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景观专业英语大汇总

景观专业英语大汇总
景观专业英语大汇总

景观专业英语大汇总 ·景观设计师必备

常用的景观英文(参考)

1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行&人行) ---------- main entrance gate/guard house (forvehicle& pedestrian )

2.次入口/岗亭(车行&人行 ) ----------2nd entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )

3.商业中心入口---------- entranceto shopping ctr.

4.水景---------- water feature

5.小型露天剧场---------- miniamphi-theatre

6.迎宾景观-1---------- welcomingfeature-1

7.观景木台---------- timber deck (viewing)

8.竹园---------- bamboogarden

9.漫步广场---------- walkwayplaza

10.露天咖啡廊---------- out door cafe

11.巨大迎宾水景-2 ---------- grand welcoming feature-2

12.木桥---------- timberbridge

13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台---------- rock'scapewaterfall's grotto/ viewing terrace

14.吊桥---------- hanging bridge

15.休憩台地(低处) ---------- loungingterrace (lower )

16.休憩台地(高处) ---------- loungingterrace (upper )

17.特色踏步---------- feature stepping stone

18.野趣小溪---------- river wild

19.儿童乐园 ----------children'splayground

20.旱冰道---------- slide

21.羽毛球场---------- badminton court

22.旱景---------- dry landscape

23.日艺园---------- Japanese garden

24.旱喷泉---------- dry fountain

25.观景台---------- viewingdeck

26.游泳池---------- swimming pool

27.极可意---------- jacuzzi

28.嬉水池---------- wadingpool

29.儿童泳池---------- children'spool

30.蜿蜒水墙---------- winding wall

31.石景雕塑---------- rock sculpture

32.中心广场---------- centralplaza

33.健身广场---------- exercise plaza

34.桥---------- bridge

35.交流广场---------- meditating plaza

36.趣味树阵---------- tree battle formation

37.停车场 ----------paringarea

38.特色花架---------- trellis

39.雕塑小道---------- sculpture trail

40.(高尔夫)轻击区---------- putting green

41.高尔夫球会所---------- golf clubhouse

42.每栋建筑入口---------- entrance paving to unit

43.篮球场---------- basketball court

44.网球场---------- tennis court

45.阶梯坐台/种植槽---------- terracing seat-wall/planter

46.广场----------main plaza

47.森林、瀑布---------- forest garden waterfall

48.石景园---------- rockery garden

49.旱溪---------- dry stream

50.凉亭---------- pavilion

51.户外淋浴---------- outdoor shower

52.拉膜结构---------- tensile structure

53.台阶----------stair

54.高尔夫球车停车场---------- parking ( golf car )

55.健身站----------exercise station

56.晨跑小路---------- jogging footpath

57.车道/人行道----------driveway/sidewalk

58.人行漫步道---------- promenade

59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) ---------- water falland dancing fountain ( entry plaza )

60.特色入口----------entry feature

61.石景广场----------rockery plaza

第二部分

常用的景观英文(参考)

landscape plan——景观平面图

(1) grandentrance plaza——入口广场

(2) mainpedestrian gate——步行主入口大门

(3) arrivalplaza (el.±0.00)——中心广场(高度±0.00)

(4) westentrance—glass bridge——西侧入口—玻璃小桥

(5) rockmountain with waterfall——石山瀑布

(highest point elev.+8.00)——最高点高度+8.00

(6) mainviewing deck(el.+3.00)——主观景台

(7) waterfallbridge(el.+3.00)——瀑布小桥

(8) spa.(deckelev.+2.00)——温泉(恒温水池)(平台高度+2.00)

(9)children’s’pool——儿童泳池

(10) mainswimming pool——主泳池

(11) waterfall——瀑布

(12) pooldeck (el.-0.50)——泳池平台

(13) archbridge——拱桥

(14) stonesteps to changing room——石墩(石桥)至更衣室

(15) runningstream——小溪

(16) forestmountain(highest point elev.+3.50)——绿树山丘(最高点高度+3.50)

