本科毕业设计
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目：EMA Gas Power Generation 文献、资料来源：期刊
文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2006
院（部）：热能工程学院
专业：能源工程及自动化
班级：能源112
姓名：王彪
学号：2011031307
指导教师：于畅
翻译日期：2015.06
外文文献：EMA Gas Power Generation
Foreword
The National Energy Board (the NEB or the Board) is an independent federal agency that regulates several aspects of Canada's energy industry. Its purpose is to promote safety and security, environmental protection and economic efficiency in the Canadian public interest within the mandate set by Parliament in the regulation of pipelines, energy development and trade. The main functions of the NEB include regulating the construction and operation of pipelines that cross international or provincial borders, as well as tolls and tariffs. Another key role is to regulate international power lines and designated interprovincial power lines. The NEB also regulates natural gas imports and exports, oil, natural gas liquids and electricity exports, and some oil and gas exploration on frontier lands, particularly in Canada's North and certain offshore areas.
The NEB collects and analyzes information about Canadian energy markets through regulatory processes and market monitoring. From these efforts, the Board produces publications, statistical reports and speeches that address various market aspects of Canada’s energy commodities. The Energy Market Assessment (EMA) reports published by the Board provide analyses of the major energy commodities. Through these EMAS, Canadians are informed about the outlook for energy supplies in order to develop an understanding of the issues underlying energy-related decisions. In addition, policy makers are informed of the regulatory and related energy issues that need to be addressed. On this note, the Board has received feedback from a wide range of market participants across the country that the NEB has an important role and is in a unique position to provide objective, unbiased information to federal and provincial policy makers.
This EMA report, titled Natural Gas for Power Generation: Issues and Implications, is an assessment of the possible issues arising from the growing use of natural gas for electricity generation in North America. A key objective of this report is to provide a broad understanding and a perspective on the potential implications, challenges and opportunities for Canadian natural gas and electricity markets associated with the development of gas-fired generation.
During the preparation of this report, the NEB conducted a series of informal meetings and
discussions with gas and electricity industry officials, government departments and agencies, consultants and industry associations. The NEB appreciates the information and comments provided and would like to thank all participants for their time and expertise.
If a party wishes to rely on material from this report in any regulatory proceeding before the NEB, it may submit the material, just as it may submit any public document. Under these circumstances, the submitting party in effect adopts the material and that party could be required to answer questions pertaining to the material.
Introduction
In its previous reports, looking ahead to 2010 –Natural Gas Markets in Transition and Outlook for Electricity Markets (2005-2006) the Board noted that the demand for electricity in Canada and North America will continue to grow and that a significant part of the incremental demand will be met through electricity generated from natural gas. The reports also highlighted that there are uncertainties with respect to future natural gas supply and infrastructure that may be needed to meet the growing requirement for electricity, the largest growth market for demand of natural gas.
Driven by a combination of increasing population, economic growth and the greater use of electrical equipment, the demand for electricity is expected to continue to grow steadily in the coming years. Much of the rising need for electricity is likely to be met through natural gas-fired generation. In fact, since 1998, of the almost 211 500 MW of incremental electricity generation capacity installed in the United States, over 200 000 MW or 96 percent is capable of using natural gas.
Although gas-fired generation does not make up as large a percentage of total capacity in Canada as in the United States, it has grown substantially. Since 1998, 57 percent of the new generating capacity in Canada has been gas-fired. In 1995, natural gas-fired generation made up only four percent (4 500 MW) of Canada’s total generating capacity, whereas in 2004, it made up around nine percent (10 514 MW). Growth in industrial demand, such as the oil sands development, will further increase the demand for natural gas and electricity supply. While the growth in gas-fired generation has not been as rapid as in the United States, the trend is likely to intensify in Canada.
Today, over 45 percent of installed electricity generation capacity in the United States is
capable of using natural gas as fuel compared with about 30 percent a decade ago. This substantial and rapid increase in potential demand and dependency on natural gas has led to uncertainties regarding the adequacy of existing natural gas and electricity infrastructure and concerns over the reliability of future natural gas and electricity supply.
This EMA examines the potential impacts of growing natural gas-fired generation on Canadian natural gas markets and infrastructure, and the potential changes that may be experienced in natural gas flows and natural gas services.
Scope of this Report
The objective of this report is to present a historical examination of trends in natural gas-fired generation in North America and to provide a perspective on issues and potential implications of increasing reliance on natural gas. In particular, the discussion will focus on potential changes to Canadian energy consumers, natural gas infrastructure and services, and on potential implications for Canadian natural gas and electricity prices. While discussions will emphasize Canadian situations and issues, energy markets are integrated and “gas for power” trends may reflect developments outside of Canada. Therefore, much of the analysis and discussion presented in this report will be from a broader regional and continental perspective.
Chapter 2 examines the historical trend toward natural gas-fired generation of electricity in the United States and Canada and provides a general overview of the potential issues for Canadian natural gas markets, infrastructure and services. Although, incremental gas-fired generation has been installed in most regions, the utilization and impacts of new gas generation has varied across regions depending on the availability of natural gas and diversity of alternate generation options.
Chapters 3, 4 and 5 examine these issues in closer detail from a regional perspective and discuss the changes in generation and natural gas markets in three regions: western, eastern and central North America. The implications and questions that arise from the analysis of specific regional supply, demand and infrastructure situations are examined in Chapter 6.
Background
For more than a decade, natural gas has been the fuel of choice for new power generation in North America, especially in the United States. In fact, over the last five years alone, total generating capacity in the United States has increased by more than 25 percent with natural
gas-fired generation accounting for 96 percent of the additional generation (Figure 2.1). Overall, natural gas-fired generation in the United States has doubled since 1990 (Figure 2.2).
In Canada, the development of electricity generation has proceed ed at a slower pace as demand for electricity has been relatively stable. As well, while incremental electricity generation in Canada is increasingly fueled by natural gas, the trend has been less consistent and much slower due to the varying availability of natural gas and the presence of other generation options across regions. In most provinces where natural gas is available, gas-fired generation has had to compete with other traditional sources of generation such as coal, hydro and refurbished nuclear power, which have been relatively abundant in the past. Nonetheless, the portion of Canadian electricity generation that is gas-fired has increased from four percent in 1995 to nine percent in 2004.
