一、词汇
1.事实标准defacto standard
2.极化效应polarization effect
3.彳、成比例disproportionate
4.放射性气体radioactive gas
5.夏至/冬至summer/winter solstices
6.牛物地球化学的biogeochemical
7.基木阳离子base cation
8.子午线的meridional
9.屮尺度mesoscale
1(). 热带辐合带the intertropical convergence zone
11.渗透infiltration
12.气象学meteorological
13.人口爆炸Population explosion
14.人口金字塔Population pyramid
15.人口结构Population structure
16.农庄farmsteads
17.分散decentnilization 分散化decentralize
18.私有化privatization
19.富营养化eutrophication
20.污染物contaminant
21.光化学烟雾photochemical smog
22.碳水化合物carbohydrate
23.全包、包干all-include
24.飞地旅游enclave tourism
25.过度依赖over-reliance
26.度假村resort
27.界常的(例外的)anomalies
28.跨部门的interagency
29.自愿地理信息Volunteered Geographic Information 3().互操作interoperability
31.同行评价peer-reviewed
32.亚热带Subtropical
33.低气压depression
34.雷暴thunderstorni
35 ?意外的accidental
36?首位城市理论the first city theory
37.宇宙射线cosmic rays
38.电磁波electromagnetic
39.主动/被动遥感active/ passive remote sensing
40.辐射器radiator
41.机载雷达airborne radar
42.跨界河流trans-boundary river
43.经线warp 纬线weft
44.数字地球digital earth
二、翻译P15
Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil. On the global scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the Koppen climatic classification systems major climate types. At regional and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil formation. Instead, Pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material, topography, vegetation, and time. The two most important climatic variables influencing soil formation are temperature arid moisture. Temperature has direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral particles. Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher temperatures. Temperature also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth, moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration. If additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high. If the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels in a soil tend to be low. High moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering, of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant growth. The availability of moisture also has an influence on soil pH and the decomposition of organic matter.
气候起着非常重要的作用在《创世纪》的土壤。在全球范围内，有一个明显的相关性主要土壤类型和Koppen气候分类系统主要气候类型。在区域和地方尺度上，土壤形成的气候变得不那么重要。相反，成土作用更受到母体材料等因素的影响,地形、植被、和时］'可。最重要的两个气候变量影响土壤形成温度和水分。温度直接影响基岩的风化矿物颗粒。利率的基岩风化通常随着温度升高而增加。温度也会影响土壤微生物的活性、土壤化学反应的频率和幅度，和植物生长的速度，在大多数土壤湿度主要是通过降水控制加水的减去由于蒸发损失。如果增加降水超过损失的水蒸发,土壤水
分含量很高。如果水蒸发损失超过输入从降水、土壤水分含量往往较低。高土壤水分有效性促进风化基岩和沉积物的化学反应和植物生长。水分的可用性也影响土壤pH 值和有机物的分解。
Living organisms have a role in a number of processes involved in pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation, profile mixing, and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. Under equilibrium conditions, vegetation and soil are closely linked with each other through nutrient cycling. The cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost completely controlled by the presence of animals and plants. Through litterfall and the process of decomposition, organisms add humus and nutrients to the soil which influences soil structure and fertility. Surface vegetation also protects the upper layers of a soil from erosion by way of binding the soils surface and reducing the speed of moving wind and water across the ground surface.
生物有一个角色在成土作用的过程包括?有机物质积累，混合，和生物地球化学养分循环。在平衡条件下，植被和土壤通过养分循环彼此紧密相连。土壤屮氮的循环和碳几乎完全由动物和植物的存在。通过litteTfell和分解的过程屮，生物体将腐殖质和营养添加到土壤影响土壤结构和生育能力。表面植被也保护了上层土壤的侵蚀土壤表面通过绑定和减少移动的速度在地面风和水。
Parent material refers to the rock and mineral materials from which the soils develop. These materials can be derived from residual sediment due to the weathering of bedrock or from sediment transported into an area by way of the erosive forces of wind, water, or ice. Pedogenesis is often faster on transported sediments because the weathering of parent material usually takes a long period of time. The influence of parent material on pedogenesis is usually related to soil texture, soil chemistry, and nutrient cycling.
母质是指岩石和土壤的矿物材料发展。这些材料可以来口残留沉积物由于风化基岩或从沉积物运输到一个地区的风力的侵蚀性的力量，水，或冰。成土作用往往是更快的风化沉积物运输，因为母体材料通常要花很长i段时间。母质对土壤发生的影响通常是与土壤质地、土壤化学、和养分循环。
P40
The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation. It is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air
temperature. A figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation patterns.
