( 4 )计算机模拟冲压成形及虚拟试模技术:
(5)模具制造技术,
模块式冲压的突出优点在于能把冲压加工系统的柔性与高效生产有机的结合在一起。柔性的含义较广, 如冲压件的几何形状的多种要求, 只要通过自由编程就可获得, 体现了加工形状的柔性。又如既适用大批量单品种冲压件的生产, 更对小批量多品种加工发挥也表性。概括而言,模块式冲压的持点是:
(1)在冲压成形过程中可快速更換组合模具以提高生产效率,
(2)由于具有带材的供带和矫带装置, 可省却另设上料下料工序,
(3 )实现了大工件的不停机加工;
(4)既能独立又能成系列的控制组合冲模动作, 能连续进行冲压加工;
( 5)冲模具有可编和的柔性特点。
一种模块式冲压加工系统由一台带有控制功能模块式冷冲压的压力机、卷材
带材送进装轩、带材矫正机及可编程进给装置等构成。这种冲压系统在运行时
可进行冲模横向位移、带材进给定位、冲模重复运行及自动调整下工步的冲模调
整等多项功能。由于在冲压过程中进行可编程冲压, 使这种模块式冲压系统能柔
性地适应生产需求,能在相同带材上进行曲不同工件及批次的混合生产,实现不停
机的串接式加工,还同时在工件西面冲压加工,极大地提高了工作效率,有资料表
明, 模块式冲压成形使加工费用能下降至40%-50%。
当前模块式冲压装置的集成度是很高的, 在宽度为300MM 尺寸范围内可安排
达35个模具, 通过冲模上端的顶板可对冲模进行独立式系列控制, 即形成冲模的
集成控制。整个系统的编程可在windows用户界面和菜単下实现,编程涉及模具
沿者横向定位納的何服驱动定位,带材的检验矫正及纵向进给定位, 冲模的质量
跟踪检验, 冲模的调整及状况监控等多功能。
当冲模重新配置成更換时,这些变化则会被参数并被控制系统所贮存, 以务
下次査询和调用。冲模数据包括有冲头及其组合标记, 冲头组合在模具中的 X、Y坐标位置及模具轴编号等信息。 l毫米冲压是指汽车车身冲压件的精度控制在
0-1. OMM 的范围内,与过去制造业通行的误差2MM 相比, 是个非常大的提高。这
是一个以提高冲压质量和制造技术为目标的综合项目。该项目“2MM工程''都是
90年代后期美国汽车界可-展的大型研究项目。所谓“2MM工程''就是把车身装
配尺寸变动量控制在2MM之内, 大大严于原先的8MM工程。
冲压加工成形技术是影口向汽车车身制造水平的关键因素之一 , 美国专家
曽在一条汽车装配线上对50多个个案进行实地分析表明, 造成车身尺寸误差变动
的诸多原因中, 冲压本身尺寸造成的不累积误差占 23%, 其主要原因是传统的基
于经验和原有工艺基石出上低水平上的模具设计与制造。
亚毫米冲压的中心是冲压件的精度与敏捷度西个目标, 精度就是使冲压件尺寸准确度控制在0毫米或亚毫米的水平,其关键是控制车身支架、立柱等结构件的尺变动, 并使车身覆盖件分块度大, 如采用整体左右侧板和顶盖板等。敏捷度含义则是指减少冲压件的生产准备吋间达30% , 包括模具设计、试样制造和工装准备时间, 以达到极大缩短新车型制造周期的目的, 该项目饮食有冲压和装配的集成设计、冲压系统敏捷设计和制造、冲压过程的智能检测和监拉、全系统集成4个子项目。
通过亚毫米冲压项日的研究, 使冲压成形技术有了跳跃性的进展, 其中包含有:
(1) 冲压过程和部件装配工艺的设计由基于经验和传统工艺向科学和数据过程的转化;
(2)冲压设计向 CAD和模拟试模转化, 摒弃了传统的尝试法;
(3)实施模具设计制造由过去串行方式向并行方式转化;
(4) 实现了过程监测和设备维护被动响应向科学预测式转变。“2MM 工程''和“亚毫米、冲压''两项目现已先后完成,正在美国三大汽车制造公司推广应用,取得了许多有益的成果,冲压成本大幅下降, 获得日益増长的经济效益的社会效益, 并逐步向其他国家推广应用。
特种冲压成形技术
现代汽车冲压件的技术要求朝着结构复杂、分块尺寸增大、相关边的零部件较多、承载能力变大和内应力限制严格等方向发展。这要求并促进特种冲压成形技术如液压成形、精密成形、爆炸成形、旋压成形、无模成形、激光成形和电磁成形技术的发展。限于本文常幅,这里主要介绍内压成形和电磁成形两项技术。液压式或注入弹性体式的成形技术, 其高压形成过程一般包括:
(1) 有效介质如冰的膨胀或弹性体压入使内部压罚极慢增长的过程;
(2) 流体静罚的骨高压形成过程;
(3)极端压力如爆炸的动态过程等。介质可以是无定形的固体、液体或气体,在系统中介质可依据要加工的形状作任意变化, 履行凸模功能, 所以介质可等同于一个万能模具。
液压式内高压成形技术与其他冲压成形技术相比, 有几项明显优点:
(1)在成形过程中可一次加工出如车桥、顶盖板、门框等大型复杂的三维几何形状的工件,
(2)因为液体在成形过程中冷却作用,使工件被“冷作强化” ,获得比一般冲压加工更高的工件强度,这使得允许采用更薄的板材,使工件更轻量化;
(3)工件外表板面只与压力液体接触,加压过程较平缓,零部件成形变化均匀,可获得匀称的压力分布, 并能获得者好得多的平滑外表面;
(4)液压内盛开有的冲模和工具费用可下降40%,特别降低了凸型零件加工的
节拍时间较短, 约为0.1-0.5Min,这在特种成形工艺中是较短的,可实现批量生产。
利用通电线圈产生的电磁力的电磁成形工艺, 是目前颇有前途的另一种新型加工手段。该工艺源于六十年代核裂变研究的成果, 但可惜一直没被人们注重。电磁成形工艺原理图, 当线圈通入交流电时。数微秒内建立起磁场,使金属工件尤其是导电率强的铜铝材,质感生出电流 ,感生出电流, 感生电流又将受到磁场力
作用, 使工件产生张力与凹模吻合迅速成形。当线圈在工件内时, 电磁力将使工件外张成形, 属当前应用较广泛的一种工艺; 当线圈平面平行于板件放置时, 电磁力将使工件拉伸成形。
电磁成形技术系一种非接触成形工艺, 其実出优点一是加工成形迅速工效高, 二是常用于金属与非金属的连接, 可取代粘接或焊接: 其三是不耗脯助材料如润滑油脂等, 有利环境保护。
冲压过程自动监控
现代冲压技术的另一个重要特点是对冲压过程进行自动监控以保护冲压件的质量。在亚毫米冲压项目的自动检测和监控中,其研究成果就包括有: 1.冲压过程的特征分析在线传诊断和检测系统; 2.高速和非接触的冲压件测量系统; 3.冲模维护的科学预测系统; 4.沖压成形关键参数的在线调节和补偿系统等。