(17) foresthill——绿树山坡

(highestpoint elev. +2.00)——最高点高度+2.00

(18) amphitheater(el.-0.50)——圆形剧院

(19)children’splayground(el.±0.00)——儿童游乐场

(20) northentrance(el.±0.00)——北侧入口

(21) secondaryviewing deck(el. .+2.00)——次观景台

(22) viewingpavilion(el. .+2.00)——观景凉亭

(23) eastentrance(el.±0.00)——东侧入口

(24) activityplaza——休闲活动广场

(25) blockentrance with lighting marker——带灯光标识器的单元入口

(26) badmintoncourt——羽毛球场

(27) multi-purposesport’s court——多功能运动场

(28) sittingarea(open)——休憩区(露天)

(29) gardenplay maze for kids——儿童迷宫

(30) chip-puttgolf green——高尔夫练习场(推球练习)

(31) birdwatching area——观鸟区

(32) footreflexology with open sitting areas——足步按摩休息区(33) exercisestation——健身区

(34) joggingtrack——慢跑道

(35) restingarea——休憩区

(36) unitprivate enclosed garden——私家花园

(37) voidfor light-ventilation——采光及通风空间

(landscaped garden below)——下为景观花园

(38) skylightto basement carpark——地下停车场天窗

(39) secondarypedestrian entrance——次步行入口

(40) commercialshops plaza——临时停车场

(41) rampdown to basement carpark——坡道向下至地下车库(42) colonnade——柱廊

(43) waterfeature-wall signage——水池及小区标牌

(44)fishpond——鱼池

(45)kid’splay stream——儿童戏水小溪

(46) southentrance(el.±0.00)——南侧入口

(47) islandmound(el.+1.50)——小岛(用土堆起的)

(48) earthmound——山坡(用土堆起的)

————————————————————

(1) entrance/exitramp——入口/出口坡道

(2) cararrival drop-off area——车道

(3) waterfeature——水池

(4) landscapegarden——景观花园

(void above for light-ventilation)——上部空间供采光及通风使用(5) liftlobby——电梯间

(6) motorbike parking——摩托车停车位————————————————————

(1) liftlobby-access to garden——电梯间-通往花园

(2) activityvoid deck——休闲平台

(3) secondaryopen sitting area——次露天休憩区

(4)kid’splay court——儿童游乐区

(5) mainopen sitting area——主露天休憩区

(6) unitprivate enclosed garden——私家花园————————————————————longitudinalsection · a-a——a-a剖面图

road——道路

grand entrance plaza——入口广场

main entrance walkway——主入口人行道

basement carpark——地下停车场

arrival plaza——中心广场

west entrance——西侧入口

fish pond——鱼池

rock mountain——石山waterfall——瀑布

main viewing deck——主观景台changing room——更衣室waterfall——瀑布

main swimming pool——主游泳池pool deck——泳池平台

running stream——小溪

forest mountain——绿树山丘amphitheatre——圆形剧场

viewing deck——观景台

viewing pavilion——观景凉亭

east entrance——东侧入口

kid’s garden play maze——儿童迷宫bird watching area——观鸟区landscape garden——景观花园exercise station——健身区

5/25:crosssection b·b——b·b剖面图road——道路

comm’l. plaza——临时停车场basement carpark——地下停车位void landscape garden——景观花园block entry——单元入口

basement carpark——地下停车位

foot path——人行通道

running stream——小溪

main viewing deck——主观景台waterfall——瀑布

main swimming pool——主游泳池

rock mountain ——石山

waterfall——瀑布

bridge——小桥

spa——温泉(恒温水池)

