翻译题
1.Because the user^s sense of time is much slower than the processing speed of the computer , time-
slice multitasking operations seem to be simultaneous.50
由于用户对时间的感觉要比计算机的岀来速度慢得多，因此分时段的多任务操作看上去去似乎是同时进行的。
2.An operating system has three major-functions : coordinating and manipulating computer
hardware , organizing files on a variety of storage media 9and managing hardware errors and the loss of data.
…个操作系统有三个主要功能：协调和操纵计算机硬件，组织各种存储介质上的文件，管理硬件错谋和数据丢失。
3.Linux is rather unique because it is distributed along with its source code under the terms of a
General Public License(GPL),which allows everyone to make copies for their own use , to give to others ,or to sell.
Linux颇为独特，因为它连同其源代码…起按照通用公告许可证的条款发行。该许可证允许每个人复制Linux 供白己使用、送给他人或出售。
4.Sometimes described as the brain of computers , the CPU is a microprocessor chip■“a single piece
of silicon containing millions of tiny electrical components.
有时把计算机描述成大脑，屮央处理器是…个微处理器芯片，亦即…块禽有数百力?微小的，精密布线的电气元件的圭。
5. A programming language is any artificial language that can be used to write a sequence of
instruction that can ultimately be processed and executed by a computer.
一个程序设计语言是用于编写可由计算机运行的…系列指令的人工语言。
6.Programs written with OOP language are generally shorter in length and contain fewer bugs ,or
mistakes ,than those written with non?OOP languages.
使用更向对象程序设计语言编写的稈序，比使用非血向对彖程序设计语言编写的程序，i般来说长度要短且包含的错谋也少。
英译汉或汉译英
第一单元A
digital video disc 数字视盘
2.word-processing program 文字处理程序
3.memory chip存储芯片
4.coded message 密码电报
5.cell phone移动电话
6.integrated circuit 集成电路
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6916285625.html,ptop computer 便携机
hard disk drive 硬盘驱动:
9.videocassette recorder 盒式磁带录像机
10.programming language 编程语言L 台式机desktop computer
2.个人计算机persona] computer
3.中央处理器central processing unit
4.计算机程序computer program
5.计算机硬件computer hardware
6.计算机软件computer sofeware
7.数字计算机digital computer
& 计算机芯片computer chip
9.操作系统operating system
10.磁盘操作系统disc operating system(DOS)
第一单元B
1? compact disc 光盘
2.external storage device 外存储设备
3?tablet computer平板电脑
4.instruction cycle 指令周期
5.voice recognition software 语音识别软件
6.video display monitor 视频显示器
7.hard drive硬盘驱动器
graphics symbol 形符号
9.binary digit 二进制数字
10> computer component 计算机部件
11.pipeline processing 流水线处理
12.physical memory 物理内存
13.control unit 控制单元
1.软盘floppy disk
2.液晶显示器liquid crystal display
3.输入设备input device
4.输出设备output device
5.微处理芯片microprocessor chip
6.计算机程序员computer programmer
7.图行用户界面graphical user interface(GUI) & 程序计数器program counter
9.指令寄存器instruction register
10.存储单元memory location
11.只读存储器read-only memory(ROM)
12.随机存储器random-access memory (RAM)
13.数字图像digital image
第二单元A
1.mailing list电子发送清单
2.proprietary software 专有软件
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6916285625.html, line抄送行
4.bcc line密送行
5.e-mail etiquette电子邮件网规
6.e-mail convention电子邮件常规
1.click on an icon 点击图标
& confidential document 秘密文件
9? classified information 密级信息
10.signature file 签名文件
1 ?计算机网络computer network
2.己删除电子邮件deleted e-mail
3?电子系统electronic system
4.附件行Attachments line
5.版权法copyright law
6.电子邮件程序e-mail program
1.信息高速公路information superhighway 8.电子邮件地址e-mail address
9.计算机病毒computer virus
10. (磁)盘hard disk
第二单元B
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6916285625.html,work administrator 网络管理员
2.system folder系统文件夹
3.screen resolution 屏幕分辨率
4.background color 背景色
5.default configuration 默认配置
6?radio button单选按钮