Despite recent cost increases, gas-fired generation, particularly cogeneration facilities, continues to be an attractive option. These cogeneration plants operate at very high efficiency and provide a low cost source of process heat for end-use requirements. Hence, natural gas-fired cogeneration facilities are being developed in conjunction with the growing number of oil sands and in situ bitumen projects.
As a result, Alberta has experienced the largest growth in gas-fired electricity generation capacity in Canada. In 2004, about 40 percent of installed electricity generation capacity in Alberta was
natural gas-fired.
As would be expected, many regions across North America have witnessed the development of natural gas-fired generation. The significant growth in natural gas-fired generation capacity in North America has largely been attributed to low capital cost, a relatively short construction lead time for gas-fired plants, low natural gas prices (especially during the summer or cooling season) throughout the 1990s, and the preference for natural gas over other fossil fuels for its cleaner burning properties. Moreover, there has generally been less public opposition to building new natural gas-fired plants than to building coal-fired, hydroelectric or nuclear facilities.
As a result, facilities capable of using natural gas now make up more than 45 percent of the approximately 1 000 000 MW of electricity generation capacity in the United States and about ten percent of the 118 000 MW electricity generation capacity in Canada (Figure 2.3).
This rapid build of North American gas-fired generation, often referred to as the “dash to gas”, exceeded the market need for these facilities in some regions. Consequently, many plants have been under-utilized or not utilized at all. The overall low utilization of gas-fired generation has been exacerbated recently by higher natural gas prices over the past few years. So, despite the relatively large natural gas component of total generation capacity, actual generation fuelled by natural gas is much less relative to the available capacity (Figure 2.4).
On the surface it would appear that the gas-fired generation fleet is too large and that it will take some time for the overall utilization of the fleet to expand to match its share of total generating capacity. While there has indeed been an overbuild of gas-fired generation, much of this occurred in certain markets that either couldn’t support the amount of incremental generation or where gas supply infrastructure limited the utilization of some plants.
Today, natural gas-fired generation continues to be developed across North America. In addition to the advantages of gas-fired generation noted earlier, new gas-fired generation facilities employ rapidly evolving technologies that provide significant cost advantages. For example, new cogeneration and combined-cycle gas plants are more efficient than older coal, natural gas or oil-fired generation. As well, smaller gas-fired facilities built closer to market loads may offer cost savings over construction of new power transmission lines fro m other generation sources.
As a direct result of the trend to gas-fired generation, projections for natural gas demand in
North America indicate a significant and continuing increase. The Board estimates, partially based on the 2005 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) outlook, that the combined Canadian and U.S. demand for gas will increase by almost 15 percent, or 283 million m3/d (10 B c f /d), by 2015, with gas?fired generation making up about one-half of that growth. Convergence of Natural Gas and Electricity Markets
Although demand for electricity in both the United States and Canada has grown steadily and is expected to continue to grow at a relatively steady rate, changes in how the electricity is generated can be much more dramatic.
In the 1990s, natural gas was used to produce about 13 percent of the total electricity in the United States. This proportion has continued to increase with the addition of significant new capacity for gas-fired generation. In 2004, almost 18 percent of electricity generated in the United States was produced from natural gas.
Even so, the generation of electricity from natural gas could have been even higher. High and volatile natural gas prices, less volatile power prices and regional gas supply constraints since 2001 slowed the utilization of gas for power generation . Despite this, new gas-fired generation continues to be installed in order to meet growing electrical demand, as new plants offer better technologies that are more efficient and economical. While natural gas consumption for electricity generation has been stable at around 510 million m3/d (18 Bcf/d) since 2000, the amount of available gas-fired generation in Canada and the U.S. has increased by over 50 percent in this period with the construction of about 160 000 MW of gas-fired generators. This has resulted in a surplus of available gas-fired generation capacity in many regions that could be utilized to meet growing requirements for electricity, assuming availability and access to gas supply.
As the consumption of natural gas for power generation increases, this will lead to greater connection between gas and power markets within many regions. Not only will electricity prices be influenced by those of natural gas but, with power generation becoming the fastest growing sector of natural gas demand, natural gas prices will also be increasingly influenced by electricity markets. To illustrate, natural gas consumption for gas-fired generation has doubled over the past ten years and in 2005 it accounted for almost 27 percent of combined Canadian and U.S. gas consumption (Figure 2.6).
Moreover, as the electricity and natural gas industries become more integrated, reliability and operational issues in one can exacerbate the effects on supply and demand in the other; this may result in extreme and volatile energy prices at times. In regions where electricity and gas demand are particularly weather sensitive, peak demand in both markets may coincide, resulting in short-term escalation in electricity and natural gas prices. This is especially the case where available gas supply is limited, thereby resulting in competition between gas and electricity markets.
The degree to which this can occur will vary greatly across regions depending on the availability and diversity of gas supply, reliance on gas-fired generation, operation and coordination between gas and electricity markets, availability of other coal-fired and nuclear generation, and the effect of other influences on gas supply and demand such as conditions fo r hydroelectric generation and demand sensitivity to weather. These factors and the implications of convergence in regional natural gas and electricity markets on Canadian gas flows and markets are examined further in Chapters 3, 4 and 5.
Environmental Considerations
Although high and volatile natural gas prices since 2001 may have slowed the utilization of gas for power generation and the pace of adding new gas-fired generation capacity, natural gas remains attractive with many potential advantages over other forms of generation (as outlined in Section 2.2). Natural gas is a cleaner burning fuel with lower emissions and impact on air quality compared with many other fossil fuels. This is likely to perpetuate the trend to more gas-fired generation, at least in the near future, until new technology and advances in alternative and renewable generation or clean coal combustion can provide appreciable contributions to North American electricity supply.
Current government initiatives in both Canada and the United States to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have not only placed limitations on the use and development of oil and coal?fired generation, but have also added to the appeal of gas-fired generation. However, critics question the benefits and ability to sustain the continued growth in gas-fired generation.
While there are economic concerns with respect to over-reliance on natural gas and the implications this could have on prices, energy security and adequacy of natural gas infrastructure, generation from natural gas also has its environmental challenges. These include the impact of
activity to find and develop new gas supplies in sensitive areas, incremental air emissions and pollutants from added fossil fuel generation, and impacts from new infrastructure that may be required to produce or deliver new energy supplies. The response to these challenges has varied across regions, often reflecting the different interests and priorities of jurisdictions.
