others are working.
（3）As与when用法相似，但着重强调主句动作与从句动作同时发生，有"随着……"或"一边……一边……"之意。如：As you get older, you get more knowledge.随着年龄的增长，你获得的知识就越多
（4）before 意为―在……之前‖，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。例如：We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.昨天离开学校之前，我们打扫了教室。
（5）after 意为―在……之后‖，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。例如：After you use plastic bags, you mustn't throw them about. 在你用过塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。
（6）since引导的时间状语从句，译为―自从……‖，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。eg.
We haven't seen each other since we parted . 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
注：常用句型：It is +时间段+since从句译为：自从……有多长时间了。eg.
It is six years since she graduated from the university. 自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。
（7）until 意为―直到……时‖，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。从句常用否定形式not... until... 意为―直到……才……‖例如：
I'll stay here until you come back. 我会呆在这里，直到你回来。
He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.他直到做完作业才睡觉。
(8). as soon as 意为―一……就……‖，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。例如：
I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
. 2.条件状语从句:由if引导的条件状语从句。if 译为―如果‖例如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。
If I get there early, I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。
3. 地点状语从句：常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）eg.
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
We will go wherever the motherland need us. 我们要到祖国需要的地方去。
4. 原因状语从句：Because用于表示直接原因,回答why提出的问题，语气最强；As用于说明原因, 着重点在主句，常译
成"由于"；since表示显然的或已知的理由或事实，常译成"既然"。如：
Water is very important because we can't live without it.
He didn't come yesterday as his mother was ill. I'll do it for you since you are busy.
5. 目的状语从句：常用的引导连词有so that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。eg.
Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。
I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。
6. 结果状语从句such…that, so…that, so that 引导的区别：译为：如此……以至于。其结构如下：
1) such + a (n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词+that……1）so+形容词+that…….
2) such+形容词+复数可数名词+that ……2) so+形容词+ a (n) +单数可数名词+that……
3) such +形容词+不可数名词+that……。如：
例如：This was such a good film that I went to see it several times.
It was such good books that they sell well.
It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.
He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him.
He is so lovely a boy that we all like him.
7. 让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。though, although 和but不能同时使用。如：
Though/Although he is young, he knows a lot .
配套习题：状语从句练习题
一．选择：
（）1. The meeting didn't start___ everyone was there. A. because B. until C. why D. if
（）2. He ___ back until the work ___ done. A. isn't; will be B. isn't; is C. won't be; will be D. won't be; is
（）3. He ___ home ___ she was satisfied ___ his answer yesterday.
A. didn't go; until; with
B. wasn't go; after; to
C. doesn't go; before; with
D. didn't go; until; to
（）4. Tom will call me as soon as he ___ Shanghai. A. arrives B. will reach C. arrives in D. get to
（）5. I will tell him the news as soon as he___ back. A. come B. comes C. will come D. cam
（）6. When he got to the station, the train ___. A. left B. had left C. leaves D. has lef
（）7.The boy told his father what he ___ in the street. A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. see
（）8. We ___ TV when the telephone ____.
A. watched; was ringing
B. were watching; rang
C. watch; rings
D. are watching; rang
（）9.Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ___ she was ill. A. because B. but C. until D. if
（）10.___ you work hard, you will certainly succeed. A. Though B. If C. Because D. For
（）11. ___ he came to study in the university, he has made much progress in the study of English.
A. While
B. When
C. Since
D. After
（）12. I'd like to go swimming _____ the water is not too cold. A. for B. unless C. if D. whether
（）13. I want to know ___ she is going to see a film. A. if B. that C. what D. which
（）14.___ you study harder, you'll never pass the final exam. A. If B. Until C. Unless D. Except
（）15. Please answer the question in a loud enough voice ___ all the class may hear.