7.check box复选按钮
& font size，字体
9.World Wide Web 万维网
10.refresh rate 刷新率
11.family media computer 家用多媒体电脑
12.monitor screen 监视器屏幕
13.hidden file 隐藏文件
14.client application 客户应用程序
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6916285625.html,munity form 社区论坛
1.主页home page
2.屏幕保护程序screen saver 3?控制面板control panel 4.电子邮件帐户e-mail account
5?集成开发环境integrated development environment
6.文件扩展名file extension
7.特洛伊木马程序Trojan horse
& 超文本标记语言Hypertext Markup Language tab
9."外观”选项卡Appearance tab
10.选项按钮option button
11.Windows 资源管理器Windows Explorer
12.操作系统更新operating system update
13.统一资源定位符Uniform Resource Locator
14.阴极射线管cathode ray tube
15.视频卡video card
第三单元A
1> main memory主存储器
2.virtual memory虚拟存储器
3.time-slice multitasking分时段的多任务处理
4.desktop operating system 桌面操作系统
5.videogame console 电子游戏机
6.spreadsheet program电子数据表程序
7.context switching 上下文切换
& command interpreter 命令解释程序
9.professional version 专业版
10.file access 文件存取
1.外围设备peripheral device
2.多任务操作系统multitasking operating system
3.多用户操作系统multiuser operating system
4.单用户操作系统single-user operating system
5.单任务操作系统single-tasking operating system
6.存储介质storage media
7.手持式计算机handled computer
8.功能键function key
9.网络管理工具network management tool
10.引导程序bootstrap program
第三单元B
L multimedia technology 多媒体技术
2.peer-to-peer networking 对等联网
3.Web site 网站
4.installation routine 安装例程
5?phone-enabled PDA能打电话的个人数字助理
6.screen -based desktop基于屏幕的桌面
7.point-and-click user interface 指点式用户界面
& conimandJine user interface 命令行式用户界面
9.operating environment 操作环境
10> operating system kernel 操作系统内核
11.expanded memory access 扩充内存访问
overlapping windows 重?
13. file folder
L 触摸屏touch-sensitive screen
2.局域网local area network
3?32 位处理器32-bit processor
4?“开始”菜单Start menu
5?系统实用程序system untility
6.移动电话mobile phone
7.源代码source code
& 网络服务器network server
9.万维网服务器Web server
10.拨号联网dial-up networking
11.多用环境multiuser environment
12.程序图标program icon
13.笔记本电脑notebook computer
第四单元
1.storage register 存储寄存器
2.function statement 函数语句
3.relational language 关系语言
4.object-oriented language 面向对象语言
5.assembly language 汇编语言
6.intermediate language 中级语言
7.minitranslation program 小型翻译程序
& artificial intelligence 人工智能
9.artificial language 人工语言
10.data declaration 数据声明
L 可执行程序executable program
2.条件语句conditional statement
3.赋值语句assignment statement
4.逻辑语言logic language
5.过程语言procedural language
6.机器语言machine language
7.函数式语言functional language
& 结构化查询语言Structured Query Language(SQL)
9.低级语言low-level language
10.运行计算机程序run a computer program
第四单元B
1?Web page网页
2? target machine 目标机
3.multiple inheritance 多重继承
4.standalone Java application 独立运行的JAVA 应用程序5? Java compiler JAVA 编译器
6? Java applet JAVA 小程序
7.garbage collection 垃圾收集
& interactive file-sharing 交互式文件共享
9. security mechanism 安全机制
10.multithread programming 多线程编程
1.存储器分配memory allocation
2.面向对象程序设计object-oriented programming (OOP)
3.机器码machine code
4.万维网浏览器Web browser
5.可执行代码executable code
6.运行期异常处理runtime exception handing
7.JAVA 虚拟机JAVA Virtual Machine
8.即时编译just-in-time compilation
9.可移植应用软件portable application software
10.本机代码native c
完形填空