冲压过程引起工件质量发生变化的原因主要有凹凸冲模的磨损、製纹及冲模错位等, 这些微小变化可由高分辩率的位移转感器和冲压力转感器进行跟踪检测。其中位移测量是极重要的一种测量, 该装置通常由安装在模具上方的关源和位于下方的接收单元构成, 可监视偏差、跟踪加工全过程、及时输出监测信息和进行报警停机。
一种在线冲压的图形处理系统, 是保证冲压工件质量的有效测试方法, 它能进行二维几何图形的标准检测,其项目有长度、直径、平行度、角位、冲压板材结构及识别废品等。图形处理系统是由象仪、光学仪和照明装置等组成,标准的 CCD 象仪的珊格分辩率为750X580条珊格,水平方向每珊格为 0.026mm,垂直方向精度为 0.009mm/珊格。监视系统使用的位移及角度传感器有光学式及电学式二种, 前者有激光测试技术和模似光珊技术支持; 后者有电感流式及介质电容式, 它们的
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric Vehicle With skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine. The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery. 3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can. Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future. How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？ You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of
驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性好，制 造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。 智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。 另外，设计必须得考虑所选择材料的可加工性能。一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义： 1分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
中国汽车工业及其全球化（节译） 摘要： 由于改革开放政策的实行，中国汽车行业的实现了飞速的发展，特别是在20世纪90年代初期。中国政府一直鼓励国内和合资公司通过引进日本和欧美的汽车及其零部件制造商的直接投资，来向中国内部扩张。中国的目标是在2020年成为全球车业举足轻重的角色。本文旨在分析中国的汽车工业目前存在的优势和弱点，并且讨论如果中国汽车行业如果要实现全球化，什么将是它所需要的。本文将侧重点放在“与合资企业相关的政府政策”，“市场拓展”，“如何解决规模和范围问题”以及“需要解决的质量问题”这些点上----如果中国车企想与西方国家更先进的汽车企业一争高下的话。最后，中国汽车企业在发达经济体市场参与中是难还是易？本文将对此进行探讨评估。 出口潜力分析结论： 很显然，中国的国内汽车生产商不足以对世界上先进的汽车厂商形成的严峻挑战。最近关于安全性和废气排放测试的实验中，给中国的汽车制造商之间带来了更严峻的气氛，但这不应该是西方汽车厂家得意的理由。中国将借鉴他们的经验，很可能在未来几年内，将缩小在设计和技术方面与西方的差距。当中国汽车开始进入西方市场，甚至像奇瑞这种在中国享有良好的声誉的汽车公司将大力跟进，它将采取低价策略进入欧美市场，估计比美国或欧洲等值商品低30％。此外，中国企业将要面对经销商建立的巨额成本，而在美国，将需要至少250个经销网点，其初始建设成本可能削弱其企业竞争力。 全文结论： 从上述很明显，中国汽车品牌在全球汽车领域走向强大的道路上有它极其强大的力量，并且这已经不是它走得是否好的问题了，而是中国本土汽车制造商什么时候能够有足够的准备，试图渗透进先进的并且已经饱和的西方和日本汽车市场。然而，有充分的证据表明，在大约五到十年间这将不难看到。而且它发生的时候，中国的汽车制造商将按照以前日本和韩国走过的道路，以比日韩更快的速度扩张。 在中国进入欧美日韩汽车市场之前，中国需要处理其自主汽车行业所面临的严重问题。这些措施包括着手采取一些合理化的政策，通过关闭或接管和兼并的方式来取
汽车专业外文翻译-精品 2020-12-12 【关键字】情况、方法、环节、条件、动力、质量、模式、传统、系统、机制、主动、充分、现代、良好、执行、保持、发展、掌握、特点、位置、安全、稳定、需要、能力、方式、作用、标准、速度、设置、联动、分析、汇集、倾斜、调节、形成、满足、保证、优化、调整、方向、提高、控制力 第一部分：Suspension (1) The automatic gearbox (5) 第二部分： 汽车悬架 (7) 自动变速器…………………………………………………………………………………………Suspension The modern of in the car has two kinds of suspension, a kind of suspension is from move , another a kind of suspension is active of . From move an a function for, is from spring coil, reducing flapping machine( reduce to the flap ), leading to organization etc. constituting, it is vibration that impact to dies down roadecause this kind of