Depending on how the various government initiatives and policies play out across jurisdictions, there could also be significant implications for gas and electricity markets in each region.
Future Natural Gas Supply
The increased use of natural gas for electric power generation has raised concerns over the adequacy of additional natural gas supply and infrastructure at a time when gas supply and demand has been in relatively tight balance.
High natural gas prices resulting from the tight balance between North American gas supply and demand has been a key factor in encouraging more gas drilling. However, increases in gas production that have resulted from the high levels of drilling have not kept pace with growth in demand. Rather, high levels of drilling activity have managed mostly to offset the higher decline rates and lower productivity of new wells. In other words, the producing sector needs to drill more wells each year just to keep production flat.
Overall, the outlook for natural gas supply in Canada and the U.S. is that production will grow marginally by 2006 to approximately 1 936.5 million m3/d (68.4 B c f /d). This level of production has been relatively flat over the past six years (Figure 2.7). The Board expects that average annual U.S. gas production will rise slightly over the projection period to approximately 1 458.9 million m3/d (51.5 B c f /d), with growth coming mainly from the U.S. Rockies.
The Board also expects a slight increase in Canadian gas deliverability to about 477 million m3/d (16.9 B c f /d) by 2006. For further details on Canadian production and projections, refer to the NEB s report on Short-term Canadian Natural Gas Deliverability, 2005 – 2007.
These production increases alone are not sufficient to meet the projected future requirements for natural gas demand, including power generation. Consequently, any increases in demand for gas?fired generation would necessitate a reduction in gas consumption by other consumers and the development of further sources of gas supply.
A key supply source for North America is expected to be the rapidly developing global
liquefied natural gas (LNG) market. Proven reserves of natural gas worldwide are about 20 times larger than the proven natural gas reserves of North America. Furthermore, advances in liquefaction and transportation technologies have lowered the unit cost of LNG by 30 percent over the past decade, enabling the use of LNG as a cost competitive source of gas supply in North America.
In the past few years, existing North American LNG receiving terminals have undergone expansions and by early 2006 these terminals had the capacity to import about 147 million m3/d (5.2 B c f /d). Further, in anticipation of growing natural gas requirements, numerous new receiving facilities and expansions of some existing terminals have been proposed, including sites in Canada.
Given the potential changes to gas supply and demand in North America, significant investments will be required to enable the continuing development of gas from existing supply areas to develop and provide access to gas from new regions and LNG. A key determinant in the growth of gas?fired generation is the availability of adequate gas supply and infrastructure at competitive prices.
Furthermore, the development of market area gas storage, distribution, fuel diversification, and other services may also be required to effectively manage dynamic electricity and natural gas markets and to provide natural gas supply in the reliable and timely manner needed to serve fluctuating and weather sensitive electricity and natural gas markets.
中文译文：EMA天然气发电
引言
国家能源局（ NEB 或董事会）是一个独立的联邦机构，管理加拿大能源产业的几个方面。它的目的是在加拿大的公共利益管道调节议会设置的授权范围内促进安全、环保和经济的效率，能源发展和贸易。NEB 的主要功能包括调节管道跨国际或省际边界的建设运营，以及过路费和关税。另一个重要作用是调节国际电力线和指定省际电力线。NEB 也调节天然气的进口和出口，石油，液化天然气和电力出口，在边境土地上的一些石油和天然气的勘探，特别是在加拿大的北部和一定的近海地区。