A. so, that
B. or
C. in order that
D. and
（）16. We should go by bus ___ we can get there earlier. A. as soon as B. where C. in order that D. as
（）17.The dictionary is so expensive ___ I can't buy it. A. because B. when C. that D. if
（）18. I got there ___ late ___ I didn't see him. A. too; to B. such; that C. so; that D. so; as
（）19. It is ___ hot in the room ___ we have to go out for a walk. A. such; that B. so; that C. as; as D. such; as
（）20. He has___ an interesting book that we want to read it. A. so B. such C. the same D. as
二．完形填空：
When a friend was visiting David, it began ___1___. So David told him ___2___ that night. "You may stay here ___3___ night," he said. "OK," answered his friend.
But ___4___ minutes ___5___, the friend went out. He didn't tell David where ___6___ going nor(也没有) did he ask for an umbrella.When David was about ___7___, his friend ___8___. He was all wet through.
"Where ___9___ you ___9___?" asked David.
"I have been ___10___, " answered the friend, "to tell my mother that I'll not go home tonight because of the rain."
( )1. A raining B. to rain C. rain D. rains
( )2. A. to go not home B. don't to go home C. not to go home D. doesn't to go home
( )3. A. for B. to C. of D. up ( )4. A. few B. little C. a little D. a few
( )5. A. late B. after C. lately D. later ( )6. A. he was B. was he C. he is D. is he
( )7. A. to go to sleep B. to go to bed C. going to bed D. go to bed
( )8. A. returned B. returns C. to return D. returning
( )9. A. have, gone B. have, been to C. has, gone D. have, been
( )10. A. to home B. home to C. home D. homed
专题十三：定语从句
一．概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二.定语从句的关系词：引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why，等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、关系代词的用法：
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
The coat （that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（which作主语）The film （which）we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（which作宾语）
3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语或宾语，whom只用作宾语。Who和whom作宾语可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（who作主语）Who is the teacher （whom）Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（whom作宾语）
注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用―介词+which/whom‖结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
I can remember the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that. 例如：
Tom came back，which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
初中英语语法 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足 语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他 给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接 宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
初中英语语法代词专项练习 —————人称代词、物指代词 （1）按要求写出下列代词的形式 1、I（宾格）________ 2、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 3、us（主格）________ 4、they（宾格）________ 5、she（宾格）________ 6、you（名词性物主代词）________ 7、it（宾格）________ 8、my（复数）________ 9、him（复数）________ 10、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 11、we（单数）________ 12、they（名词性物主代词）________ 13、I（反身代词）________ 14、you（反身代词）________ 15、she（反身代词）________ 16、he（反身代词）________ 17、it（反身代词）________ 18、I（反身代词）________ （2）选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3.（He / His）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）. 6. Are（your / you）Miss Li? 7.（I/ My）am Ben. 8.（She / Her）is my sister. 9. Fine , thank（your / you）. 10. How old is （he / his）? （3）用所给代词的正确形式填空 1. These are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is _______( she ) sister. 3. Lily is _______ ( Lucy ) sister. 4. Tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, Mary. 5. Now _____________(her parent) are in America. 6. Those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( I ) father’s students. 7. Do you know ______ ( it ) name? 8. Mike and Tom _________( be ) friends. 9. Thanks for helping ________( I ). 10. ______(Ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher. （4）填上正确的人称代词和物主代词 1._____ is my friend. 他是我的朋友。 2. My dog likes _____. 我的狗喜欢她。 3. Who is there? It’s _____.是谁啊？是我。 4. Come with _____. 跟我来。 5. ______ classroom is bigger than ____. 你们的教室比我们的要大。 6. _____ are Chinese. 我们是中国人。 7.I want to buy some balloons for ______. 我想买些气球送给他。 8. These are ______ photos. 这些是我们的照片。 9. _____ like ______ very much. 他们非常喜欢它。 10. Let _____ give _____ a book. 让我给你一本书。
