Chapter One
Fundamentals of Medicine
Passage 1
Anatomy of Mouse and Human Heart
单词：
Anatomy 解剖学
anatomical 解剖的，解剖学的
atria 心房
atria chamber 心房腔
cardiovascular 心血管系统
genetical 遗传的
conception 受孕
diaphragm 横膈，横膈膜
fetus 胎儿，胎
gestational 妊娠的，妊娠期的
morphological 形态学的
murine 鼠类，鼠性的
neonatal 新生的，新生期的，新生儿的，新生婴儿
pericardial cavity 心包腔
prenatal 产前的，出生前的
pulmonary 肺的
septation 分隔，中隔，隔膜
thoracic cavity 胸腔
句子：A fast-increasing number of genetically modified mouse models with structural and functional abnormalities in the cardiovascular system undoubtedly will contribute to an improved understanding of molecular and morphological mechanisms that regulate human heart development in health and disease.（5分）小鼠基因修饰模型是通过改变小鼠基因因而使其心血管系统结构和功能异常得到改变的一种动物模型。这类模型的大量增加，无疑会促进我们理解人的心脏在健康及病理状态下的分子和形态学机制。
Developmentally, it is interesting to note that the gestational window during which the heart develops is quite different in the mouse and human. In the human it takes about 2 mo (from conception) for the heart to complete septation, followed by another 7 mo to further mature until the baby is born and the pulmonary circulation kicks in. In the mouse, however, it takes only 2 wk from the time of conception for cardiac septation to complete. After that, the mouse fetus has less than 1 wk of prenatal life before birth.
Without going into any detail, it suffices to say that some of the developmental events that in the human are more or less completed at birth are still in progress in the neonatal mouse.
人们有趣地发现小鼠与人的心脏在孕育其中的发育有很大不同。人的心脏约在最初2个月的时间（自受孕起）完成中隔生长，并在随后的7个月中进一步成熟，直至胎儿出生和肺循环产生。而小鼠，其心脏自受孕开始只用2周时间来完成中隔的生长。之后不到一周的时间小鼠便出生了。不需要太多细节，我们有充分的理由说，某些在人类婴儿出生时已基本完成的发育过程，在新生小鼠身上还继续进行着。
Passage 2
A Framework for the Study of Human Physiology
单词：
生理学physiology
circulatory system 循环系统
digestive system 消化系统
endocrine glands 内分泌系统
extracellular fluid 细胞外液
gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道
homeostasis 内环境稳定
intermediary metabolism 中间代谢
respiratory system 呼吸系统
virus 病毒
bacteria 细菌
1.Even small viruses weighing one millionth of a single bacterium have the characteristics of life, for they feed on their surroundings, they grow and reproduce and they excrete by-products. These very minute living structures are the subject of the simplest type of physiology, viral physiology. Physiology becomes progressively more complicated and vast as it extends through the study of higher and higher forms of life such as cells, plants, lower animals, and finally human beings. Therefore, the vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, cellular physiology, human physiology, and many more subdivisions.
甚至细小的病毒，哪怕重量只有一个细菌的百分之一，也具有生命的特征，因为它们靠周围环境生活，会生长繁殖，而且会排泄副产品。这些非常微小的生命结构是最简单的生理学、病毒生理学的研究课题。当生理学研究的生命形式愈来愈高级，例如细胞、植物、低等动物以及最后达到人类时，生理学就变得愈来愈复杂而广泛。因此，生理学的广泛领域可分为病毒生理学、细胞生理学、植物生理学、人体生理学等许多分支。
About 60 percent of the adult human body is fluid. Although most of this fluid is inside the cells and is called intracellular fluid, about one third is in the spaces outside the cells and is called extracellular fluid. This extracellular fluid fills the spaces between the cells. This fluid is called the internal environment of the body—it is this environment that the cells live. The extracellular fluid contains the nutrients and other constitutions necessary for maintenance of cellular life. The functions of most of the organs of the body are geared toward maintaining constant physical conditions and concentrations of dissolved substances in this internal environment. This condition of constancy in the internal environment is called homeostasis.
人体大约有60%是液体。虽然这些液体多数存在于细胞内，成为细胞内液，但还有大约1/3存在于细胞外，称为细胞外液。细胞外液充满细胞间的间隙。该液体称为身体的内环境—细胞正是生活在此环境中。细胞外液包含营养物质和维持细胞生存所需要的其他成分。身体大多数器官的功能是适应于维持此内环境中物理条件和溶解物质浓度的恒定。内环境的这种恒定状态称之为稳态。
The digestive system performs a similar function for other nutrients besides oxygen; it processes nutrients that are then absorbed into the blood and are rapidly transported throughout the body fluids, where they can be used by the cells. The liver, the endocrine glands, and some of other organs participate in what is collectively known as intermediary metabolism, which converts many of the nutrients absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into substances that energy has been extracted by the cells, and other organs provide for hearing, feeling, tasting, smelling and seeing, all of which aid the animal or the human being in his search for and selection of food and also help him to protect himself from dangers so that he can perpetuate the almost utopian internal environment in which his cells continue their life processes.