L In some computers-typically Handhelds and Videogame consoles—the entire operating system is small enough to be stored in ROM >For nearly all personal computers ,servers ,workstations, mainframes ,and supercomputers, the operating system program system^ pro gram is quite large , so most of it is stored on a hard disk ? The operating system's small Bootstrap Program is stored in ROM and supplies the instructions needed to load the operating system system's core into memory when the system Boots .This core part of the operating system called the Kernel，provides the most essential operating system services，such as memory management and file access .The kernel stays in memory all the time your computer is on ? Other parts of the operating system, such as Customiz ation utilities，are loaded into memory as they are needed. 46 第二段的译文：在以掌上电脑和电子游戏机为典型代表的一些计算机中，整个操作系统小到可存储在只读存储器中。对几乎所以的个人电脑、服务器、工作站、大型机以及超级计算机而言，操作系统相当大，因此大部分存储在硬盘上。操作系统的小型引导程序存储在只读存储器上，并在系统启动时提供必要的指令，用于将操作系统的核心装入内存。操作系统的这个核心部分称为内核，它提供最基本的操作系统服务，如内存管理和文件存取。在计算机运行的整个时间内, 内核一直驻留在内存中。操作系统的其它部分，如定制实用程序，需要时装入内存。
2. A multiuser operating system allows a single computer -often a mainframe—to deal with simultaneous input， output，and processing requests from many users. One of its most difficult responsibilities is to schedule all the processing requests that a centralized computer must perform. IBM^s OS/390 is one of the most popular mainframe multiuser operating system.47 第五段的译文：多用户操作系统允许一台计算机，常常是大型机，处理同时来自多个用户的输入、输出和处理请求。这种操作系统所担负的最困难的职责之一，是调度一台集中式计算机必须执行的所有处理请求。国际商用机器公司的OS/390是最流行的大型机多用户操作系统之一。
3?A network operating system (also referred to as a ^server operating system^)provides communications and Routing services that allow computers to share data, programs, and peripheral devices. Novell NetWare, for example, is almost
always referred to as a network operating system^ The difference between network services and multiuser services can sceen a little hazy—especially because operating system such as UNIX, Linux，and Sun Microsystem's Solaris offer both. The main difference ,however js that multiuser operating systems schedule requests for processing on a centralized computer, whereas a network operating system simply routes data and programs to each user^s local computer where the actual processing takes places.48 的译文：
网络操作系统（也称“服务器操作系统”）提供通信和路由选择服务，这些服务允许计算机共享数据、程序以及外围设备。例如，Novell NetWare几乎总是被称为网络操作系统。网络服务与多用户服务之间的区别可能似乎有点模糊一别是因为UNIX、Linux.太阳微系统公司的Solaris等操作系统提供这两种服务。然而，主要区别在于多用户操作系统为在一台集中式计算机上进行处理而调度请求，而网络操作系统则是把把数据与程序传递到各个用户的本地计算机上，实际的处理是在那里进行的。
阅读理解
1 ? A programming Ianguage provides the tools a programmer uses to create software and produce a lengthy list of
instructions, called source code, which defines the software environment in every detail -what it looks like , how the user enters commands ,and how it manipulates data ?A computer^ microprocessor understandonly machine language.
Therefore, instructions written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language before a computer a computer can use them.
一种编程语言提供了一个程序员使用的工具来创建软件和牛产的指令，称为源代码，它定义了软件环境，兀长列出每一个细节是什么样子，如何在用户输入的命令，以及如何操作数据。计算机的微处理器只了解机器语言。因此，在高级语言编写的指令必须被翻译成机器语言的计算机一台电脑前，可以使用它们。
The process of translating instructions from a high-level Ianguage into machine language can be accomplishby two special types of programs : compilers and interpreters. A compiler translates all the instructions in a program as a single batch , and the resulting machine language instructions , called object code , are placed in a new file .Most of the program file on a distribution CD for commercial software are compiled so that they contain machine Ianguage instructions that are ready for the processor to execute.