running stream——小溪

block entry——单元入口

basement carpark——地下停车位

void landscape garden——景观花园

lift lobby——电梯间

shops——商店

basement carpark——地下停车位

comm’l. plaza——临时停车场

main road——小区大道

roof garden——顶层花园

3rd storey landscape——三层景观

grand entrance plaza ——主入口广场————————————————————(42)colonnade ——柱廊

(43)water feature · wallsignage水池·小区标牌

(3)arrival plaza——中心广场

(4)west entrance·glassbridge——西侧入口·玻璃小桥

(44)fish pond——鱼池

(6)main viewing deck——主观景台

(10)main swimming pool——主游泳池

(11)waterfall——瀑布

(12)pool deck——泳池平台

(18)amphitheatre——圆形剧场

(22)viewingpavilion——观景凉亭

(23)eastentrance——东侧入口

(25)blockentrance w/lighting marker——带灯光标识的单元入口

(30)chip8c putt golf green——高尔夫绿地

(31)bird watching area——观鸟区

(32)foot reflexology——足部按摩区

(34)joggingtrack——慢跑道

(35)restingarea——休憩区

(36)privateenclosed garden——私家花园

(2)cararrival drop-off——车道

(3)waterfeature——水池

(4)landscapedgarden——景观花园

(4)landscapedgarden at basement carpark (apt.)——地下停车场景观花园

(1)liftlobby at 3rd storey landscaped garden——三楼电梯间景观花园————————————————————

groundstorey clubhouse plan——一层会所平面图reception——接待处

lounge——休息区

guard-control room——警卫及控制室

entry porch——入口门廊

main pedestrian gate——主步行入口management office——管理处办公室

grand entrance plaza——入口大广场

2ndstorey clubhouse plan——二楼会所平面图partof commercial shops——临时停车场

locker rm.——衣帽柜室

gym——健身房

male/female——男洗手间/女洗手间

hall way——走道

mah-jong——麻将室

card——纸牌室

board games——棋类室

TV/ karaoke——电视/卡拉ok室

balcony——阳台

reading room——阅览室

storeroom.——储藏室

void——空间

snooker——斯诺克(台球)

billiard——桌球

table tennis——乒乓球室

part of apartment unit——楼体部份

office——办公室

manager——经理室

store——储藏室

clubhouse——会所

side elevation——侧立面

front elevation——正立面

fence8c gate detail——围墙·大门细节

site key plan——重点部分平面图

solid concrete fencewall——实心混凝土围墙

secondary entrance——次入口

main entrance——主入口

steel fence wall——铁栏杆围墙

Fence·gate detail(scale)——围墙·大门细节(比例)frontelevation(main entrance)——正立面(主入口)section·a——a部分

outside/inside——外部/内部

section·b——b部分

detail plan——详细部份平面图

isometric detail——详细刻度

sliding steel door——滑动钢制门

selected lighting fixtures——精选灯具插口

decorative cover(todetails)——装饰外罩(看详细解释)

sliding metal steeldoor——滑动金属钢制门

(to manufacture details)——(看详细制造解释)

fence8c gate detail(scale)——围墙·大门细节(比例)front elevation(secondaryentrance)——正立面(次入口)side walk——人行道

fence8c gate detail(scale)——围墙·大门细节(比例)section·a——a部分

section·b——b部分

section·c——c部分

detailplan——详细部分平面图

changingroom——更衣室

locker area——衣帽柜

female changing room——女更衣室(洗手间)

entry hall——入口门厅

foyer——休息室

male changing room——男更衣室(洗手间)

pump-filter room——水泵·过滤房

main viewing deck——主观景台

part of swimming pool——泳池部分

waterfall——瀑布

第三部分

中国古典园林------classical Chinesegarden

中国传统园林-------traditional Chinese garden

中国古代园林-------ancient Chinese garden

中国山水园----------Chinese mountain and water garden

帝王宫苑--------- imperial palace garden

皇家园林----------royal garden

私家园林-----------private garden

江南园林--------------garden on the Yangtze delta

西方古典园林---------------western classical garden

英国式园林-------------------- English style garden

中英混合式园林--------------angle Chinese style garden

意大利式园林------------------ Italian style garden

西班牙式园林----------------Spanish style garden

法兰西式园林------------------French style garden

勒诺特尔式园林---------------le notre's style garden

文艺复兴庄园--------------------renaissance style garden

洛可可式园林-----------------------rococo style garden

巴洛克式园林---------------------baroque style garden

庄园--------------------------manor,villa garden

廊柱园-----------------------peristyle garden,patio

绿廊----------------------------xystus

迷阵-----------------------------maze,labyrinth

灵囿-------------------------- ling you hunting garden 周代术语

灵沼---------------ling zhao water garden 周代术语

灵台---------------ling tai platform garden 周代术语

阿房宫-------------e-pang palace 秦代术语

上林苑---------------shang-lin yuan 汉代术语

未央宫---------------wei-yang palace 汉代术语

洛阳宫----------------luoyang palace 魏代术语

华清宫----------------hua-qing palace 唐代术语

艮岳-------------------gen yue imperial garden 宋代术语

圆明园----------------yuan-ming yuan imperial garden

颐和园-------------------yi-he yuan imperial garden

承德避暑山庄---------------chengde imperial summer resort

苏州园林----------------------suzhou traditional garden

悬园----------- hanging garden 又称“悬空园”,“架高园”。

英国皇家植物园-----------royal botanical garden, Kew garden 又称“邱园”。凡尔赛宫苑-----------------Versailles palace park