消化系统对除氧以外的其他营养物执行着相似的功能，它加工营养物，使其被吸收进入血液并迅速运
送到所有体液，在那里它们可以被细胞利用。肝脏、内分泌腺以及某些其他器官都参与所谓的中间代谢，它将由胃肠道吸收的许多营养物转变成可被细胞直接利用的物质。肾脏将细胞已经提取其能量后的营养物所剩余的东西排除，而其他器官为身体提供听觉、感觉、味觉、嗅觉和视觉等功能，所有这些都帮助动物和人寻找和选择食物，并且还帮助他保护自己免遭危险，以便他能够使几乎是乌托邦式的内环境保持不变，在该环境中他的细胞将继续其生命过程。
Passage 3
Inflammation, Tissue Damage and Repair
单词：
Inflammation炎症
aetiological病因论的；病原学的
albumin白蛋白
arterioles小动脉
asphyxia窒息
capillary bed毛细血管床
connective tissue结缔组织
emigration游出
endothelial内皮的
exudation渗出
leucocyte白细胞，白血球
lymphatics淋巴系统
neutrophils中性粒细胞
phagocytic cell吞噬细胞
phagocytosis吞噬作用
rheumatoid arthritis类风湿关节炎
syphilis梅毒
untoward effect副作用
vascular permeability血管渗透性
vasodilation血管舒张
tuberculosis结核（病）；肺结核
Inflammation can be divided into two types: acute and chronic. The division of inflammation is based according to the time course and cellular components involved. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and some overlap exists.
Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to an injurious agent and affects the vascular and connective tissue adjacent to the injured cells. There are three major components in the process of acute inflammation: increased blood flow (vasodilation), increased vascular permeability (exudation) and egress of white blood cells into the injured tissue (emigration). There three components are coordinated and interrelated by numerous chemical mediators produced or released at the site of injury.
炎症可以分为两种类型：急性炎症和慢性炎症。这种分类是根据时间周期和细胞内容物来划分的。这些分类不是绝对的，可以互相交叉。
急性炎症是机体对有害因子的即时和早期反应，影响着与受损细胞邻接的血管及结缔组织。急性炎症过程
有三大组成部分：血流加快（血管扩张），血管渗透性增高（渗出）及白细胞外出到受损组织内（白细胞游出）。损伤处产生或释放许多化学介质，是这三个部分彼此协调、互相联系。
Passage 3
Green Chemistry
adipic己二烯dehydrogenation脱氢作用
alkylation烷基化hazardous危险
aqueous-based水性基础的polystyrene聚苯乙烯
benign良性的styrene苯乙烯
carcinogen致癌源
The twenty-fi rst century brings an urgent need for chemists to devel op environmentally friendly “green” methods. We have already discussed several green methods over the course of our study Environmentally benign chemistry is especially important in the chemical industry, where the worl dwide sythesis of a compound may involve billions of pounds of chemicals a year. We can think of many ways to reduce the impact on the environment of a large-scal e process: We can run the reaction in safer aqueous-based systems instead of potentially hazardous organic solvents, we can carry out the reaction at ambient temperature instead of with applied heat, we can recycl e materials, and we can use pathways that do not use or generate toxic substances. All of these may l essen the impact of the process on the environment in terms of pollution or consumption of resources. Consider two new possibilities that replace benzene, a know carcinogen, with a safer alternative. 21世纪，化学家们面临的新的任务是发展环境友好的“绿色化学”。对于化工行业而言，全世界范围内每年产生某一个化合物所需的化学原料或试剂多达十几亿磅，因此，发展环境无害化学非常具有意义。我们可以通过改变合成的路线来减轻大规模生产对环境的影响;可以将反应在相对安全的水相中进行，这样就可以避免有机溶剂的潜在危害；可以将反应在室温下进行，可以节省热量；我们可以将物料循环利用；我们还可以通过比较优先选择不会使用或产生有害物质的反应路线。这些考虑都可以减轻对环境的影响，减少污染及自然资源的消耗。苯是一种致癌性物质，以下我么举两个用其他更安全的原料代替苯的例子来具体说明了绿色化学的实践。
These exampl es illustrate the opportunities that await students of today as they become the well-trained chemists of the future who will tackl e chall enges like these.
今天的学生们，即未来的化学家们，应做好准备，从绿色化学的角度出发，解决这类难题。Chapter Three Medicinal Chemistry
Passage 1 Medicinal Chemistry
bioorganic chemistry 生物有机化学
carcinogenicity 致癌
immuno-stimulatory 免疫促进
medicinal chemistry 药物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
physical chemistry 物理化学
quantitative drug design 药物定量设计
receptor 受体
structure-activity realationship 构效关系
thalidomide 反应停（一种保胎药）
toxicity 毒性
teratogenicity 致畸
Early advances in medicinal chemistry were concerned principally with the estimation , isolation ,structural determination ,and synthesis of medicinal agents of natural origin .A second major area was the synthesis of simplified fragments of complex drug molecules .