降水在地球表面的分布通常是由缺乏或存在机制控制,提升空气质量造成饱和。这也是由水蒸气的量控制在空屮，这是空气温度的函数。提出了一种图，说明了全球降水模式。
Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that move water from the Earth's surface to its atmosphere. Evaporation is movement of free water to the atmosphere as a gas. It requires large amounts of energy. Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant to the atmosphere. Scientists use the term evapotranspiration to describe both processes. In general, the following four factors control the amount of water entering the atmosphere via these two processes: energy availability; the humidity gradient away from the evaporating surface; the wind speed immediately above the surface; and water availability. Agricultural scientists sometimes refer to two types of evapotranspiration: Actual E vapotran spi rati on and Potential Evapotranspiration. The growth of crops is a function of water supply. If crops experience drought, yields are reduced. Irrigation can supply crops with supplemental water. By determining both actual e vapotranspi rati on and potential evapotranspi rati on a farmer can calculate the irrigation water needs of their crops.
蒸发和植物蒸腾作用的两个过程,将水从地球表面的大气层。是运动的自由水蒸发到大气屮气体。它需要大量的能量。蒸腾作用是通过植物水的运动氛围。科学家们使用蒸散一词来形容两个过程。一般来说，以下四个因素控制水量进入大气屮通过这两个过程:能源可用性;蒸发表面的湿度梯度远离;风速立即在水面上,水的可用性。农业科学家有吋指的是两种类型的蒸散:实际蒸散和潜在蒸散。作物的生长是一个函数的水供应。如果农作物经历干旱，产量降低。灌溉可以为作物提供补充水。通过确定实际蒸散和潜在蒸散的农民都可以计算作物的灌溉用水需求。
P41
Infiltration is the movement of water from precipitation into the soil layer. Infiltration varies both spatially and temporally due to a number of environmental factors. After a rain, infiltration can create a condition where the soil is completely full of water. This condition is, however, only short-lived as a portion of this water quickly drains (gravitational water) via the force exerted on the water by gravity. The portion that remains is called the field capacity. In the soil, field capacity represents a film of water coating all individual soil particles to a thickness of 0.06 mm. The soil water from 0.0002 to 0.06 mm (known as capillary water) can be removed from the soil
through the processes of evaporation and transpiration. Both of these processes operate at the surface. Capillary action moves water from one area in the soil to replace losses in another area （biggest losses tend to be at the surface because of plant consumption and evaporation）. This movement of water by capillary action generally creates a homogeneous concentration of water throughout the soil profile. Losses of water stop when the film of water around soil particles reaches 0.0002 mm. Water held from the surface of the soil particles to 0.0002 mm is essentially immobile and can only be completely removed with high temperatures （greater than 100 degrees Celsius）. Within the soil system, several different forces influence the storage of water.
渗透从降水进入土壤水的运动层。渗透不同吋空上都由于环境因素的数量。下雨后，渗透可以创建一?个条件土壤完全充满水的地方。这种情况，然而，只有短暂的一部分这水迅速排水（重力水）通过对水的重力。，剩下的部分称为田间持水量。土壤的出间持水量代表了电影的水涂层所有单个土壤颗粒的厚度0. 06毫米。土壤水分从0. 0002到0. 06毫米（称为毛细管水）可以从土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾作用的过程。这两个过程在表面。毛细管作用将水从一个地区土壤屮替换另一个领域屮的损失（最大的损失往往是在植物的表面，因为消费和蒸发）。这个运动的水通过毛细管作用通常创建一个整个土壤剖面均匀浓度的水。止水的损失当水在土壤粒子的电影达到0. 0002毫米。水从土壤颗粒表面的0. 0002毫米基木上是固定的，只能完全删除高温（大于100摄氏度）。在土壤系统屮，儿种不同的力量影响水的存储。
P48（人口结构）
The population structure for an area shows the number of males and females within different age groups in the population. This information is displayed as an age-sex or population pyramid. Population pyramids of LEDCs typically have a wide base and a narrow top. This represents a high birth rate and high death rate. Population pyramids of MEDCs typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age groups. The top obviously gets narrower as a result of deaths. Population pyramids for every country in the world can be found here. Population pyramids are used to show the structure of the population according to age and sex.
地区的人口结构显示男性和女性的数量在不同年龄组的人口。该信息显示为一个年龄性别或人口金字塔。人口金字塔LEDCs通常具有广泛的基础和狭窄的。这代表了一个高岀生率和高死亡率。人口金字塔MEDCs通常有个大致相等的分布在整个年龄组的人口。顶部显然越来越窄的死亡。人口金字塔世界上每个国家都可以在这里找
到。人口金字塔是用来显示人口的结构根据年龄和性别。
P56
The increase of greenhouse gases are the primary causes of the human- induced
component of warming. Because of burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture, the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third. Changes this large have historically taken thousands of years, but are now happening over the course of decades.