枫丹白露宫园------------Fontainebleau palace garden

景---------------------------view, scenery, feature

远景-------------------------distant view

近景-------------------------nearby view

障景----------------obstructive scenery, blocking view 又称“抑景”。

借景--------------------borrowed scenery, view borrowing

对景---------------------oppositive scenery, view in opposite place

缩景---------------------miniature scenery, abbreviatedscenery

漏景-------------------- leaking through scenery

框景---------------------enframed scenery

尾景------------------------terminal feature

主景-----------------------main feature

副景------------------------secondary feature

配景------------------------- objective view

夹景--------------------------vista line, ista 又称“风景线”

前景----------------------------front view

背景-------------------------------background

景序----------------------------order of sceneries

景点-------------------------------feature spot, viewspot

园林空间--------------------------garden space

开敞空间----------------------------wide open space, widespace 封闭空间-----------------------------encloseure space

意境----------------------------artistic conception, poeticimagery 苍古-----------------------------antiquity

空灵------------------------------spaciousness, airiness

动观------------------------------- in-motion viewing

静观---------------------------------in-position viewing

轴线---------------------------------axis, axial line

主轴---------------------------------main axis

副轴-------------------------------auxiliary axis

暗轴------------------------ hidden axis, invisible axis又称“隐轴第四部分

(一)、

1、

01总平面图 master plan

02空间分析图 space analysis

03主入口局部详图 partial plan of the main entrance

04主入口视线分析图 view of the entrance

05社区小型公共空间景观效果pocket park

06主要道路景观效果 residential access road

07私家庭院景观效果 private of the provide garden

08滨江休闲带景观效果 the riverfront promenade

09私家庭院与公共绿地景观关系意向 provide garden

2、

01消防分析 fire control analysis

02手绘透视 hand-drawing perspective

03木亭 wood pavilion

04花架 pergola

05花钵 flower box

06树池 tree box

07叠水 cascading

08坐登 bench

09路牙 border

10架空层——儿童活动 open floor ————————————————————01设计说明 introduction

02总平面图 master plan

03空间序列分析 sequence of the site space 04竖向分析图 analysis of level

05交通分析 analysis of traffic

06功能分析 analysis of function

07灯光分析图 lighting plan

08手绘效果图 sketch

09架空层平面图 open floor

10局部景观节点 partial landscape modes 11植物参考图片 plant reference pictures

01、入口方形广场 square plaza

02、商业空间 commercial bldg

03、小区会所 clubhouse

04、泳池swimming pool

05、凉亭 pavilion

06、网球场 tennis court

07、羽毛球场 badminton court

08、儿童乐园children’playground

09、儿童戏水池children’swimmingpool

10、泉水跌宕 water cascade

11、特色景墙/喷泉 wall features/fountains

12、河边漫步道 riverfront promenade

13、景观雕塑 landscape sculpture

14、甲板平台 deck

15、木栈道 boardwalk

16、环状叠水 circular water cascades

17、渔人码头 boat dock

18、木平台 wood deck

19、木景桥/人行道 wood bridge/walkway

20、水景观/喷泉 water feature/fountains

21、特色灯柱 feature lantern

22、瀑布 waterfall feature

23、绿意广场 green plaza

24、地下通道 underpass ————————————————————

01、主入口特色水景 main entry water feature

02、商业休闲街 commercial promenade

03、停车场 parking

04、飞马戏水喷泉 fountain of pegasus

05、特色凉亭 pavilion

06、蔓藤花架 pergola

07、独特的铺装 feature paving

08、泳池 swimming pool

09、儿童戏水池children’pool

10、棕榈园 palm court

11、带门的门卫亭 guard house w/gate

12、太阳广场 plaza of the sun

13、阿波罗广场 court of Apollo

14、星光大道 avenue of light

15、次入口特色水景 secondary entry water feature

16、雕塑广场 sculpture court

17、次入口特色水景 secondary entry water feature