药化的早期发展被认为是源于天然的药剂的预测，分离，结构测定以及合成。第二个主要发展阶段是合成复杂的药物分子的简单片段。
The golden age (1940-1960) in the discovery of medicinals by these empirical strategies came to an end concomitant with the thalidomide tragedy .An arid middle age marked by pessimism in drug synthesis in drug synthesis in both industrial and academic quarters ensued because of the com- bined difficulties of toxicity ,carcinogenicity ,and teratogenicity ,and the relatively low return from random synthesis .这些经验式策略的药物发现黄金时段（1940~1960）随着反应停悲剧的出现而结束。随扈跟来的是一个以工业界与学术界队药物合成的悲观为标志的枯燥中期，因为有致毒、致癌、致畸和因为随意合成而相对低回报的双重苦难。Passage 2 Selective Optimization of Side Activities :Another Way for Drug Discovery
"The most basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug."
Sir James Black,
Winner of the 1988 Noble Prize in Physiology and Medicine
antagonist 拮抗剂
agonist 激动剂neuropeptide 神经肽
dysfunction 功能障碍high-throughput screening 高通量筛选
A retrospective analysis of the ways leading to discovery of new drugs suggests that there are four types of successful strategies leading to new lead compounds.
The first strategy consists of systematic screening of sets of compounds arbitrarily chosen for their
diversity ,by selected biological assays . 对发现新药的各种方法进行总结，一共可以归纳为四条途径，这四条途径可有效的发现新药。
第一条途径是对各种有代表性结构特征的化合物运用特定的生物分析方法进行系统筛选。
The second strategy is based on the modification and improvement of existing active molecules . The objective is to start with known active principles and , by various chemical transformations , prepare new molecules (sometimes referred to as "me-too compounds ")for which an increase in potency , a better specific activity profile , improved safety , and a formulation that is easier to handle by physicians and nurses or more acceptable to the patient are claimed.
第二途径主要为对现有的活性化合物的进行结构修士。目的就是利用已知的活性规则，通过一系列的化学转化，之辈得到具有更强的药效，更高的作用转移性，安全性更高的新的化合物分子（又是也称为“me-too 化合物”），并且使其具有更适于临床用药，更为患者所接受的新的剂型。
The third approach resides in the retroactive exploitation of various pieces of biological information that sometimes results from new discoveries made in biology and medicine and sometimes are just the fruits of more or less serendipitous observations.
第三条途径就是利用各种生物学信息，常常是借助在生物学及药学领域有较大的突破或某一偶然的发现，进行反向活性的药物设计和筛选。
Finally, the fourth route to new active compounds is a rational design based on the knowledge of the molecular cause of the pathological dysfunction. 最后，第四条新的活性化合物的发现途径是基于疾病发生的病理学分子机制，进行化合物的合理设计。
The Tricarboxylic acid cycle : a carborn and energy wheel :
单词：Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Pyruvic acid 丙酮酸
Aerobic Respiration 有氧呼吸
Coenzyme 辅酶
Dehydrogenation 脱氢
Decarboxylation 脱羧
Ribosome 核糖体
Electron transport 电子传递
Pathway途径
Glucolytic pathway 糖酵解途径
Intermediate compounds
Metabolic 代谢的
Phosphorylation 磷酸化
In the first step of tricarboxylic acid cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to a compound that can be fed into the TCA cycle proper.
在三羧酸循环的第一步，丙酮酸被转化成能适当地进入三羧酸循环的化合物形式。
This step involves the first oxidation-reduction reaction of this phase of respiration , and it also removes a carbon as carbon dioxide.
这一步发生呼吸过程的第一个氧化还原反应，除去一个碳形成CO2.
During this very complex reaction , a cluster of enzymes and coenzyme A participates in the dehydrogenation(oxidation) of pyruvic acid, the reduction of NAD to NADH, and the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to a 2-carbon acetyl group.
在这个非常复杂的反应中一系列的酶和辅酶A参与其中，将丙酮酸脱氢（氧化）。使NAD还原为NADH，丙酮酸则脱羧形成2碳的乙酰基。
The NADH formed during this reaction will be shuttled into election transport and used to generate ATP; its formation is one of five dehydrogenations associated with the TCA cycle and is what accounts for the relatively greater output of ATP in aerobic respiration.
这个反应中所形成的NADH将在电子传递链中穿梭，来生成ATP,它的形成是与TCA循环相关联的5个脱氢反应之一，这也说明了在有氧呼吸中相对较高的ATP产出原因。
TEXT B Induction and feedback repression
汉译英：
有些酶属于组成型的，也就是说，在细胞生长时它们总是大量的合成。
Some enzyme are produced constitutive, that is , they are always made in substantial amounts when cell are growing .
其它酶是诱导型的，也就是说，只有在培养基中关键底物出现时，它们才能形成。
Other enzymes are inducible ,that is ,they are formed only in the presence of key substrates in the medium.