初中英语语法专项练习题 一、名词冠词 1.-What can I do for you? -I'd like two _______. A. box of apple B. boxes of apples C. box of apples D. boxes of apple 2. Help yourself to _________. A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken 3. ________ it is today! A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather 4. Which is the way to the __________? A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoe's factory D. shoes' factory 5. This class ________ now. Miss Gao teaches them. A. are studying B. is studying C. be studying D. studying 6. We will have a _________ holiday after the exam. A. two month B. two-month C. two month's D. two-months 7.____ trees are cut down in the forests every year. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of 8. Our sports meeting will be held ________. A. on 24, Tuesday, April B. in April 24, Tuesday C. on Tuesday, April 24 D. in April Tuesday 24 9. _______ people here are very friendly to us. A. The B. / C. A D. An 10. There is no enough ____in the corner to put the table. A. place B. room C. floor D. ground
动词不定式用法 动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。 下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。 1．作主语 可以直接作主语。如：To see is to believe． 但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如： It's wrong to play tricks on other people． It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy． 点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj +(for sb.)＋(not)to do sth句型中，表示说话人对客观事件的决断，意为：做…..是……的，it仅作形式主语，真正的主语是to do sth It is very interesting to read.读书是有趣的 It is useful to read.看书是有用的 It is healthy to run every day.每天跑步是健康的 It is a little difficulty for me to work out this question.解出这道题对我来说有点难 It is bad not to finish homework.不完成作业是糟糕的 It is bad to be late for school.迟到是糟糕的 It is+adj+of sb +(not)to do sth该句型通常表示说话人对客观事件的惊讶、兴奋、懊悔、难过等感叹情绪，与It is ＋adj +(for sb.)＋(not)to do sth的意义不同。 It is very kind of you to tell me the truth．你能告诉我事实，真是太好了 It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing．他做那件傻事，真是太笨了 It is very clever of you to work out this question. 你能解出这道题目，真是太聪明了 It is very wise of you to read this novel. 你看这本小说，真是太明智了 这个句型中用介词of而不是for的原因是这里的形容词是用来形容人的品质性格的。 类似的词有：careless，careful，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid，friendly 因此区分是用It is ＋adj +(for sb.)＋(not)to do sth还是It is+adj+of sb +(not)to do sth，要
1. 1-7 C C B B B B C 2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B C D A D D A 4. 1-4 B A A C 5. 1-3 D A A 6. 1-3 A A D 7. 1-3 A D C 8. 1-3 D B B 9. 1-3 B D B 10. 1-5 B A C D A 11. 1-3 B D A 12. 1-4 D C C B 13. 1-4 B B C C 14. 1-3 B B A 15. 1-3 A B B 16. 1-4 C D B B 17. 1-6 B C B A B D 《冠词》参考答案： 1. 1-6 C A D A C B 2. 1-5 B D B D D 3. 1-5 B B A B B 4. 1-5 C A B A D 5. 1-4 C B C B 6. 1-5 D C A D D 7. 1-5 D A B B C 8. 1-5 A A D D C 9. 1-5 C B B A B 10. 1-3 D D D 11. 1-5 C D B A D 12. 1-4 B C A C 13. 1-3 B C B 14. 1-5 A C B A A 15. 1-4 C D C A 16. 1-3 B A B 17. 1-4 C A A D 18. 1-6 B A C B A D 19. 1-3 C A A 20. 1-3 C C D D 21. 1-4 C C B A 22. 1-5 C B A A B 23. 1-3 A C B 24. 1-4 C A D C 25. 1-4 B D A D 26. 1-6 A A B D B A 27. 1-3 A D B 《形容词》参考答案： 1. 1-5 D A C A B 2. 1-6 C C B D A B 3. 1-6 A A D B D D 4. 1-4 B B C C 5. 1-3 A D A 6. 1-4 D A C C 7. 1-3 B C B 8. 1-3 A B A 9. 