18、亲子乐园 children play area

19、地标式景观空间 landmark

20、穆斯女神特色喷泉 fountain of the muses

21、下沉 sunken garde————————————————————01、人行出入口 pedestrian entrance

02、山顶平台 mountain platforms

03、儿童活动区 kids area

04、中心广场 main plaza

05、坐凳广场 benches plaza

06、风车广场 windmill plaza

07、地下停车场人行出入口 access to parking

08、观景平台platform with big free

09、架空层 open floor

10、停车场玻璃采光窗 glass opening parking ————————————————————

01、主入口(标有花园显著标志的雕塑艺术)main entrance

02、回车道 traffic circle

03、前广场 first plaza

04、叠水景墙 wall cascade

05、中心广场及迷宫雕塑乐园 central plaza and maze sculpture

06、大型叠水阶梯 great stair(cascade)

07、蔓藤花架 pergola

08、成人泳池 adult swimming pool

09、儿童泳池 children swimming pool

10、天然砾石景观的曲径 path with matural stone area

11、天然曲水流觞 river matural

12、弧线绿化 slope with plantations

13、水上表演广场 water games plaza

14、足部按摩广场(小卵石) foot massage plaza(pebbles)

15、鸟之乐园 birds house plaza(aviary)

16、立体绿化 trees square

17、几何方形广场 square plazas

18、天然镜湖 natural pool

19、蜻蜓广场(伞膜) dragon flies plaza(canopie)

20、木质观览桥 timber foot bridge

21、福寿龟太极锻炼广场 turtle plaza(taichi)

22、木平台全景timber terrace panoramic

23、观览桥 foot bridge

24、休息亭 pavilion ————————————————————

01、天然镜湖 natural pool

02、蜻蜓广场(伞膜) dragon flies plaza(canopie)

03、生态停车场 ecotypes park ————————————————————

01、景观探讨 landscape studies

02、设计考虑与方法 methodology

03、功能结构分析 site analysis

04、河流与道路网络 river and major road network

05、开放空间系统 open space diagram

06、总体布置 landscape master plan

07、水路划分 waterways

08、功能结构分析 design approach

09、意念图象 landscape imagery

10、旅游和文化水路 tourism and cultural waterway

11、娱乐 recreational

12、景观照明 landscape lighting

13、景观种植 landscape planting

14、结语 conclusion

15、附录 appendix ————————————————————

01、居住用地 residential land use

02、村民安置用地 village settlement land use

03、商业金融用地 commercial t financial land use

04、行政办公用地 administrative land use

05、医疗卫生用地 medical t hygienic land use

06、教育科研设计用地 education t scientific research landuse

07、市政公用设施用地 public utility land use

08、文化娱乐用地 culture and entertainment land use

09、物流用地 logistic land use

10、综合用地 integrated land use

11、其他公共设施用地 other public facility land use

12、生产防护绿地 production buffer green area

13、公共绿地 park

14、水域 water course

15、仓储用地 storage land use

16、特殊用地 special land use

17、道路广场 road t square

18、体育用地 sports facility land use

19、混合用地(商业居住) mixed land use (residential t commercial)

20、对外交通用地 transportation depot

21、梁子湖渡假居住区 liang-zhi lake resort residentialcluster ————————————————————

01、生产防护绿地 production buffer green area

02、公共绿地 park

03、主要开放空间 major open space

04、景观轴线 visual axis

05、水路步行系统 waterway walk system ————————————————————

01、景观机遇 landscape opportunities

02、水路交汇点 waterway node

03、重要视线走廊 important view ————————————————————

01、雕塑 sculpture

02、人行桥梁 pedestrian bridge

03、综合开发用地 mixed use zone

04、主题柱子 feature column

05、特色铺地饰面 accent paving ————————————————————

01、旅游和文化小路 tourism and cultural waterway

02、地标 landmark

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城市生态urban ecology 可持续发展sustainable development 历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment 开发区development area 城市化水平urbanization level 城市群agglomeration 城镇体系urban system 卫星城satellite town 城市基础设施urban infrastructure 居民点settlement 市municipality; city 生态基础设施ecological infrastructure 牧场pasture 市域administrative region of a city 商业区commercial district 行政中心administration center 商业街commercial street 科技园technological region 校园规划campus planning 城市中心区urban center district

