Table of Contents
Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2)
Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6)
Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10)
Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14)
Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17)
Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21)
Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25)
Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29)
Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32)
Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35)
Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38)
Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40)
Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42)
Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44)
Unit 15 Map Projection (46)
Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48)
Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50)
Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53)
Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56)
Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59)
Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62)
Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64)
Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69)
Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75)
Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79)
Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83)
Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87)
Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90)
Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94)
Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99)
Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102)
Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104)
Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105)
Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108)
Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110)
Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115)
Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116)
Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119)
Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)
Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）
Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）
Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMA TICS or GEO- for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS” 】的课程后重新命名的。）Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监测】，现在，传统测量学定义连同【along with】日益【steadily 稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。【逗号后面的句子修饰demand】）Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. （日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩【紧张】，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、水、空气质量的恶化】As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学【engineering sciences 工程学】，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。）Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（现在geomatics 这个词已经被包括ISO【国际标准化组织】在内的数个国际机构【international bodies】所采用，因此它就这样被普遍接受【be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受” 】The term “surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. （surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指（这换成“总称”较好）【collectively 全体的】那些从事上述活动的人。）More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise. （更具体的【explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，【commonly 一般一般地】被业内人士【practitioners 从业者】用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。【直译为：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。）】The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（geomatics 这个术语是个新词，表达【convey 传达】了实体集合和它们相关联【related】的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未
来技术发展的结合【incorporation 结合】成为可能。【flexibility 弹性、机动性】）Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. （这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业【industry】里和学校建立了【allow 允许了】一个一致的【coherent】专业市场）As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world’ s leading universities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”. （结果，世界上许多一流大学的传统的测量专业【部门】的无论是课程还是授予资【授予学位名称】格都改为“测绘学位” 【Degree in Geomatics】的了）This does not suggest the demise of the term “surveyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specializat ion.（这并不意味着“surveyor” 这个词的消亡，测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地测量员、摄影测量员及其他【ect.】的工作）In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.（在过去的十年中，在应用硬件和软件的方法【solution 解决方法】来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时有着戏剧性的发展和增长）the use of 在使用…… [in 时] This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. （创造并将继续创造新的应用【application】领域，并为合适的、合格【qualified 有资格的】的毕业生提供相关的【associated】工作。）