当这些关键底物不存在时，诱导酶的结构基因通常是不活跃的，或在很低的水平活动。
The structural gens of inducible enzymes are normally inactive or operate at a very low “basal”rate in the absence of the key substrates.
当这些关键底物存在时，结构基因才被启动，于是进行转录和翻译。
When the key substrate is present,the structure gene is switched on and transcription and translation occur.
单词：
反馈：feedback
阻遏子： repressor
操纵基因： operator gens
分解代谢的 catabolic
合成代谢的：anabolic
脱辅基阻遏子：apo-repressor
辅阻遏物：co-repressor
Regulation of Branched Metabolic Pathway
单词：
同工酶： isoenzyme
偶联反馈抑制调节：concerted feedback regulation
积累反馈抑制调节：cumulative feedback regulation
汉译英：
生物合成途径通常具有共同的酶反应序列，然后分支合成不止一种终产物。
Biosynthetic metabolic pathways often have a common enzyme sequence and then branch leading to more than one end-product.
微生物已经进化出了反馈调节机制，依靠这种机制，合成一种终产物会引起对产生这种产物的代谢分支中第一个酶的反馈抑制。
Microorganism have evolved feedback mechanisms, whereby a build-up of one end-product cause a feedback effect on the first enzyme of the branched leading to that product.
这些调控作用可分为两类：酶活性的抑制和抑制酶的合成。
These regulatory effect can be of two types: inhibition of enzyme activity and repression of enzyme synthesis.
自然界中存在成千上万的微生物，但目前只有相当少的得到了开发利用。
Of the many thousands microbial species ,relatively few are currently exploited.
单词：
有机化能营养菌：chemo-organotrophs
革兰氏阳性菌的： gram-positive
革兰氏阴性的：gram-negative
感染：infect
基因组： genome
脂蛋白：lipoprotein
噬菌体：bacteriopha
目标mission/ objective 内部环境internal environment 外部环境external environment 集体目标group objective 计划planning 组织organizing 人事staffing 领导leading 控制controlling 步骤process 原理principle 方法technique 经理manager 总经理general manager 行政人员administrator 主管人员supervisor 企业enterprise 商业business 产业industry 公司company 效果effectiveness 效率efficiency 企业家entrepreneur 权利power 职权authority 职责responsibility 科学管理scientific management 现代经营管理modern operational management 行为科学behavior science 生产率productivity 激励motivate 动机motive 法律law 法规regulation 经济体系economic system 管理职能managerial function 产品product 服务service 利润profit 满意satisfaction 归属affiliation 尊敬esteem 自我实现self-actualization 人力投入human input 盈余surplus 收入income 成本cost 资本货物capital goods 机器machinery 设备equipment 建筑building 存货inventory 经验法the empirical approach 人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach 集体行为法the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法the cooperative social systems approach 社会技术系统法the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法the decision theory approach 数学法the mathematical approach 系统法the systems approach 随机制宜法the contingency approach 管理任务法the managerial roles approach 经营法the operational approach 人际关系human relation 心理学psychology 态度attitude 压力pressure 冲突conflict 招聘recruit 鉴定appraisal 选拔select 培训train 报酬compensation 授权delegation of authority 协调coordinate 业绩performance 考绩制度merit system 表现behavior 下级subordinate 偏差deviation 检验记录inspection record 误工记录record of labor-hours lost 销售量sales volume 产品质量quality of products 先进技术advanced technology 顾客服务customer service 策略strategy 结构structure 领先性primacy 普遍性pervasiveness 忧虑fear 忿恨resentment 士气morale 解雇layoff 批发wholesale 零售retail 程序procedure 规则rule 规划program 预算budget 共同作用synergy 大型联合企业conglomerate 资源resource 购买acquisition 增长目标growth goal 专利产品proprietary product 竞争对手rival 晋升promotion 管理决策managerial decision 商业道德business ethics 有竞争力的价格competitive price 供货商supplier 小贩vendor 利益冲突conflict of interests 派生政策derivative policy 开支帐户expense account 批准程序approval procedure 病假sick leave 休假vacation 工时labor-hour 机时machine-hour 资本支出capital outlay 现金流量cash flow 工资率wage rate 税收率tax rate 股息dividend 现金状况cash position 资金短缺capital shortage 总预算overall budget 资产负债表balance sheet 可行性feasibility 投入原则the commitment principle 投资回报return on investment 生产能力capacity to produce 实际工作者practitioner 最终结果end result 业绩performance 个人利益personal interest 福利welfare 市场占有率market share 创新innovation 生产率productivity 利润率profitability 社会责任public responsibility 董事会board of director 组织规模size of the organization 组织