can produce the function dint by oneself, therefore call active of . The active of is more than ten years to develop of, from a kind of new of that computer control, have three terms: (1) have to can produce the motive source of the function dint; (2) carry out a piece can deliver this kind of function dint combines it can continue the work; (3) have the variety spreads to feel the machine combines to concentrates the relevant data to micro-computer to proceed to carry to calculate to combine the decision controls the way.Therefore, active a technique for gathering together mechanics with electronics knowledge, is a kind of high technique that compare t pass the carriage dint, the reduces from the impact dint but causable loading system.Among them the spring coil rises primarily the function that deceleration pound at dint, reduce the main function that flap the machine is a to reduce the vibration.Because this kind of be driven by outside dint but rise function of, so call from move . But active a device for of in the control link installing can producing take out moving, adopt a kind of repress in suppressing the dint by dint the road face the impact dint of the carriage and the inclination dint of the carriage.B o sophisticate to equip. For example equip active an axis for of France snow iron dragon mulberry , the car's a system is speed, carriage that a micro-computer, have on the of the 5 kinds of spreading feels machine, distinguish to deliver to micro-computer the car soon, the ex- round system moves the pressure and step to move the accelerator pedal perpendicular flap and frequencies, change direction the dish angle and change direction flat-out etc. data directionally.The computer receives these datases continuously and with in advance the critical value that set up proceeds the comparison, choosing the homologous an appearance.At the same time, on micro-computer independence control each a car wheel of carry out a dollar a for, passing the control reduce to flap the machine inside hydraulic-pneumatic variety creation take out moving, from but can on any time, any car wheel creation meeting request a sport.Therefore, the mulberry bridge car has various driver's modes chooses, driving as long as pull to move to locate the vice- the " normal" on the instrument panel or" sport" button, car will establishes automatically in the best an appearance, in order to best and comfortable function. Moreover, active a function for having carriage sport of control.When the car system moves or turns a corner of inertial cause When the spring coil transform, active a dint for would producing