As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.（结果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越传统实践领域――如前面所述的领域，进入到新的【opportunity 机会、时机】的领域。）In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. （另外，最近的数据采集和处理技术的发展模糊了以前被认为有联系却分离的领域的【实践的活动的practice and activity】界限）Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.（可以预见【forecast】，这种发展继续并将为涉猎广泛、学识一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】毕业生创造新的事业。）To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required.（为了使毕业生能充分利用【take full advantage of】这些发展，教育和训练的重大改革【significant changes】成为必需的）Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. （学院的和专业的机构也作出反应，部分地，采用术语“geomatics” 作为一门课程和一项授予资格【授予学位名称】）。A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（测绘学的一个现在使用的反映了当前的思想和对未来的预期的定义是：）The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geo-spatial data ).（获取、处理、存储，分析和上呈【presenting 呈现】地理参考信息（地理空间信息）的科学和技术。）This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.（这个广泛的术语应用于科学和技术，以及制图、大地测量学、卫星定位、摄影测量学、遥感、地理信息系统、土地管理、计算机系统、环境可视化和计算机制图等领域）Several terms such as “geomatics” , “geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（现在一些术语如“测绘学” ，“测绘工程” “地学信息学” 和共同应用于某些活动中―――专属于【pertain to】【generally】通常涉及【concern with】地理信息的活动。）These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （这些术语起初被采用用来表示地理信息的采集、管理和应用的总体的方法。）Along with
land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an important component of geomatics. （连同土地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和制图学一起，GIS 也是测绘学中重要的一个组成部分。）
Branches of Geomatics（测绘学分支）
Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. （数据获取技术包括普通野外测量，GPS 测量，卫星定位和遥感图像获取，通过航空摄影和卫星成像）It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它还包括数据库资料的获取――通过扫描就有地图和设计图，还有有关机构收集的数据。）Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS).（通过计算机程序，数据管理和处理应用于工程设计，数字摄影测量【digital photogrammetry】，图像分析，相关资料库的管理和GIS。）Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（数据成图【数字成图】是通过制图和其他直观的计算机程序【illustrative 直观的、说明性的】进行的；其表达显示在计算机屏幕上（交互式编辑处理），也可以通过数字绘图仪输出到纸上。【handle 操作、处理】）Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理实体的位置和属性被数字化并被存储进计算机存储器，就可以有效的【available 有效的、可用的】为广泛的各种的使用者所用）Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.（通过现代【估计moderm 应该是modern】信息技术，测绘学将以下学科的专业人员整合到一起：测量学、制图学、遥感、国土注册、土木【civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程，林业，农业，决策与发展，地质学，地理科学，基础设施【infrastructure】管理，导航，环境与自然资源监测和计算机科学。）Other Definitions of Geomatics （测绘学的其他定义）
As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”: Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations【业务】involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information. （加拿大测量学会【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他们的季刊“地球空间信息学”中这样定义：测绘学是利用系统的方法，为生产和处理【management】科学的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技术的业务【operations】所需的空间信息，将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活动领域。【as part of 作为…… ）的一部分，这里不翻译出来】
The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “ the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site-specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（测绘学定义在发展。现
行的一个定义是“涉及工艺、科学和技术的地理信息的处理” 。测绘学或地球空间信息学包括一个广泛的生产活动――从工程学和发展了的测量学领域中特殊点的空间数据的获取和分析到GIS 和遥感技术在环境管理中的应用。它包括地籍测量、水道测量和海图测量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。）Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（测绘学是一个现代科学术语，用以表示测量、分析、管理，存储和显示基于地球信息，经常被称为空间数据【often termed spatial data】数据的描述和位置的集成方法。这些数据来自各种数据源，包括地球轨道卫星，空载和舰载传感器及地面仪器。利用计算机软件和硬件，借助现代【state-of-the-art】信息技术。它的应用覆盖所有依赖空间数据的学科，包括环境研究，规划，工程学，导航，地质和地球物理学，海洋学，土地开发，土地经营和旅游学。它因而成为所有使用空间数据地球科学学科的基础。）[from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]（摘自新南威尔士大学测绘【或地球空间信息学】工程学院）
Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying. （测绘学是测量、表示，分析，处理，重获和显示关于地球物理特征和环境的空间数据的科学。其包括的主要学科有制图学，土地管理，GIS，环境可视化，大地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和测量学。）[from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]（摘自墨尔本大学测绘学系【或者地球空间信息学系】
Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managing geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions. （测绘学包括自然科学，工程学和工艺或【技术】学；对地理信息的收集与管理。地理信息在环境监测，陆地和海洋资源管理，以及房地产交易【real estate 房地产，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。[from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]（摘自加拿大纽布朗斯维克大学测量与大地测量学系）
The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth’s physical features and the built environment. Geomat ics includes disciplines such as : Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.（测绘学测量，表示，分析，管理，重获和显示空间信息，用来描述地球物理特征和环境。测绘学包括的学科有：测量学，大地测量学，遥感和摄影测量学，制图学，GIS，GPS ）[from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania] （摘自塔斯马尼亚大学，测量与空间信息科学系）
Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）
Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征【features 形态、特征】；并使之按比例【in analog form】测绘成地形图【contoured map】、平面图【paper plan】或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。）As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同样的，测量员/大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理的和数学的特征）The accurate determination and monumentation【标石、标志】of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精确确定并标定地表点位便成为测量的主要任务）Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same---they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. （虽然测量工作有不同目的，基本的操作却都一样――他们包括测量和计算，或更基本地称之为，外业工作和内业工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys,
hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考虑地球真实形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量【紧跟着上句】）Additionally, surveys are conducted【表现】for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(V ertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，测量还分为确定平面位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合。）Geodetic Surveying（大地测量）
The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying. （考虑地球真实形状的测量工作称为大地测量）This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. （这种测量适用于大范围和长距离的测量工作，用来确立基本点的精确位置，用以建立其他测量工作所需的控制网。）In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.（在大地测量中，站点经常是互相距离很远，那么这种测量就比平面测量需要更精确的仪器和测量方法。）Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions. （广泛间隔开的永久标石就作为计算点位之间距离的基础）【serve 当作】These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects.（这种永久标石点被称为大地控制点，为测量和绘图工作提供可靠和一致的数据）In the past, ground-based theodolites, tapes【卷尺】, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. （过去，大地经纬仪【DJ 大地经纬仪的中文缩写】、卷尺和电子设备是大地测量的野外工作初时【primary】的工具。）Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost. （现在，技术的发展GPS 【expansion 扩充、膨胀】使大地测量工作花费非常小的代价【a fraction of 一小部分】就能获得极为精确的结果成为可能。）A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.（大地测量工作计划的编制【planning】和实施【execution】【proper 恰当的，翻译时略掉】，，绝对需要【absolute prerequisite】对大地测量学知识有全面的掌握。thorough knowledge of the principles 【A of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一个彻底的知识――大地测量学的原理的，是绝对需要的。）】In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. （在大地测量中，地球的形状被看成一个椭球体，虽然在技术角度来看，它不是真正的椭球。）Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近测量距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行，而是在一个曲面上。) Hence, in the computation of dista nces in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earth’s minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed. （因此，在大地测量距离的计算中，参考椭球的长轴与短轴所带来的误差就显示【develop 显示出来】出来。）The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. （每个大地站点的位置都与这个椭球有关）The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.（这个位置是用纬度（与赤道面所成的角）和经度（与初子午线所成的角）或用在直角坐标系中的北距和东距来表示。）A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country.
（大地测量为建立国家范围内的重力场和确定地表架构提供【establishes 建立】基础）This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks.（这将由测定布设在大地网和重力网中数量十分巨大的控制点，所得到的坐标和重力值来实现）In this fundamental work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.（在这项基础工作中，地球的曲率和重力场都应被考虑。）Plane Surveying（平面测量）
The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying.（这种类型的测量把地球平均的表面视作平面，或认为地球曲率带来的误差可以忽略不计，这样的测量工作称为平面测量[significant 重大的，不翻译也行]）The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent.（这个术语曾指涉及的距离及范围非常有限的测量工作【extent 范围】）With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight, the direction of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey, and all angles are considered to be plane angles.（由于被当成了水平距离和方向，水平线被当成直线【省略掉mathematically】，在这个有限范围内所有点上的铅垂线方向被认为是相同的，所有的角被认为都是平面角。）To make computations in plane surveying, you will use formulas of plane trigonometry, algebra, and analytical geometry. （在平面测量的计算中，你可以使用平面三角、代数、和平面解析几何的公式）For small areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size. （小范围内，平面测量方法可以获得精确的结果，但是随着范围的扩大，精度和准确度将随之下降）For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earth’s surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is 2 only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earth’s surface having an area of 100km . （例如，地球表面一条18.5km 长的弧只比其所对的【subtend 与……相对】弦长7mm，further 【进一步，可以省略】，在一个面积为100 平方公里的平面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角形中的内角和之差只有0.51 秒）It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.（只有在大面积的精密测量工作中地球曲率才必需被考虑【appreciated 重视】）。A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.（多数的测量工作都是属于平面测量类型）Surveys for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, and in general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys, as are the surveys made to establish boundaries, except state and national. （【特定】区域测量、公路【highway 是干道的意思，speedway、freeway 才是高速公路】建设、铁路、沟渠等，总的来说与人们工作密切相关的测量工作都是平面测量，不包括州界和国界测量在内的边界测量也同属平面测量）However, with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and other scientific projects, surveyors who restrict their practice to plane surveying are severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged.（然而，随着工程和其他科学项目越来越大越来越复杂，在限定【restrict 约束】于从事平面测量工作的测量员在他们可以从事的测量类型上受到严格【severely 严格的】限制。【前面讲多数测量工作为平面测量，这里就转折的说从事平面测量的人员能进行的工作越来越少】）The operation of determining elevation usually is considered a division of plane surveying. （我们通常把高程的测量与平面测量分开来。）Elevations are referred to the geoid.（高程参考的是大地水准面。【或者说高程是相对于大地水准面而言的】）The geoid is theoretical only.（大地水准面只是在理论上存在）It is the natural extension of the mean sea level surface under the landmass. （它是平均海平面在大陆下的自然延伸。【它是平均海平面蔓延穿过大陆而成
的】）We could illustrate this idea by digging an imaginary trench across the country linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.（我们可以通过挖掘一个的想象中的连通大西洋和太平洋沟渠【trench】来阐明【illustrate】这个概念。）If we allowed the trench to fill with seawater, the surface of the water in the trench would represent he geoid. （如果我们允许这条沟渠注满海水，沟渠里的水面就代表大地水准面。）So for all intents and purposes, the geoid is the same as mean sea level. （因此，从所有的目的和用途出发，【直译：由于（为了？）所有的计划和目标】大地水准面与平均海平面是一样的。【for 引导原因】）Mean sea level is the average level of the ocean surface halfway between the highest and lowest levels recorded. （平均海平面是海水表面高度的记录值的平均值。【直译：平均海平面是指海水面的最高和最低记录之间纪录值的平均值。）】We use mean sea level as a datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum plane upon which we can reference or describe the heights of features on, above or below the ground.（我们用平均海平面作为一个数据，或不常用地和不准确地，当作一个基准面【datum plane】，通过它我们可以参考和描述地上、地表、地下的情况。）Imagine a true plane tangent to the surface of mean sea level at a given point. （想象一个真正的平面与平均海平面在一个特定【given 特定的、指定的】点上相切【tangent 正切的、相切的】）。At horizontal distances of 1km from the point of tangency, the vertical distances(or elevations) of the plane above the surface represented by mean sea level are 7.8cm. （在离切点1km 的地方，这个平面高于平均海平面的垂直距离为7.8cm。【represent by 通过……描述】）Obviously, curvature of the earth’s surface is a factor that cannot be neglected in obtaining even rough values of elevations. （很明显，即使在获取粗略的高程值的时候，地球表面曲率也是一个不可忽略的因素。）The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as【像这样、例如】balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.（常规的测高程的程序是，例如，在微差水准测量【differential leveling】中平衡前后视距【使前后视距相等】，地球曲率和大气折光影响将被自动考虑和低偿【compensate】，不必经测量者额外改正【effort 努力】，至参考曲面的高程就是可靠的了。）There is close cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveying.（大地测量和平面测量关系密切。）The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to those who measure the earth. （大地测量采用通过测量地球得到的参数，而其计算结果又可以被测量地球【确定地球参数】的工作所利用【available 可利用的】）The plane surveys, in turn, are generally tied to the control points of the geodetic surveys and serve particularly in the development of national map series and in the formation of real estate cadastres.（接下来【in turn】，平面测量，一般依赖于大地测量建立的控制点，在国家地图系列【国家地图集】的发展和在房地产地籍【real estate cadastre】信息领域提供特别服务。）
Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量）
One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance.（测量工作的一项基础【fundamental 基本原则，同时有基础的意思】是距离测量）（距离不一定指的是直Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. 线的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距离）In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. （这里【In this subject 翻译成这里】，我们所涉及的是欧几里德空间，我们可以认为一条从一点到另一点或一个特征到另一个特征的线是直线。）斜距、Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. （两点之间的距离可以是平距、或者是垂距。）Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. （根据测量结果的精度【quality 质量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多种测量方法）If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. （如果这些点在不同高程上，那么平距指的是过点的垂线【plumb lines】之间的水平长度。）Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies: （这里给出一个简短的相关【relevant 相关的】技术的摘要【summary 摘要】和它们各自的【respective 各自的】精度）
Pacing and Odometer（步测和自动计程仪）
Pacing is a very useful form of measurement though it is not precise, especially when surveyors are looking for survey marks in the field.（虽然不精确，但步测是一个非常有用的测量方法【form of measurement】，尤其是测量者在野外寻找测量标志时。）Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal land, while the accuracy of pacing can’t be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills.（当在水平场地进行时，步测可以达到1/100 到1/500 的相对精度，而当地面起伏较大时，这样的精度就不能保证了。）The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number of revolutions of a wheel.（自动计程仪是一个简单的装置，可以附属于【be attached to 附属于】车辆之上并直接记录【register 记录v.】轮子的旋转周数。）With the circumference of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed. （由于知道了轮子的周长【circumference of the wheel 轮周】，转数【revolution 这里有转数的意思】和距离之间的关系就确定下来【fix 确定】）。
Ordinary Taping and Precise Taping（普通尺距测量和精密尺距测量）
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3