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园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture 园林garden and park 绿化greening, planting 城市绿化urban green, urban planting 城市绿地urban green space 公园绿地public park 公园park 儿童公园children park 动物园zoo 植物园botanical garden 墓园cemetery garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 盲人公园park for the blind 花园garden 历史名园historical garden and park 风景名胜公园famous scenic park 纪念公园memorial park 街旁绿地roadside green space 带状公园linear park 专类公园theme park 岩石园rock garden 社区公园community park 生产绿地productive plantation area 防护绿地green buffer, green area for environmental protection 附属绿地attached green space 居住绿地green space attachéd to housing estate, residential green space 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square 屋顶花园roof garden 立体绿化vertical planting 风景林地scenic forest land 城市绿地系统urban green space system 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿地覆盖面积green coverage 绿地覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage 绿地率greening rate, ratio of green space 绿带green belt 楔形绿地green wedge 城市绿地boundary line of urban green space 园林史landscape history, garden history 古典园林classical garden 囿hunting park 苑imperial park 皇家园林royal garden 私家园林private garden 寺庙园林monastery garden

景观设计专业英语

专业英语 目录:Cover封面 Content目录 Design Explanation设计说明 Master Plan总平面 Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析 Function Analysis功能分析 Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图 Traffic Analysis交通分析 Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图 Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图 Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图 Hand Drawing手绘效果图 Section剖面图 Detail详图 Central Axis中心公共主轴 Reference Picture参考图片 Planting Reference Picture植物选样材料类: aluminum铝 asphalt沥青 alpine rock轻质岗石 boasted ashlars粗凿 ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品 cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石 clay粘土 crushed gravel碎砾石 crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 crushed stone碎石 cement石灰 enamel陶瓷、瓷釉 frosted glass磨砂玻璃 grit stone/sand stone砂岩 glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 granite花岗石、花岗岩 gravel卵石 galleting碎石片 ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 light slates轻质板岩 lime earth灰土 masonry砝石结构 membrane张拉膜、膜结构 membrane waterproofing薄膜防水

风景园林景观设计专业英语

园林学landscape architecture,garden architecture 园林garden and park 绿化greening,planting 城市绿化urban greening,urban planting 城市绿地urban green space 公园绿地public park 公园park 儿童公园children park 动物园zoo 植物园botanical garden 墓园cemetery garden 盆景园penjng garden,miniature landscape 盲人公园park for the blind 花园garden 历史名园historical garden and park

风景名胜公园famous scenic park 纪念公园memorial park 街旁绿地roadside green space 带状公园linear park 专类公园theme park 岩石园rock garden 社区公园community park 生产绿地productive plantation area 防护绿地green buffer,green area for environmental protection 附属绿地attached green space 居住绿地green space attached to housing estate,residential green space 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square 屋顶花园roof garden 立体绿化vertical planting 风景林地scenic forest land

风景园林专业英语试题

1 Why Pagodas Don't Fall Down In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood. Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968. Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks? The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan. 为什么宝塔不会倒塌 在这片被台风席卷、地震撼动的土地上,日本最高、看起来最脆弱的老建筑——500多座木制宝塔——是如何屹立了几个世纪的?记录显示,在过去的1400年里,只有两处坍塌。那些失踪的人由于闪电或内战而被大火烧毁。1995年灾难性的阪神大地震造成6400人死亡,高架路倒塌,办公大楼夷为平地,神户港口地区被毁。然而,尽管它夷平了附近的一些建筑,但却毫发未损。 多年来,日本学者一直对这些细长的建筑为何如此稳定感到困惑。直到30年前,建筑行业才有足够的信心,用钢铁和钢筋混凝土建造超过12层的办公大楼。位于东京市中心的36层楼高的霞关大厦(Kasumigaseki)是日本第一座摩天大楼,1968年建成时,人们认为它是 现代工程学的杰作。 然而,在826年,建筑大师Kobodaishi只用木栓和楔子来保持木结构的直立,毫不犹豫地将他宏伟的东寺宝塔高耸入云,高达55米——几乎是1100年后建成的霞关摩天大楼的一半高。显然,当时的日本木匠知道一些让建筑摇摆和稳定的技巧,而不是对抗自然的力量。但是什么样的技巧呢?

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