As an alternative to a computer , an interpreter convert one instruction at a time while the programsrunning. An interpreter reads the first instructions, converts it into machine language ,and then sends it to the microprocessor . After the instruction is executed, the interpreter convents the next instruction , an so on.
从一木翻译成机器语言的高级语言指令过程可通过两种方案实现特殊类型：编译器和解释。编译器将所有的指示为一个单一的批处理程序，以及由此产牛的机器语言指令，称为FI标代码，放在-?个新文件。关于为商业软件分发CD大多是编译的程序文件，使它们包含机器语言指令，随时准备为处理器来执行。
作为一台电脑的选择，翻译转换一次一个指令，而程序的运行。解释器读取第一个指令，转换成机器语言，然后将其发送到微处理器。指令执行后，解释修道院下指令，等等。
70页的第三题
2. Multitasking, in computer science , is a mode of operation offered by an operating system in which a computer works
on more than one task at a time?There are server types of multitasking .Context switching is a very simple type of multitasking in which two or more applications are loaded at the same time but only the foreground application is given processing time; to activate a background task , the user must bling the window or screen containing that application to the front .In cooperative multitasking ,background tasks are given processing time during idle times in the foreground task (such as when the application waits for a keystroke),and only if the application allows it .In time-slice multitasking , each task is given the microprocessor's attention for a fraction of a seco nd. To maintain order , task are either assigned priority levels or processed in sequential order. Because the user's sense of time is much slower than the processing speed of the computer , time-slice multitasking operating seem to be simultaneous.50 页的最后一提译文：
在计算机科学中，多任务处理是操作系统提供的一种操作方式，它使计算机一次可执行不止一项任务。多任务处理有几种类型。上下文切换是一种非常简单的多任务处理：两个或两个以上的应用程序同时装入，但只有前台应用程序得到的处理时间；要激活后台任务，用户必须将含有该应用程序的窗口或屏幕调至前面。在合作多任务处理中，后台任务在前台任务空闲期间（例如，应用程序等待键击时）得到处理时间，但条件必须是该应用程序允许这样做。
在分时段的多任务处理中，每项任务得到微处理器几分之一秒的处理。为了维持次序，任务或被指定优先等级，或被按序依次处理。由于用户对时间的感觉要比计算机的处理速度慢得多，因此分时段的多任务操作看上去似乎是同时进行的。
3.many schools and businesses have established e-mail privacy policies ,which explain the conditions under which
you can an d cannot expect your e-mail to remain private. These polices are sometimes displayed when the computer boots or a new user logs in ? Count decisions，however，seem to support the notion that because an organization owns and operates an e-mail system , the e-mail message on that system are also the property of the organization. The individual who authors an e-mail message does does not own all right related to it, The company or school that supplies your e-mail account can., therefore ^legally monitor your message . You should use your e-mail account with the expectation that some of your mail will be read from time to time. Think of your e-mail as a postcard，rather than a letter 5 and save your controversial comments for face-to-face conversations^!的译文：
许多学校与工商企业已经制定电子邮件隐私政策，阐明在什么条件下能够或不能期待电子邮件保持私密性。这些政策有时在计算机启动或新用户登入时予以显示。然而，法庭判决似乎支持以下看法：因为一个电子邮件系统为一个机构所拥有和运行，所以上面的电子邮件也为该机构所以。电子邮件的作者并是所以与电子邮件相关的权利都拥有。
因此，給你提供电子邮件帐号的公司或学校可以合法地监控你的电子邮件。使用电子邮件帐号时，你应该想到：你的一些邮件会被人不时地阅读。你应该把电子邮件视作明信片而非信件，并将可能引起争议的言论留待面谈时再说。
4.You should also keep in mind that legal constraints shape how e-mail is used in the workspace ? E-mail , like any