NEB 通过管制的程序收集而且分析关于加拿大能源市场。从这些努力，董事会发表的出版物，统计报告和演讲，解决加拿大的能源商品市场方面的各种问题。经董事会公开的能源市场评估（EMA）报告提供主要的能源日用品分析。通过这些均线，加拿大人了解为了能源供应，开发潜在能源相关的决策问题的理解观此外，政策制定者了解监管和相关能源问题需要解决。在这方面，董事会已从一个广泛的市场参与者遍布全国各地， NEB 有一个重要的角色而且在一个独特位置提供客观、没有偏见的数据给联邦和消费者。
这一项 EMA 报告，题为天然气发电：问题与意义，是为北美的电力越来越多的天然气使用出现的可能议题的一个评估。本报告的主要目的是提供对潜在影响的广泛理解和透视，加拿大的天然气和电力市场与燃气发电发展相关的挑战和机遇。
在这一项报告的准备期间， NEB 和瓦斯和电力业官员引导了一系列非正式的会议和讨论，政府部门和代理商，顾问和工业协会参与了这一讨论。NEB 赞赏的信息和评论提供，要感谢所有的参与者对他们的时间和专业知识。
如果一方希望依靠材料从这个报告在 NEB 获得任何监管程序，可以提交材料，正如它可以提交任何公开文件，正如它可能委托任何民众文件。在这种情况下，提交党实际上采用的材料，方可要求回答有关的材料问题。
介绍
在它的早先报告中，展望了 2010–天然气市场转型和电力市场（ 2005-2006）。董事会指出，在加拿大和北美国的电力需求将继续增加，增量需求很大一部分将通过天然气发电提供。报告还强调，有对未来的天然气供应和基础设施可能需求满足的不确定性，对电力的需求日益增长，对天然气的需求使其成为最大的增长市场。
结合人口增长的带动下，经济增长和电力设备的大量使用，对电力的需求预计将在未
来几年继续稳步增长。多用电需求的上升可能是通过天然气发电提供。事实上，自 1998 以来，在美国几乎 211500 兆瓦发电装机容量的增加，超过 200000 兆瓦或百分之九十六能够使用天然气。
虽然燃气发电在美国不像在加拿大在总产量中占很大比例，它已经大幅增长了。自1998 年以来，在加拿大，新的发电能力的百分之 57 已经是煤气炉。1995，天然气发电只占加拿大的总发电能力的百分之四（ 4 个 500 兆瓦），而在 2004，它完成大约 9%（10514 MW）的增长点。工业需求的增长，如油砂的开发，将进一步加大对天然气的需求和电力供应。而在燃气发电的增长并没有在美国迅速增长，这一趋势可能在加拿大加剧。
今天，和十年前的大约 30% 相比较，在美国超过 45% 的已安装的电力生产设备以天然气作为燃料。这一实质，对天然气的潜在需求和依赖快速增长导致其不确定性，对于引导了充足现有天然气和电力基础设施的可靠性，未来的天然气和电力供应产生担忧。
这一 EMA 考察在增长天然气发电在加拿大天然气市场和基础设施的潜在影响，和可能有天然气流量和天然气服务潜在的变化这一范围内。
本报告的范围
本报告的目的是提供一个在美国北部天然气发电趋势的历史考察及提供增加对天然气的依赖问题和潜在影响的视角。特别是，讨论集中在加拿大的能源消费者的潜在变化，天然气的基础设施和服务，加拿大天然气和电力价格的潜在影响。虽然讨论会强调加拿大的情况和问题，能源市场一体化和“气”的趋势可能反映了加拿大以外的能源市场评估的发展。因此，本报告的分析和探讨，提出了会从一个更广泛的区域和大陆的视角。
第 2 章在美国和加拿大调查接近电力的点燃天然气世代的历史趋势而且为加拿大天然气提供潜在议题的一个概要市场、系统内各部分和服务。虽然，增量燃气气发电机组已经安装在大多数地区，新的天然气利用方式在不同地区根据交替生成可用性和多样性的天然气。
章节 3，4 和 5 更详细的从区域的角度研究这些问题，讨论在三个地区发电和天然气市场的变化：在北美国的西部，东部和中部从特定区域供给分析时的意义和问题，要求和系统内各部分情形的分析时出现的疑问在第 6 章研究。
背景
十多年来，在北美洲，特别是在美国，天然气已经成为新的发电燃料的选择。事实上，在过去的五年中，在美国总发电能力增加了25个百分点，通过增加天然气发电占百分之96
个百分点。总的来说，燃气发电世纪90年代以来，在美国天然气发电，增加了两倍之多。在加拿大，电力的发展已经开始维持在电力需求一直相对稳定的慢节奏。
同时，在加拿大，增量发电越来越多的使用天然气燃料，由于不同的可用性的天然气和跨地区的其他生成选项的存在，这种趋势已经变得不再一层不变也慢得多。在大多数省份已使用天然气，燃气发电已与其他传统发电资源产生竞争，像煤炭发电，翻新水电核电等，这些发电方式在过去一直很流行。加拿大发电行业，燃气发电的部分已经从1995的百分之四增加到2004的百分之九。
尽管最近的成本增加，燃气发电，特别是热电联产设施，仍然是一个有吸引力的选择。这些热电厂运行的效率非常高，为最终使用要求提供一个低成本的加热过程。因此，天然气热电联产设施正在与油砂和原位沥青项目开发有越来越多连接发展。因此，阿尔伯塔经历了加拿大燃气发电容量最大的增长。2004，在阿尔伯塔总的安装的发电容量有百分之40的部分是以天然气为燃料。
美国的发电力增加，1990-2003
铭牌容量
来源EIA
正如被期望的那样，在美国北部的许多地区，见证了天然气发电的发展。在北美天然气发电量显著增长，在很大程度上归因于较低的资本成本，和在相对较短的时间内建成了燃气电厂，在上世纪90年代，天然气价格较低（尤其是在夏季或冷季），而且相对于传统化石燃料天然气更清洁。此外，很少有公众反对建设天然气设施而支持建设煤炭设施和核能设施。
因此，在美国天然气设施大约能够生产1 000 000兆瓦电力超过发电容量的百分之四十五，在加拿大约118000兆瓦的发电能力占发电容量的百分之十。
这种快速的北美燃气发电建设，通常被称为“冲气”，在某些地区超过了对这些设施的市场需求。因此，许多工厂已经出现使用或不使用的情况。在过去几年中燃气发电的总体利用率低加剧了最近更高的天然气价格。所以，尽管天然气发电占总发电容量的组分比较大，实际发电，以天然气为燃料的可用容量相对较少。
表面上看来，燃气发电车队太大，它要为总体舰队扩大到符合其总发电量的份额需要花费一些时间。确实存在过度建设燃气发电设施的情况，多发生在要么无法支持燃气设施数量的增值或燃气供应设施限制了一些植物的利用的某些市场。
如今，天然气发电将继续在美国北部进行开发。除了前面提到的燃气发电的优势，新的燃气发电设施使用的技术也在迅速发展，可提供显著的成本优势。例如，新的热电联产和联合循环燃气电厂比煤炭、天然气或石油发电更高效，。同时，较小的燃气设施的建成更接近市场负荷，或许可以为新的输电线路与其他发电能源建设提供成本。
作为燃气发电趋势的直接结果，在美国，预计天然气需求将显著和持续的增长。该委员根据2005年美国能源信息管理局（EIA）的前景估计，，认为联合加拿大和美国的天然气需求在2015年将增加近百分之十五也就是283000000 m3 / d（10立方英尺/天），气?发电约占其增长的一半。
虽然在美国和加拿大的电力需求稳步增长，而且预计将持续在一个相对稳定的增长速度，但是更戏剧性的是电力发展将如何变化。
在上世纪90年代以，在美国天然气生产的电力约占总电力的百分之十三。由于燃气发电重要新产能的添加这一比例一直在增加。2004，在美国几乎百分之十八的电力是利用天然气发电产生的。
即便如此，天然气发电有可能取得更好的发展。天然气价格的高昂和波动性，能源价格的低波动性和天然气供应的区域限制都减缓了燃气发电的发展。尽管如此，为了满足电力需求增长新的燃气发电设施将继续安装，且为新工厂提供更好的技术，更高的效率和效益。而自2000年以来用于发电的天然气消费量一直稳定在510000000 m3 / d（18亿立方英尺/天），在这一时期加拿大和美国的可燃气发电量增加了百分之五十，燃气发电机组生产了约160000兆瓦电力。这在许多可以满足电力需求增长，燃气供应的地区导致了可燃气体发电容量的过剩。
随着用于发电的天然气的消费增加，这将导致在许多地区天然气和电力市场之间更大的连接。不仅电力价格将受天然气影响，发电业将成为天然气需求增长最快的行业，天然气价格也将对电力市场产生越来越大的影响。例如，在过去的十年中燃气发电的天然气消
费量增加了一倍，，2005年其占了近联合加拿大和美国的天然气消费量的百分之二十七。
此外，由于电力和天然气行业变得更加协调，可靠和可操作性,任何一方可能会加剧对另一方供给和需求的影响；这有时会造成能源价格的极端和波动。在一些电力和天然气的需求对天气特别敏感地区，市场需求高峰重合，导致短期内电力和天然气价格的升高。在天然气供应有限的特别情况下，将导致天然气和电力市场之间的竞争。
各地区根据天然气供应的可用性和多样性，对燃气发电的依赖，天然气和电力市场的运作和协调，其他燃煤和核能发电的可用性，以及其他影响天然气供应与需求如水力发电和需求敏感的天气条件的影响这一程度发生的。在地区天然气和电力市场对加拿大天然气流动和市场的因素和收敛性的影响在第3,4和5章中将进一步检查。
自2001年以来,尽管天然气价格高企和波动可能利用天然气发电和放缓的步伐添加新的燃气发电容量,天然气仍吸引许多潜在优势其他形式的一代(如2.2节中列出)。天然气是一种清洁燃烧的燃料较低的排放,对空气质量的影响与很多其他化石燃料。这可能会使这一趋势更多的燃气发电,至少在不久的将来,直到新技术和先进的可替代和可再生发电或洁净煤燃烧可以提供北美电力供应明显的贡献。