电子信息专业英语复习资料 一、基本术语（英译汉） 1.probe探针 2.real time operational system 实时操作系统 3.debugger 调试器 4.sourse code 源代码 5.software radio wireless LAN 软件无线电网络 6.base station 基站 7.top-down approach 自顶向下分析法 8.variable 变量 9.data compress 数据压缩 10.signal conditioning circuit 信号调理电路 11.Chebyshev Type Ⅰfilter 切比雪夫Ⅰ型滤波器 12.vertical resolution 垂直分辨率 13.device driver 设备驱动 https://www.doczj.com/doc/187794705.html,piler 编译器 15.template 模板 16.concurrent process 并发进程 17.object recognition 目标识别 18.Discrete Time Fourier Transform 离散傅立叶变换 https://www.doczj.com/doc/187794705.html,bined circuit 组合逻辑电路 20.impedance transform 阻抗变换器 21.voltage source 电压源22.passive component 无源器件 23.quality factor 品质因数 24.unit-impulse response 单位脉冲响应 25.noise origin 噪声源 26.Domino effect 多米诺效应 27.output load 输出负载 28.cordless phone 无绳电话 29.Antenna 天线 30.harmonic interference 谐波干涉 31.Parallel Resonant 并联谐振 32.voltage control oscillator 压控振荡器 33.adaptive delta modulation 自适应增量调制 34.amplitude modulation 调幅 二、缩略语（写出全称） 1.LSI：large scale integration 2.PMOS ：p-type metal-oxide semiconductor 3.CT：cycle threshold 4.MRI：magnetic resonance imaging 5.ROM：read-only memory 6.DRAM ：dynamic random access memory 7.TCXO ：temperature compensated X'tal (crystal) Oscillator https://www.doczj.com/doc/187794705.html,B：Universal Serial Bus 9.DCT：discrete cosine transform
工程管理专业导论论文 对工程管理专业的认识在学习这门课之前，我所理解的“工程管理”就是与工程和建筑挂钩的东西，通俗的说就是建房子。但却从未清楚认识到工程管理这个专业具体要学什么，具体是做什么的。在迷茫之中，我们上了王院长的专业导论课，有了王院长的讲解与举例分析，才让我对这个专业有了新的了解。 顾名思义，工程管理必定与“工程”和“管理”沾边儿。首先要明确的是，我们所说的工程项目投资与股票、基金、证券等的金融投资不同，工程项目投资是实物投资，属于直接投资。而一个工程项目的建设周期又分为决策、施工和生产运营阶段，其中最为重要的应属决策阶段。那么问题来了，在当代中国经济发展的现状下，我们面临着什么样的问题呢？首先应该是我国的资源稀缺程度了。当前无论是矿产资源，还是劳动力资源与资金都很稀缺，我们无论什么时候都应该正视这个问题。一个工程项目要实施，必须得有资金才能使它运转起来，而工程项目的施工，又需要劳动力和原材料，这几个要素缺一不可。我们也知道，投资的特点是其效益性、不可逆性、大风险性及周期长、投资额大等特性。那么，如何使一个工程项目的风险降到最低以及如何使其效益达到最大和尽量减少投资额就是我们在决策阶段需要考虑的了。而又由于其不可逆性，一旦投入生产就不可返回，更加要求我们细心、谨慎地做决策。为了保险，一个工程项目必须在投资决策前做可行性研究。何为可行性研究呢？就是根据预期目标，
拟定若干个有价值的方案。这就需要我们在调查的基础上，通过市场分析、技术分析、财务分析和国民经济分析，对投资项目的技术可行性与经济合理性进行综合的评价。它不仅要对新建成或改建项目的主要问题从技术经济角度进行全面的分析研究，还要对其投产后的经济效果进行预测，在既定的范围内进行方案论证的选择，以便最合理地利用资源，达到预定的社会效益和经济效益。可行性研究必须从系统总体出发，对技术、经济、财务、商业、法律及环境保护等多个方面进行分析和论证，以确定建设项目是否可行，为正确进行投资决策提供科学依据，它需要有各方面知识的专业人才通力合作才能完成。因此，通过可行性研究，我们就可以建立多种方案（包括零方案），从中看出各方案的优与劣，进而筛选出最优方案。这里需注意的是，有时候，零方案也许才是最佳方案。因为并不是所有工程项目都能实施，决定项目可行性的因素是市场、资源和技术，其中市场占主要地位。倘若一个项目并没有市场，无论采取何种方案，都收益甚微，甚至出现亏损的情况，这个时候，不运行此项目才是最好的选择，才能把风险降到最低。 要学习工程管理专业，当然离不开课程了。那么哪些课程是工程管理的命脉，哪些课程是学习工程管理应要学习的呢？在王院长的强调下，我知道工程经济学，可行性研究与项目评估和投资项目决策综合实验这三门课程是学好工程管理专业的关键，是不可或缺的。当然，仅学好这三门课是远远不够的，要做工程项目，我们首先要了解施工，建筑等方面的内容，了解建筑结构、材料，才能进行评估，而工程的
这是考试范围，第一道大题选十个单词或词组，第二道答题选十个缩写词，第三道答题选六段翻译1.写出下列单词或词组的中文。 multimeter 万用表insulation 绝缘transistor 晶体管，三极管envelope 包络线spectrum 频谱 binary 二进制 antenna 天线harmonics 谐波attenuation 衰减capacitance 电容differential 微分bandwidth 带宽propagation 传播transmission 传输optical fiber 光纤 channel 信道 multiplex 多路复用 modulation 调制telecommunication 电信impairment 减损 sampling 抽样，取样 quantizing 量化 carrier 载波 encryption 加密 scheme 方案？计划？设计？系统？trade off 综合考虑？权衡？协调？state of art 技术发展水平performance 性能，效率 ULSI Very Large Scale Integration超大规模集成电路 fier Foundation for Instrumentation Education and Research 使用仪器教育和研究基金会 2.写出下列缩写的全称 DSBFC double-sideband full carrier双边带全载波调制 ITU International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟 FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅立叶变换 IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform 逆快速傅立叶变换 LAN local area network 局域网 MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 WAN Wide Area Network 广域网 WWW world wide web 全球网、万维网 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用无线分组业务 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换标准码 ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line非对称数字用户环路 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 电气与电子工程师协会 ISO International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织 FET field-effect transistor 场效应管 USB Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线 GSM global system for mobile communication 全球移动通信系统 CPU CentralProcessingUnit 中央处理器 LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器 CDMA Code Division Multiple Accessing 码分多址技术 3. 将下列句子译成中文。 ㈠The ratio of the capacitance with some material other than air between the plates, to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.