other written document，is protected by copyright law，So, you need to be careful not to use e-mail in any way that might violate copyright law ? For example，iF you receive an e-mail from a client，you cannot immediately post it to your company，s website without that client's pcrmission.23 页的译文：
你还应该记住，法律约束对在工作场所所如何使用电子邮件具有决定作用。像任何其他书面文档一样，电子邮件收版权法保护。因此，你得小心，不要以可能触犯版权法的任何方式使用电子邮件。例如，如果你收到一位客户的电子邮件，在没有得到该客户允许的情况下，你不能将电子邮件马上发布到你公司的网站上。
Also, lawyers and courts treat e-mail as written communication^ equivalent to a memo or letter ? For exa mple， much of the antitrust case against Microsoft in the late 1990s was built on recovered e-mail message in which Bill Gates and other executives chatted informally about aggressively competing with other companies?译文：还有，律师和法庭把电子邮件视为书面通信，将它等同于备忘录或信函。例如，2()世纪90年代末针对微软的反垄断案在很大程度上机是以恢复的电子邮件为根据的；在这些电子邮件中，比尔盖茨和其他经营主管人员非正式地聊到与其他公司展开大胆有力的竞争。
4?Legally, any e-mail you send via the employer's computer network belongs to the employer. So, your employers are
within their right to read your e-mail without your knowledge or permission. Also，deleted e-mails can be retrieved from the company's servers, and they can be used in a legal case>24 的译文：从法律上讲，你通过雇主的计算机网络发送的任何电子邮件都属于雇主。因此，你的雇主有权阅读你的电子邮件而无须你知道或得到你的允许。另外，删除的电子邮件可从公司的服务器上恢复，而且它们可用于法律案件。
5. A computer system includes a computer, peripheral device, and software. The electric , electronic ,and mechanical
devices used for processing data are referred to as hardware Jn addition to the computer itself，the term “hardware” refers to components called peripheral devices that expend the computer^ input, output 5and storage capabilities ? Computer hardware in and of itself does not provide a particularly useful mind tool , To be useful ?a
computer requires a set of instructions , called software or a computer program^ which tells the computer how to perform a particular task. Computers become even more effective when connected to other computers in a network so users can share information.8 页的译文：计算机系统包括计算机.外围设备和软件。用于处理数据的电动、电子与机械设备称为硬件。除了计算机本身之外,
“硬件”这一术语还指被称为外围设备的组建，这些外围设备可扩大计算机的输入.输出和存储能力。计算机硬件本身在本质上并未提供一件特别有用的智能工具。计算机要想变得有用，就需要有被称为软件或计算机程序的一套指令，来告诉计算机如何执行一项特定的任务。计算机在以上情况下变得更加有效；与网络中的其他计算机相连接, 以使用户能够共享信息。
6?The word "computer'' has been part of the English language since 1646,but if you look in a dictionary printed
beforel940,you might be surprised to find a computer defined as a person who performs calculations! Prior to1940, machine designed to perform calculations were referred to as calculators and tabulators .The modern definition and use of the term "computer" emerged in the 1940s, when the first electronic computing devices were developed.
这个“计算机“1646年以来的英语语言的一部分，但如果你看看字典印刷在1940 Z前，你可能会惊讶地发现作为一个人谁执行计算定义的电脑！在1940 Z前，旨在执行计算机被简称为计算器和制表。现代的定义和“电脑” 一词用在20卅:纪40年代，当第一台电了计算设备的开发出现了
Most people can form a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definitions* At its core, a computer is device that accepts input，processes data，stores data：and produces output，all according to a series of stored instructions. Based on such criteria as usage, cost, size, and capability, computers can be grouped into the following categories personal computers, handheld computers, workstations, videogame consoles，mainframes^ supercomputers, and servers.
大多数人都可以形成一个计算机的精神面貌，但是电脑做很多事情，出现这样的形状和大小不同，它似乎难以提炼成一个通用的定义，他们的共同特点。它的核心，一台计算机设备，它接受输入，处理数据，存储数据，并产牛输出，根据一项对存储的一系列指示。作为使用，成本，尺寸和性能等标准为基础，计算机可分为以下类别的个人电脑，掌上电脑，工作站，视频游戏机，大型机，超级计算机和服务器。