现任政府计划在加拿大和美国控制空气污染和温室气体排放不仅将限制石油和煤炭的使用和发展-发射了一代,但也增加了对燃气发电的吸引力。然而,批评人士质疑的好处和维持燃气发电的持续增长的能力。
虽然有经济问题对于过度依赖天然气,这可能影响价格,能源安全和充足的天然气基础设施,天然气的生成也有它的环境挑战。这些包括活动的影响来寻找和发展新的创作敏感地区的天然气供应,增加空气和污染物排放化石燃料发电,从新的基础设施和影响,可能需要生产或交付新的能源供应。应对这些挑战不同地区,通常反映了不同利益和优先事项的司法区。
这取决于各种政府计划和政策在司法管辖区,也可能有重大影响在每个地区的天然气和电力市场。
未来天然气供应
当为了发电而增加使用的天然气已经超出天然气供应能力和基础设施承受范围时，天然气的供应和需求已经处于一个相对紧张的状态。
由于北美天然气紧张的供需局势导致天然气价格的高涨成为鼓励建设更多的气体钻井的关键因素。然而，天然气产量的增加，导致钻井水平并没有跟上需求的增长。相反，高水平的钻探活动已大多用于抵消较高的下降率和新建气体钻井的低生产率。换句话说，生产部门每年需要钻更多的气体钻井以维持生产水平。
总的来说, 在加拿大和美国天然气供应的前景,生产将2006年小幅增长到大约9.365亿m3 / d(68.4供应量/ d)。这种程度的生产一直相对平坦的在过去的六年里(图2.7)。董事会预计年均美国天然气产量将小幅升值在投射期间大约4.589亿m3 / d(51.5供应量/ d),增长主要来自美国落基山脉
董事会还预计略有增加在加拿大天然气产能约4.77亿m3 / d到2006年预计将(16.9 / d)。详情在加拿大生产和预测,是指在短期内的报告加拿大天然气产能,2005 - 2007。这些生产增加本身并不足以满足天然气需求预测未来需求,包括发电。因此,任何对天然气的需求增加——解雇代将需要减少天然气消费其他消费者和进一步的发展,天然气供应的来源。
北美的主要供应源预计将迅速发展的全球液化天然气(LNG)市场。全球天然气探明储量约20倍北美的已探明天然气储量。此外,液化和运输技术的进步降低了单位成本的液化天然气30%在过去的十年中,使使用液化天然气作为北美天然气供应的成本竞争力的来源。
在过去的几年里,现有的北美液化天然气接收终端进行了扩张,到2006年初,这些终端能力进口约1.47亿m3 / d(5.2供应量/ d)。进一步的预期日益增长的天然气需求,众多新接收设施和扩张的一些现有的终端被提出,包括加拿大的网站。
考虑到北美天然气供应与需求的潜在变化，为了维持现有供应区的持续发展并且开发和提供新的地区的天然气和液化天然气需要有一个显著投资。在燃气发电增长的关键因素是充足的天然气供应的有效利用和基础设施要有一个有竞争力的价格。
此外，天然气储存市场，配送，燃料多元化的发展，和其他服务可能还需要有效地管理动态的电力和天然气市场，并且提供可靠、及时的天然气供应服务于波动、敏感的电力和天然气市场。
翻译中的限制和自由 徐莉娜 摘要:“直译”和“意译”之争延续了两千多年。这个问题争论的核心是译者的限制和自由、忠实与叛逆的关系。译者有多大的自由度？离忠实有多远？本文分析了原文和译文的距离并借助叙事学理论探讨了作者和译者的关系、两个文本间的距离以及限制和自由的关系，指出任何一种文本都是译者价值取向的结果，译文间的差异是由译者不同的价值取向造成的。 关键词：限制和自由；叙事学；隐含作者；隐含读者 Reflection on Restrictions and Freedom Lina Xu Abstract：S cholars’ preoccupations of literal and liberal translation have stretched throughout centuries, which focus on restrictions and freedom, loyalty and treachery in translation. To what extent is the translator given freedom in his performance? And how much does he stray away from the original? This paper approaches these issues by analyzing the distance between SLT and TLT, and looking into the relationship between the author and the translator from a narratological perspective. It points out that any version is the product of the translator’s choices, which usually generates a different version by translators with a different value orientation. Keywords: restriction and freedom; narratology; the implied author; the implied reader 一、翻译的悖论 《自由派翻译传统研究》提出自由派这个概念令人感到突兀，但也耐人寻味。通读全书不难发现这带有悖论性质的概念非凭空杜撰，也非故弄玄虚。作者以史为据，旁征博引，论证了自由派翻译传统的存在。书中提供的大量史料展示了一幅丰富多彩的翻译史画卷。从一千多年前的中国佛经翻译到现当代文学翻译，从自然科学翻译到社会科学翻译，从古罗马到20世纪中期的西方翻译，从对原创的翻译到改编和转译，从翻译目的到翻译结果，读者看到了各重要阶段的翻译活动、价值取向、译作的社会影响，与此同时，也看到了翻译活动的复杂性和多样性、局限性和灵活性。 “自由派翻译”揭示的是一个翻译悖论：限制与自由。两千多年来，古今中外的译者和翻译研究者无不面对这种二律背反关系去做二元对立的选择：直译和意译、形似与神似、忠实与背叛、科学性与艺术性、异化与归化。所有译者都身处两难境地，面临选择限制和自由的尴尬局面。选择“限制”，译者不得不屈尊俯就，受镣铐舞者之苦；选择“自由”，译者又有越位和叛逆之嫌，面临越位、出界的风险。译者身处忠实与背叛的两极，力求找到一个理想的平衡，在对立中求统一，但此事终究古难全。 二、限制—翻译的基本属性 翻开《自由派翻译传统研究》不难发现译事之难在于限制。限制是翻译的本质，自由只是相对的、有限度的。不同的译者有选择不同表达形式的自由，但所有选择都不能脱离原文的限制。译者无论有多大自由，他的目标依然是源语取向，让两个文本在内容上得到完美的统一是翻译的基本原则，也是翻译的理想境界。严复为立一名而“旬月踟躇”，感言“信、达、雅”为译事三难，这都是因为原文限制了译者自由发挥的缘故，这种限制置译者于两难处境，但也正是由于限制，译者成了作者的“代言人”、“传声筒”。脱离了原文，行为主体的身份就要发生实质性的转变，主客体关系也会因此而发生变化。 翻译的限制来自原文文本（语言文化的限制）。杨自检在该书的序言中指出“翻译必须有文本参照。翻译和
大数据单位的换算与翻译 近几年来，大数据这个词越来越频繁地出现在各种媒体文章上，出现各行各业人士的口中。人工翻译的行业也难免受其影响。在这方面，赛迪翻译亦深有体会。 首先也是最为重要的一点是大数据方面的词语频繁出现。 以往，我们说数据大小，常常使用的单位是MB、GB，而现在我们经常会看到TB、PB、EB、ZB、YB、BB、NB、DB。身为翻译人员，不免要弄清楚这些单位的大小和译法。 从大小方面，这几种单位依然延续了1024 的进制。即，后一个单位是前一个单位的1024 倍。在此，赛迪翻译总结了这些大数据单位。具体的大小如下： 1KB (Kilobyte) = 1024B ，即2 的10 次方字节，读音千字节 1MB (Megabyte) = 1024KB，即2 的20 次方字节，读音兆字节 1GB (Gigabyte) = 1024MB，即2 的30 次方字节，读音吉字节 1TB (Terabyte) = 1024GB，即2 的40 次方字节，读音太字节 1PB (Petabyte) = 1024TB，即2 的50 次方字节，读音拍字节 1EB (Exabyte) = 1024PB，即2 的60 次方字节，读音艾字节 1ZB (Zettabyte) = 1024EB，即2 的70 次方字节，读音泽字节 1YB (Yottabyte) = 1024ZB，即2 的80 次方字节，读音尧字节 1 BB (BrontoByte)= 1024 YB，即 2 的90 次方字节，读音波字节 1NB (NonaByte) = 1024BB，即2 的100 次方字节，读音诺字节 1DB (DoggaByte) = 1024NB，即2 的110 次方字节，读音刀字节