1-5 B D B A B 10. 1-6 C D C D D A 11. 1-3 C B D 12. 1-4 C A B D 13. 1-3 A B B 14. 1-5 C C B D D 15. 1-5 C C B B D 16. 1-3 D A D1 17. 1-3 B A C 18. 1-5 C D D D B 19. 1-4 A B A D 20. 1-4 C C A C 21. 1-6 A A C B B D 22. 1-4 C D A C 23. 1-3 B C B 24. 1-5 B C B B C 25. 1-3 B A A 26. 1-3 C C B 27. 1-3 B A D 28. 1-3 B D C 29. 1-3 B D C 30. 1-2 A C 31. 1-2 A B 《副词》参考答案： 1. 1-6 B D C C A D 2. 1-3 B B A 3. 1-3 A A D 4. 1-3 B D B 5. 1-4 D B A B 6. 1-5 D D B A D 7. 1-5 A A C C C 8. 1-3 C A A 9. 1-3 D C C 10. 1-4 D C C A 11. 1-2 A D 12. 1-4 D A B A 13. 1-5 B A B C A 14. 1-3 B B B 《代词》参考答案： 1. 1-4 A A D D 2. 1-6 A B B A D B 3. 1-4 D A D D 4. 1-4 B A B B 5. 1-3 D B D 6. 1-3 A D D 7. 1-4 D B D D 8. 1-4 D A D B 9. 1-2 B D 10. 1-4 D D D D 11. 1-3 B D B 12. 1-3 B D D 13. 1-3 D D A 14. 1-5 B B D A D 15. 1-3 D D D 16. 1-5 B B B D D 17. 1-3 A D D 18. 1-6 D D D B D D 19. 1-6 D D B A D D 20. 1-5 B D A D B 21. 1-5 B B D D A 22. 1-3 B B D 23. 1-3 A A A 24. 1-3 B B B 25. 1-6 A B D D B D 26. 1-4 D D B A 27. 1-5 A D D B B 28. 1-4 B D A D 29. 1-5 D A A D B 30. 1-3 B A D 《介词》参考答案： 1. 1-7 B A A A A A B 2. 1-3 C C B 3. 1-4 B B B B 4. 1-6 C A D B A D 5. 1-4 B D B A 6. 1-7 B A B B A C A 7. 1-4 C B B C 8. 1-3 B A A 9. 1-4 A A A A 10. 1-4 B A D C 11. 1-3 A B C 12. 1-4 A A C B 13. 1-3 B D B 14. 1-5 B D A B A 15. 1-4 C D A B 16. 1-4 A A A B 17. 1-4 C B B D 18. 1-4 B B B B 19. 1-4 A B B B 20. 1-5 A A D C D 21. 1-5 D C C A 22. 1-7 B A D B C A A 23. 1-3 D C C 24. 1-6 C A B C A D 25. 1-6 D C A A A B 26. 1-6 A A D B B D 27. 1-3 C A A 28. 1-4 B C C B 29. 1-6 B C A C A C 《动词》 1. 1-5 C B A D B 2. 1-5 B A A B C 3. 1-3 D C C 4. 1-5 B B D B B 5. 1-3 B B B 6. 1-4 A B C C 7. 1-3 A B B 8. 1-3 B B B 9. 1-3 D B B 10. 1-3 D D B 11. 1-3 C B B 12. 1-3 C C D 13. 1-3 A B A 14. 1-2 C A 15. 1-2 B B 16. 1-3 B B B 17. 1-2 B D 18. 1-3 C B A
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一名词的分类： 1.名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 二，名词变复数： 2 名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如： "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。 5. 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。例如： sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 例如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车）arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划
初中英语语法专项习题—代词一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 温馨提示：考查人称代词时，该词谓语动词前用主格形式，在行为动词和介词后则用宾格形式，而在名词前应该用形容词性物主代词，如果物主代词后省略了被修饰的名词，就用名词性物主代词。在考题中如果有“亲自、独自、自己”等含义，或出现一些由by等连接的固定搭配时，则用反身代词。 1. 人称代词 人称代词用来指人、动物或事物的代词，分为主格和宾格。主格作主语，宾格作宾语。 小试牛刀： ( ) 1 Though it rained heavily, _______ were still playing on the playground. A. they B. them C. their D. themselves ( ) 2 Tom and _______ will go to see our teacher, for ________ is ill. A. I; she B. me; she C. I; her D. me; her ( ) 3 Only_________know it. A. I and he B. he and you C. he and I D. I and you ( ) 4 I saw ________ playing in the street at that time. A. them B. they C. their D. theirs ( ) 5 Jim will give _________ a short talk tomorrow. A. we B. us C. our D. ours
一、选择填空( ) 1. ________ it was early, she turned off the radio and went to bed. A. Because B. Though C. Since D. As ( ) 2. Which shirt is more expensive, the white one ________ the green one? A. and B. or C. but D. so ( ) 3. Work hard, ________ you’ll learn English well. A. and B. but C. for D. or ( ) 4. You may go ________ you clean the classroom. A. before B. because C. as soon as D. after ( ) 5. He is a teacher ________ I am a farmer. A. or B. so C. but D. while ( ) 6. I like autumn ________ I can have a lot of fruit. A. but B. if C. though D. because ( ) 7. ________ Jim ________ Kate has come. I don’t know when they will come. A. Both…and B. Not only….but also C. Neither….nor D. either…or ( ) 8. He’s at home these days. You may come ________ today ________ tomorrow. A. either…or