采矿工程专业英语词汇 册 公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
采矿工程专业英语词汇手册 （Glossary of Special English in Mining Engineering ） 采矿工程专业内部讲义 二零零七年三月 Content Chapter 3 .1 Mining method (2) Chapter 3.2 Mine preplanning (3) Chapter3.3 Mine development (4) Chapter 4.1 Wall mining introduction (5) Chapter 4.2 Ground control aspects ..... (6) Chapter 4.3 Roof support system (7) Chapter 4.4 Longwall coal-getting machine (8) Chapter 4.5 Convey system (8) Chapter 4.6 Mine Vetilation (10) Chapter 5 Pillaring system (11)
Chapter 6 Roadway excavation and support (12) Chapter 7 Novel methods of mining (16) Chapter 3 .1 Mining method
mining method 采矿方法；mining operation 采矿作业；transportation 运输；ventilation 通风； ground control 顶板管理；the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本； recovery 回采率； subside v. subsidence n.地表沉陷； subsidence control 地表沉陷控制 cover 覆盖层； overburden 上覆地层；immediate roof 直接顶； floor 底板； dip （Pitch）倾角；hardness 硬度； strength 强度； cleavage 解理；gas，methane 瓦斯 daily operation 日常工作single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业auxiliary operation辅助作业cutting n. 切割，掏槽；blasting n. 爆破 loading n. 装煤 haul v. 运输，搬运 drainage n.排水 power n. 动力 power Supply 动力供应 communication n. 通讯lighting n.照明。 disruption in production 停产； reduction in production 减产； compromise 折衷 room and pillar 房柱式
This simple circuit made up of a source,a load and two wires is seldom,if ever,met with in practice.Practical circuits may contain a large number of sources and loads interconnected in a variety of ways. 这种由一个电源、一个负载和两根导线组成的简单电路，在实践中即使能碰到也是很少见的。 实际电路可能包括许多按不同方式连接的电源和负载。 The direct ion of curre nt flow may be show n either by a hollow arrowhead or by suppl ying the curre nt symbol with a double subscript whose first digit identifies the junction at a higher potential and the second 省略了identifies) the junction at a lower potential. 电流的方向既可用一个空心箭头来表示，又可用带有双下标的电流符号来表示，且第一个下标 认定为高电位点，第二个下标为低电位点。 In a pote ntial-distributi on diagram it is represe nted( on a suitable scale)by the slope of the respective curve at any poi nt,the slope bei ng defi ned as the tangent of the angle that the line tangent to the curve at that point make with the x-axis. 在电势分布图中，电流由曲线上该点相应的斜率表示，斜率定义为切线与x坐标轴夹角的正切。 It follow that the r.m.s.(effective) value of an alternating current is numerically equal to the magnitude of the steady direct curre nt that would produce the same heat ing effect in the same resista nee and over the same period of time. 由此得出：交流电流的均方根(有效值)大小上等于在相同电阻上和同一时间内产生相同的热效应的恒稳直流电流。 