…Back to Sleep?: Why Are 2,500 U.S. Babies Still Dying of SIDS Each Year? ‘用背部睡觉’：为什么美国每年都有2500个婴儿死于婴儿猝死综合症 Putting babies on their back to sleep has dramatically reduced the number of SIDS deaths, but thousands of babies still die each year. A look at the key risk factors. 让婴儿用背部睡觉戏剧性的减少了婴儿猝死综合症的死亡数量，但每年还是有上千数量的婴儿死亡。这有一种对于关键的风险因素的看法。 There?s no doubt that the Back to Sleep campaign launched in 1994 to get parents to stop putting babies to sleep on their tummies has been a success. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was 1.5; it?s now 0.5. 无需置疑的是，1994年发起的用背部睡觉的运动，旨在阻止父母让婴儿用肚子睡觉是成功的。在20世纪70到80年代，婴儿死亡率为每一千名安全出生婴儿中有1.5，现在是0.5。 Within a generation, most babies are now put to bed on their backs, and yet 2,500 U.S. infants still die each year in the U.S. Researchers trying to understand why have noticed a curious byproduct of the trend toward back-sleeping: as fewer babies were being put to sleep on their bellies, more babies were documented engaging in other pediatric no-nos — sleeping with their parents, for example — which is another risk factor for SIDS. 在一代人中，大部分婴儿现在都用背部放在床上，但美国每年依然有2500个婴儿死亡。研究员正试图弄明白为什么人们会注意到用背部睡觉这种趋势的奇怪的副产品：越来越少的婴儿用腹部睡觉，越来越多的婴儿被证明参与到了一些儿科禁止的事情中——例如，和父母一起睡——这是婴儿猝死综合症的另一个风险因素。 A study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics takes a look at how risk factors for SIDS have evolved over the years. In an analysis of the 954 babies who died suddenly and unexpectedly in San Diego County between 1991 and 2008 — 568 of these deaths were attributed to SIDS — researchers found that
Part 1 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1、格林先生本周日要去拜访一位朋友，此人精通理财之道。（who） 2、人们是否会推迟退休还有待于讨论（remain）。 3、无论任务多么艰巨，我们都要不遗余力地完成。（However） 4、许多公司在雇佣员工时，相对于能力而言，更看重个性。（emphasis） 5、如果双方在这些事务上能达成共识，就有可能在新的领域进一步合作。（If...） 1、Mr. Green is going to visit\see a friend this Sunday, who knows a lot about money matters. 2 、It remains to be discussed whether people will delay retiring. /Whether people will delay retiring remains to be discussed. 3、However hard the task is, we should spare no efforts to accomplish it. 4 、Many companies put more emphasis on personality than on capability when they employ staff members. 5 、If both the parties can agree on these issues, they are likely to further cooperate（have further cooperation）in the new field. Part 2 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.每年圣诞期间百货店里的商品都减价出售。(sale) 2.如今人们非常关注的是食品安全和空气质量。(concern) 3.无论多么艰难，交给咱们的任务都必须按时完成。(however) 4.专家们一入座外语节的演讲比赛就在王校长的主持下开始了。(Hardly) 5.遍布城市每个角落的星巴克(Starbucks) 满足了人们适应快节奏生活的需要。(adapt) 1.The goods in the department stores are all on sale at Christmas every year. 2.Nowadays what people are (very) much concerned about is food safety and air quality. Food safety and air quality are people’s major concerns nowadays. 3.However hard/ difficult it is, the task given to us must/ should be completed/ fulfilled on time. 4.Hardly had the experts sat down/ got seated/ seated themselves/ taken (their) seats when the speech contest of the Foreign Language Festival (that was) hosted by Principal Wang s tarted. 5.The Starbucks in every corner of the city have met/ satisfied/ meet/ satisfy people’s needs/ demands to adapt to a/ the fast-paced life. Part 3 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1、孩子们总是对周边的一切都非常好奇。(curious) 2、她在比赛中表现出色，给评委留下了深刻的印象。(which) 3、一进学校，她就意外得知有一所名校录取她了。(No sooner…) 4、奇怪的是，这些年轻人对这些我们都耳熟能详的歌曲却一无所知。(know)
标题 英文说明书翻译 拨--打【4000-—537-407】 内容简介精诚翻译提前您，找翻译服务时，请勿在收到翻译稿件之前进行银行转账，根据我们的经验，要求未做事之前银行卡付款的，很多是骗子，请你切记切记！精诚翻译五折优惠中六年经验！首推先翻译后付费模式，无效免单，免费试译，免费修改。 Putting fresh groceries in the fridge is the quickest and easiest option after a shop, but whether or not those items belong in there is another story. 把新鲜食品放冰箱里是从商店回来后最先做、也是最容易做的事，但那些食物是否该放冰箱里却是另一回事。 Surprisingly, most fruits and vegetables are better off out of the fridge at first, with many of them only needing refrigeration once fully ripe. 出人意料的是，大多数水果蔬菜最好先不要放冰箱里，其中有很多只在完全成熟之后才需要冷藏。 Daily Mail Australia spoke to leading senior nutritionist from NAQ Nutrition, Aloysa Hourigan, to find out what should be in the fridge and what should remain at room temperature. 《每日邮报》驻澳大利亚记者向NAQ Nutrition首席高级营养师阿罗伊莎霍瑞根咨询了什么该放冰箱里、什么该常温保存。 BREAD