温室气体的增加的主要原因是人类-诱导组件的变暖。由于燃烧化石燃料，清理土地和农业、大气屮的二氧化碳和其他温室气体增加了三分之一以上。改变这个大历史上几千年，但现在发生在过去的几十年。
Sea Level Rising. With the melt of ice cap and glaciers, sea level has rised 0.8 to 3.0 millimeter. With large numbers of cities located in coastal areas, this causes serious problems. Beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks. Wetlands are lost. This is a picture of Shanghai at present, while this may be the picture of Shanghai several years later. Another serious problem is the threat of salt water intruding into underground fresh water in coastal areas. Millions of people will be forced to leave their homes and homelands.
海平面上升。冰盖和冰川的融化，海平面已经引起0.8到3.0毫米。大量的城市位于沿海地区，这将导致严重的问题。海滩侵蚀发生，特别是在陡悄的银行。湿地是丢失。这是一幅JL海H前，虽然这可能是上海儿年后的照片。另-?个严重的问题是海水入侵的威胁到沿海地区地下淡水。数以百万计的人将被迫离开他们的家园和祖国。
P59
They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal?point. Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. However, not every country has a primate city, as you'll see from the list below.
他们主导国家的影响力和国家focal-pointo他们的规模和活动成为一个强大的拉力因素，让更多的城市居民和导致灵长类城市变得更大，更不相称的小城市。然而，并不是每个国家都有一个灵长类动物的城市，您将看到下面的列表。
Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country. This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second.
一些学者定义一个灵长类动物，比排名第二和第三的城市人口的总和，在一个国家。这个定义并不代表真正的主导地位，然而，随着大小的排名第一的城市不是不成比例的第二个。
The law can be applied to smaller regions as well. For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million. Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City.
法律也可以适用于较小的地区。例如，加州的灵长类动物的城市是洛杉矶, 市区人口1600万，这是700万年的旧金山市区的两倍多。甚至可以检查县城市对灵长类动物的法律。
P69
village renewal and landscape development and protection, which can be addressed through land consolidation projects. It describes various land consolidation approaches and concludes with an overview of conditions that should be put in place before land consolidation projects can be undertaken.
村庄更新和景观开发和保护，可以通过土地整理项n。它描述了各种土地整理方法和最后概述了条件，应实施土地整理项H之前进行。
Scope of la nd con solidati on schemes
土地整理项H的范围
Land consolidation has always been regarded as an instrument or entry point for rural development. Early concepts of rural development were virtually the same as agricultural development because of the predominant role of agriculture in rural areas at the time. Improving the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability in rural areas; what was good for the farmers was good for rural areas. An overall objective of early projects was thus to increase the net income from land holdings by increasing the volume of production and decreasing its costs. With this focus on agricultural development, these projects served to consolidate parcels and enlarge holdings and included provisions such as irrigation and drainage infrastructure to improve water management, construction of rural roads, land leveling, soil improvement measures and changes to land use such as converting agriculturally inferior land into forest land or wetlands.
土地整理一直以来都被视为一种乐器或农村发展的切入点。早期的农村发展的概念是几乎一样的农业发展，因为农村农业的主导作用。改善农业结构被视为与维护农
村社会生存能力；有利于农民的是适合农村地区。因此早期项H的总体H标是增加净收益从土地通过增加产量和减少了成本。这种关注农业发展，这些项巩固包裹和扩大资产，包括规定的灌溉和排水等基础设施改善水资源管理, 农村公路建设、土地平整、土壤改良措施和土地利用变化等农业劣质土地转化为林地和湿地。
Such agricultural improvements are still essential but rural space is now no longer regarded as one of agricultural production alone. Concepts of rural development have become much broader and have expanded to include increased environmental awareness and a wide range of nonagricultural applications. The emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the interests of agriculture, landscape, nature conservation, recreation and transportation, especially when land is required for the construction of major roads.
这样的农业改进仍至关重要但农村空间现在不再被视为一个单独的农业生产。农村发展的概念变得更加广泛，己经扩展到色插增加环保意识和各种非农业的应用程序。土地整理项H的重点已经从关注重组实现更高效的农业农村空间的多个使用平衡利益的农业、景观、自然保护、娱乐和交通,特别是土地需要主要道路的建设。
P106
The process by which a disturbance forms and subsequently strengthens into a hurricane depends on at least three conditions. Warm waters and moisture are mentioned above. The third condition is a wind pattern near the ocean surface that spirals air inward. Bands of thunderstorms form, allowing the air to warm further and rise higher into the atmosphere. Tf the winds at these higher levels are relatively light, this structure can remain intact and allow for additional strengthening.
通过这样一个过程，干扰的形式和随后加强为飓风至少取决于三个条件。温暖的水域和水分是上面提到的。第三个条件是一个风模式靠近海洋表面螺旋内空气。乐队的雷暴形成,并允许空气温暖的进i步上升上升到大气屮。如果风在这些更高层次相对较轻，这种结构可以保持不变，允许更多的加强。