B. both….and C. not only…but also D. neither…nor ( ) 9. My grandma is old ________ strong. A. and B. or C. but D. so ( ) 10. The boy is clever, ________, he often makes mistakes. A. and B. however C. when D. or ( ) 11. You’d better put on more clothes, ________ it’s very cold outside. A. for B. and C. because of D. or ( ) 12. ________ I went into the classroom,, the students were talking about the film. A. While B. After C. When D. Before ( ) 13. We’ll go back to the fields ________ the snow stops. A. as soon as B. because C. but D. and ( ) 14. The plane flew so high ________ it looked very small. A. that B. why C. whether D. / ( ) 15. I didn’t get up ________ Father came back from the factory. A. when B. until C. while D. because ( ) 16. I don’t know ________ or not we’ll have an exam tomorrow. A. if B. when C. whether D. that if ( ) 17. Please speak loudly ________ I can hear a little better. A. though B. so that C. that D. while ( ) 18. Please speak loudly ________ I can hear a little better. A. though B. so that C. such that D. as ( ) 19. Ring me up ________ you come to my house. A. though B. as C. before D. than ( ) 20. More people came ________ I expected. A. as if B. so that C. since D. than ( ) 21. You must do ________ I told you. A. after B. before C. where D. as ( ) 22. Class One is ________ large ________ Class Two. A. so, that B. as, as C. such, that D. so, as ( ) 23. They will be thankful for ________ you have done. A. what B. that C. which D. who ( ) 24. I will write to you ________ I get there. A. while B. as soon as C. as D. since ( ) 25. ________ he is old, he can walk very fast. A. If B. Although C. Since D. Because ( ) 26. We’ll go to visit the Great Wall ________ it rains tomorrow. A. since B. as soon as
初中英语语法时态精讲版 Prepared on 24 November 2020
初中英语动词时态精讲 一般现在时 一、动词的第三人称词尾变化： 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需加-s或-es： 注意：动词have的第三人称单数是has. 二. 一般现在时的用法 1）表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有： always、often、 usually、seldom、never。频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。 例如: He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。 I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）表示现在的状态。 例如：My father is at is very busy. 我父亲在工作，他很忙。 The boy is twelve. 这男孩十二岁。 3）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。 例如：All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不 错，讲的可不行。
4)表示客观真理，客观存在，自然现象。 例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 5）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。 例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。 6）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。 If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 一般过去时 1）表示过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last week, an hour ago,just now, the other day, in 1982等连用。在一般过去式中，要表达“过多少时间之后”，一般用after。几年后。例如：Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了
代词专项练习 —————人称代词、物指代词 （1）按要求写出下列代词的形式 1、I（宾格）________ 2、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 3、us（主格）________ 4、they（宾格）________ 5、she（宾格）________ 6、you（名词性物主代词）________ 7、it（宾格）________ 8、my（复数）________ 9、him（复数）________ 10、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 11、we（单数）________ 12、they（名词性物主代词）________ 13、I（反身代词）________ 14、you（反身代词）________ 15、she（反身代词）________ 16、he（反身代词）________ 17、it（反身代词）________ 18、I（反身代词）________ （2）选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3.（He / His）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）. 6. Are（your / you）Miss Li? 7.（I/ My）am Ben. 8.（She / Her）is my sister. 9. Fine , thank（your / you）. 10. How old is （he / his）? （3）用所给代词的正确形式填空 1. These are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is _______( she ) sister. 3. Lily is _______ ( Lucy ) sister. 4. Tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, Mary. 5. Now _____________(her parent) are in America. 6. Those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( I ) father’s students. 7. Do you know ______ ( it ) name? 8. Mike and Tom _________( be ) friends. 9. Thanks for helping ________( I ). 10. ______(Ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher. （4）填上正确的人称代词和物主代词 1._____ is my friend. 他是我的朋友。 2. My dog likes _____. 我的狗喜欢她。 3. Who is there? It’s _____.是谁啊？是我。 4. Come with _____. 跟我来。 5. ______ classroom is bigger than ____. 你们的教室比我们的要大。 6. _____ are Chinese. 我们是中国人。 7.I want to buy some balloons for ______. 我想买些气球送给他。 8. These are ______ photos. 这些是我们的照片。 9. _____ like ______ very much. 他们非常喜欢它。 10. Let _____ give _____ a book. 让我给你一本书。 （5）用物指代词填空 1. I own（拥有）that cat; that cat is ____ . 2. You own that cat: that cat is ____ .
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解 小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词；主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时；陈述转化that引，一般疑问用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一．基本讲解来源：直接引语变间接引语 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 Eg: He said,“I am good at drawing”. He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) 1.引导词 (1) that引导宾语从句时，通常用陈述句充当, that可省略。 Eg: She said,“I want to go there ”She said (that) she wanted to go there. (2) whether 或if 引导的宾语从句,由一般疑问句/选择疑问句充当，陈述语序。 Eg: “Are you interested in geography?” she said. She asked if/whether I was interested in geography. I wonder if /whether she has told the new to Li Lei . I’m not sure whether he will come or not. 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外 a. 介词短语后只用whether 不用if eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the panic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether. eg:I can?t say whether or not he will come on time c. if当如果讲时,引导的是条件状语从句，表示‘如果’，不能用whether. Eg: If you want to be a good teacher, it will take times. Whether you can succeed depends on how much effort you pay. (3).特殊疑问词引导宾语从句时，不可省略，陈述句语序。 特殊疑问词为：how , when, where, why ,which whose. E.g. …What do you want?? He asked. He asked me what I wanted. I have no idea where he is now. I don?t know how to deal with it. He asked whose handwriting is the best in the class. 2.宾语从句时态 a.主句为一般现在时，从句不受主句的限制 eg: Do you know if/whether he has seen the film? I?m sorry to hear that your father is ill. She says she is going to go to Beijing next week. He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. b.当主句是一般过去时，从句用过去的相应某种时态 She didn?t know why the boy was late again. (过去一般) I didn't know if/whether he had seen the film.（过去完成） I wondered when she was going to America.（过去将来） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如： Eg: He said （that the earth moves round the sun. / that light travels much faster than sound.）The teacher told us （seeing is believing.）
句子成分精讲 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。 主要成分：主语和谓语 1、主语 一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。主语的位置： 一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。The school is far from here. 名词做主语 She goes to school by bike.代词做主语 Eight is a lucky number.数词做主语 The blind need more help.名词化的形容词做主语 There is a pen on the desk. 名词做主语 Predicting the future is interesting.动名词做主语 To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语 2、谓语 表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态. 英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词 句子的时态和语态是通过谓语表现出来。 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。分析句子的主语和谓语 Mr. Li teaches English. He can play the piano. My parents and I are having dinner. 3、表语 用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。 表语的位置 用在动词be和系动词的后面。 名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。Your pen is on the desk. He got very angry. My dream is to have a robot.