Hello, everyone. As we all know, we are now living at the age ofbig data, which leads a revolution that transforms how we think. But many people have half know of big data, they haven’t adopted to the tremendous change. So today I’d like to talk about the three peculiarities of big data. I will be very glad if my speech could help you. Firstly, all samples rather than sampling analysis. With the development of technology, we are able to process massive data, from which we can get more reliable result than through sampling analysis. So we can give up sampling analysis in most cases. Secondly, efficiency rather than accuracy. At the age of big data, we concern more on efficiency rather than accuracy. In other words, we should allow faults to improve efficiency. Comparing with massive data, some faults do not influence the final result. Thirdly, correlation is as important as causality. We can’t deny the importance of causality ,but sometimes it is difficult or unnecessary to explore it. For example, the recommendation system of Amazon doesn’t know why the customer who likes Hemingway’s works is likely to buy Fitzgerald’s works, it just recommends and helps Amazon sell more than 100 times books than before Amazon using it. From this example, we can conclude that correlation plays an important role at the age of big data,so please don’t overlook it.
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春 节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、 中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风 俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝 聚力和生命力的体现 Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lu Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double- Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Ea Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality. Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式 是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹 青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人 物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔 墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的 审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And paint painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” ( hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese pai 5. 中国石窟 中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛 阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟 随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然 造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、 绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界 文化遗产。 Chinese Grottoes Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded
(一) 确定主语,调整语序。 英语为主语显著的语言,主语突出,除省略句以外,一般情况下每个句子都有主语;句法重形合,要求句子各成分特别清楚,以免结构混乱,影响句意。 而汉语则是主题显著的语言,主题突出,主语不突出;句法重意合,指代关系在形式上不明显。在篇章中,某些句子的主语常常可以省略,有时必须省略;有些主语难以一眼看清,需要读者用心识别。因而在英译汉过程中,确定主语,调整句序往往是一个需要动脑筋的问题。例如: (1) Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointed preaching place. 这句话按原文的语序,Nightfall (夜幕) 作主语,按原语序照样翻译下去,译文会显得别扭,不自然。按照汉语的语言习惯,应选用“他”作主语,因而正确的翻译是:夜幕降临时,他离预定的布道地点还有好多英里路。又如: (2)As is known to all ,2003 saw the successful launching ofChina’s first manned spaceship. 这句话可译为:众所周知,中国在2003 年成功地发射了第一艘载人宇宙飞船。原文主语是“2003”,但译文没有以“2003”作主语,而以“中国”这一行为主体作主语。用时间作主语是英语中较为常见的现象,这种用法不仅强调了时间的观念,而且也使句子简洁、生动。按照西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯,英语还可以用地点等名词作主语。如:Nanjing witnessed many great historic events. (在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从 来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought that he is a dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。 (二) 突出信息焦点,调整语序。 信息焦点即信息单位的焦点所在,是信息单位内在主重音或调核体现的一个或多个作为信息高峰值的单元。语言现象分析常用的方法是句子成分分析法,其实这远远不够,还要进行交际分析或实义分析, 即主述位分析。主位是陈述的对象(或称话题) ,是谈话的出发点,也是读者从上