The operational voltage amplifier is representedschematically by the triangular symbol .AO is the voltage gain from differe ntial in put to sin gle-e ndrd output and is always a positive nu mber . Phase reversals are taken into account at the in put termi nal，which is the reas on why these are labeled ” +” andThe voltage at each terminal，including the output ,may be referred to common reference ,usually ground ,and uni ess otherwise stated ,this com mon refere nee will be assumed . Thus ,lett ing V(+) represe nt the voltage of the positive in put term inal with respect to the com mon refere nee ,and V(-),that of the n egative in put term inal ,we may defi ne the differential input voltage as V二V( ) -V (-) ,and the output voltage is V0 = A0V id. 电压运算放大器可用三角形符号来表示。A0表示从差动输入端到单一输出端的电压增益，并恒 为正值。考虑到在输入端可能会有反相输入的情况，所以要标上“ +号与号。每个端口包括 端口的输出端口的电压，都可以选一个共同的参考点，通常选大地，除非另有说明，否则所假定的参考点就是地。这样，用V(+)代表正向输入端对参考点的电压，而V(-)则代表负向输入端 对参考点的电压，我们可以将差动输入电压定义为％二V「)-V(-)，输出电aa压V。二Ay。 The significance of this result is that the terminal voltage gain ,which is the usable voltage gain , is in depe ndent of the parameters of the amplifier ,and depe nds only on the exter nal comp onent R1 and 这个结论的意义在于端电压增益(这是很有用的电压增益)与放大器的参数无关，而只取决于外部元件 R1和R2。 A truth table is a list of all of the possible in put variable state combinations of a circuit listed in binary-sequential order with the corresponding output state for each combination listed in an adjace nt colu mn. Tablei shows the binary nu mbera corresponding to the decimal nu mbers from zero to fiftee n. 真值表是这样的一个表格，电路中可能输入的所有不同状态组合按二进制顺序连续排列，输出 状态与输入端的每种组合--- 对应，表1表示了与十进制0~15 ------------ 对应的二进制数。 The truth table is used as the begi nning point in desig ning or an alyz ing a logic circuit The sequential listing makes it easy to recog nize if any in put comb in ati ons were missed. It is made up of either from the problem specificati ons or by seque ntial testi ng of an assembled circuit. A logic equati on can be formulated from the truth table and a logic circuit can be developed from the equation. Truth tables are
我对工程项目管理的认识 班级：学号：姓名： 引言：随着人类社会的不断发展，社会生产力的不断发展，由于社会各方面对工程的需要，出现了各种各样的工程项目，如房屋建设有皇宫、庙宇、住宅；水利工程有京杭大运河、灵渠、白堤；道桥有赵州桥；秦皇陵、金字塔等工程。这些项目的实现必定有项目管理，只是当时对项目管理没有系统的认识，项目管理尚未形成一门学科。随着社会生产力的进一步提高，人们对工程项目的管理逐渐规范化，项目管理逐渐形成系统的管理理论。渐渐产生专业的项目管理咨询公司，项目管理日趋专业化。 对工程项目管理的对象工程项目的认识，工程项目的基本特征—一次性。工程项目的一次性特征包括建设地点的固定性和产品的唯一性，工程项目的施工和使用都固定于某一地点，已受周围环境的影响，加大了项目管理的难度。产品的唯一性在于设计的单一性，施工的单件性，由于每个工程项目的主要约束条件都不尽相同。就是说不会存在两个完全相同的工程项目。由于工程项目的一次性，导致项目实施过程中的不确定性，已受多方干扰，导致项目实施方式和目的容易发生多次变化。 工程项目管理的基本内容—“3个控制、3个管理、1个协调”。 工程项目质量控制是在工程建设过程中采取各种有效措施，确保工程项目达到规定的质量要求。工程项目质量控制的目标有： ⑴工程设计必须符合设计承包合同规定的规范标准的质量要求，投资额、建设规 模应控制在批准的设计任务书范围内。 ⑵设计文件、图纸要清晰完整，各相关图纸间无矛盾。 ⑶工程项目的设备选型、系统布置要经济合理、安全可靠、管线紧蹙、节约能源。 ⑷环境保护措施，“三废”处理、能源利用等要符合国家和地方政府规定的指 标。 ⑸施工过程与技术要求相一致，与计划规范相一致，与设计质量要求相一致，符 合合同要求验收标准。 工程项目的质量控制在项目管理中占有特别重要地位。确保工程项目的质量，是工程技术人员和工程项目管理人员的重要使命。工程质量控制是保证工程质量优劣的首要前提，工程质量是工程建设的核心，是一切工程项目的生命线。工程质量的优劣，直接关系到人民群众的切身利益，关系到社会和谐稳定的发展大局。确保建筑工程质量，不仅是建设问题、经济问题，也是民生问题。要切实增强做好工程质量的责任感和紧迫感，全面提升建筑工程质量水平，努力把建筑工程质量水平提升到一个新高度，建立健全管理制度、责任制度，推动建筑工程质量不断提高。 工程项目的投资控制—投资计划与投资控制 工程项目的投资控制的目标是是项目的实际总投资不超过项目的计划总投资。投资控制工作主要由两个并行、各有侧重又相互联系和相互重叠的工作过程构成，即建设项目投资的计划过程与控制过程。在建设项目的前期，以投资计划为主；在建设项目的中后期，以投资控制为主导。 工程项目的进度控制 工程建设项目的进度控制是指对工程项目各建设阶段的工作内容、工作程序、持续时间和逻辑关系编制计划，将该计划付诸实施。在实施过程中经常检查实际进度是否按计划要求进行，对出现的偏差分析原因，采取补救措施或调整、修改原计划，直至工程竣工，交付使用。进度控制的最终目标是确保进度目标的实现。工程建设监理所进行的进度控制是指为使
英语材料 1采矿专业英语 1 概述 1 mining 采矿 2 underground mining 地下采矿 3 open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 露天采矿 4 mining engineering 采矿工程 5 mining technology 采矿工艺 6 underground mining 地下矿山 7 surface mining 露天矿山 8 exploitation 开采 scope of exploitation 开采范围； 9 10 exploration 勘探 11 mine feasibility study 矿山可行性研究 12 mine capacity 矿山规模 13 mine production capacity 矿山生产能力 14 mining schedule 采矿计划 15 annual mine output 矿山年产量 16 mine life 矿山服务年限 17 mine construction 矿山基本建设 18 mine construction period 矿山建设期限 19 arrival at mine full capacity 矿山达产 20 mining intensity 开采强度 21 rock mechanics 岩石力学 22 rock mass mechanics 岩体力学 2 地质
1 crust 地壳，外壳 mineral deposit 矿床 2 mine field 矿田 3 mine 矿山 4 orebody 矿体 blind orebody 盲矿体；buried orebody 隐伏矿体； irregular-shaped orebody 不规则矿体；marginal orebody 边缘矿体 5 vein 矿脉 6 ore 矿石 7 grade 品位 geological grade 地质品位；average grade 平均品位； cut-off grade 边界品位；economic grade 经济品位 8 industrial ore 工业矿石 9 extracted ore 采出矿石 10 hanging wall 上盘 11 footwall 下盘 12 bedrock 基岩 13 mineralization 成矿作用 14 mining area 矿区 15 outcrop 露头 16 reserve 储量 ore reserve 矿石储量；proved reserve 探明储量 17 strike 走向 18 dip 倾向 dip angle 倾角； 19 lead 铅 20 aluminium 铝 21 zinc 锌 22 tin 锡 23 mercury 汞
1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.doczj.com/doc/187794705.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.
sss 我对工程项目管理的理解 在老师的指导下，经过八周以来对工程项目管理这门课的学习，我对工程项目管理有了一些初步的认识，通过这门课程的学习也为我们将来能够成为一个有技术支撑的、有法律意识的、有经济头脑的管理者打下了基础。 工程项目管理既是一门非技术类的艺术学科，也是一种贯穿于项目的全寿命周期的管理活动；项目管理要求管理者能够运用科学、规律、经济的方法和手段对项目进行高效地计划、组织、指导和控制，使得工程项目在时间、费用和技术效果上达到预定的目标。作为管理者，无论是在建设单位、设计单位、施工单位或者监理单位，为了能够对工程项目进行有效的管理，就必须要明确项目管理的内容和任务；管理的任务主要有：项目管理组织、项目进度管理、项目质量管理、项目费用管理、项目合同管理、工程项目职业健康安全与环境管理等。下面，我将从这几个方面谈谈我对项目管理的认识。 施工管理组织 施工管理主要包括业主方的管理、设计方的管理、供货方和施工方的管理。施工管理主要以业主方的管理为核心；投资方、开放方和咨询公司提供的代表业主利益的项目管理服务都属于业主方的管理，业主的项目管理只服务于业主利益，而其他几方的管理活动主要服务于整体利益和自身利益。业主方项目管理的目标为总投资目标、进度
目标。业主方、设计方、供货方的管理任务主要有：安全管理、投资控制、进度控制、质量控制、合同管理、信息管理、组织和协调管理。其中，安全管理师项目管理中最重要的任务，因为它关系到人身的健康与安全，而投资控制、进度控制、质量控制以及合同管理等则主要涉及物质利益。 施工方是承担施工任务的单位的总称，它可能是施工总承包方、施工总承包管理方、分包施工方、建设项目总承包方及其他建设项目的参与方。施工方的管理目标包括施工成本目标、施工进度目标和施工质量目标；施工方的项目管理工作主要在施工阶段进行，同时也涉及设计准备阶段、设计阶段、动用前准备阶段和保修期。施工方的管理工作主要有施工安全管理、施工成本控制、施工进度控制、施工质量控制、施工合同管理以及与施工有关的组织和协调管理；在施工方的管理方面我将重点谈谈施工总承包方的管理。 施工总承包方的管理具有它自己的一些特征：施工总承包管理方一般情况下不参加与承担施工任务，它主要进行总体管理和协调，如果总承包管理方通过投标获得一部分施工任务时也可以参与施工。施工总承包管理方和施工总承包方具有相投的任务和责任；它的管理任务主要有施工安全控制、施工总进度控制、施工质量控制和施工组织等。所以，业主方选定的分包方也应该经由施工总承包管理方的同意和认可。施工总承包管理方的管理主要是克服由于设计和施工不协调而产生的影响建设进度的矛盾，让施工进度目标得以保证。为了方便施工管理，各个单位必须建立一种科学的、规律的、标准化的、有效