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
大数据时代的翻译理论与实践 专业方向：翻译理论与实践班级：14级英语语言文学研究生 作者：张琦学号：81420379 摘要：此篇文献综经过查阅大量文章，总结了翻译理论与实践之现状与大数据时代对翻译理论与实践之影响。对于前者，即翻译理论与实践之现状，又包括当下翻译理论与实践现状：翻译理论与实践之关系；对于理论方面的现状包括翻译标准，翻译原则方面，以及翻译家翻译法之研究；而实践方面包括对翻译教学等方面研究。而大数据时代的来临，渐渐对翻译理论与实践的影响包括对翻译理论和翻译实践的影响。本文献综述通过此种分类方式，可以有效的探讨翻译理论与实践受大数据时代的影响。、关键字：翻译理论；实践；现状；大数据时代；影响 近年来对于翻译的研究从理论到对实践方面的研究。然而，随着大数据时代的来临，翻译理论与实践也在一定程度上受到影响。翻译的理论与实践也从传统信息受限单一的状态到数据信息共享状态，进而对翻译理论与实践方面产生一定的影响。 针对大数据对翻译理论与实践的影响，本人查阅中国知网等网站，万方数据等网站，发现涉及此的文献不在少数。 本文献综述从翻译理论与实践的现状开始探讨，将其从理论与实践方面分别进行探究。对于理论方面又继续细分，包括对翻译规则与翻译标准现状之探讨，以及对当代翻译家的翻译法与翻译特色的介绍；对于实践方面，本人从对翻译教学等方面介绍其现状。而后，引入大数据时代对翻译理论与实践的影响，也从对其理论与实践方面开始分析。 对于所查阅之文献，本人对其进行归纳整理，认为对大数据时代的翻译理论与实践的研究有所帮助。 一、翻译理论与实践的现状 在大数据时代影响之前，翻译理论与实践存在于闭塞状态，我们对翻译的理论与实践的探讨也比较狭隘。本文将从对翻译的理论与实践的现状进行介绍。先介绍翻译理论与实践的关系，然后对于理论部分，包括对翻译的标准、规则等方面的介绍；对于实践部分，包括对教学等方面的介绍。 理论与实践的关系
圭亚那盆地地层时代中英文对照 Cainozoic 新生界 Tertiary 第三纪 Pleistocene 第三纪更新世 Miocene 第三纪中新世 Lower Miocene 第三纪下中新世 Oligocene 第三纪渐新世 Eocene 第三纪始新世 Middle Eocene第三纪中始新世 Lower Eocene第三纪下始新世 Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Cretaceous 白垩纪 Senonian 森诺阶 Campanian 坎帕阶 Santonian 桑托阶 Coniacian 科尼亚克阶（晚白垩纪第三期）Turonian 白垩纪土仑阶（晚白垩纪第二期）Cenomanian 森诺曼阶 Albian 阿尔比阶 Aptian 阿普第阶 Barremian 巴列姆阶 Precambrian 前寒武纪地层
Cainozoic 新生界 Quaternary 第四系Quaternary period 第四纪Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Mesozoic中生界 Cretaceous 白垩系 Jurassic 侏罗系 Triassic 三叠系 LateTriassicepoch 晚三叠世 Paleozoic 古生界 Permian 二叠系 LatePermianepoch Early Permian 早二叠世 Carboniferous 石炭系石炭纪 Late Carboniferous Devonian 泥盆系泥盆纪upperDevonionseries 上泥盆统 siluric 志留系Silurian 志留纪 Ordovician 奥陶系奥陶纪 Cambrian 寒武系寒武纪 Proterozoic era 元古代
词序调整法在《十七大报告》汉英翻译中的应用 王江 （湖南理工学院外国语言文学学院09级05班序号：19号） 摘要：《十七大报告》的翻译属时政翻译。汉英两种语言的差异颇多。因此，译者在做汉英翻译时不能逐字逐句翻译，而应进行相应的处理。在翻译此次报告时，为使译文流畅、易懂，译者从多个方面运用了词序调整法。 关键词：词序调整法、《十七大报告》、汉英翻译 Application of Inversion in the Chinese-English Translation of Hu Jintao’s Report at 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China Wang Jiang (College of Foreign Languages and Literature, 0905, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, No: 19) Abstract：The translation of Hu Jintao’s Report at 17th Party Congress belongs to the translation of official text. There are many differences between English and Chinese. Accordingly，a translator can not translate the text word by word ,he needs to make some adjustments as required. And in order to let the translation smooth and understandable, the translator used inversion from several aspects to translate the report. Key Words:inversion; Hu Jintao’s Report at 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China; Chinese-English translation 引言 2007年10月,党的十七大在北京召开。党的十七大是在我国改革发展关键阶段召开的一次十分重要的会议。胡锦涛同志代表第十六届中央委员会所作的报告，高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，实事求是地回顾了过去5年党中央领导全国人民开展的各项工作，科学总结了改革开放29年来我们党所取得的宝贵经验，深刻阐述了科学发展观的科学内涵和十七大精神根本要求，对中国特色社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设和党的建设等各项工作做出了全面部署。十七大报告的主题是：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，继续解放思想，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗。关于《十七大报告》汉英翻译的研究，从万刊数据库可以查到：张旭琼[1]（2008）从应用功能翻译理论的角度出发,研究时政文体翻译的功能性,分析在十七大报告翻译中的运用实例,表明功能翻译理论在此类文体中的可应用性；熊丽[2]（2008）与读者分享了《十七大报告》的英译本研究体会：在政论文翻译中,译者务必紧跟原文语义和作者思想,将原文语境意准确表达出来,彰显文本"个性"是十分重要的。政论文翻译应该把握以下几个特点:(1)表达方式的多样性;(2)功能对等下的变通性;(3)不断创新的时代性;(4)发扬民族特色的文化性。这些论述为词序调整法在《十七大报告》汉英翻译中的应用提供了理论依据。 一、词序调整法的定义、理据、功能与类型 词序,又称为语序,是词语排列的顺序。在《现代汉语词典》（2005:222）中给出的解释是“词在词组或句子里的先后次序”[3]。在汉语里，词序是一种主要语法手段。在英语
英语三年级（上）家默 M1U1 1.早上好！ 2.你好吗？ 3.好，谢谢。 4.我也好。 5.你好，方小姐！ 6.你好，男孩们和女孩们。 7.这是张先生。 8.你好，张先生！ 9.下午好！ 10.下午好，张先生。 11.你们好吗？ 12.好，谢谢你。 13.方小姐张先生王女士 14.傍晚好，爸爸。 15.傍晚好。 16.你好吗？ 17.非常好，谢谢你。 18.晚安，妈妈和爸爸。 19.晚安。 20.蛋糕桌子 M1U2 1.早上好，男生们和女生们。 2.早上好，张先生。 3.坐下，请。 4.你叫什么名字？ 5.我叫Peter。 6.打开你的书。 7.写下你的名字，请。 8.站起来坐下开门关门 9.关上门，请。 10.好的，方小姐。 11.谢谢。 12.看黑板，请。13.擦黑板，请。 14.好的。 15.开门，请。 16.是，方小姐。 17.谢谢你，Peter。 18.果酱手 M1U3 1.今天是你的生日。 2.生日快乐！ 3.谢谢你。 4.你几岁了，Alice？ 5.我八岁。 6. 1 2 3 4 5 7. 6 7 8 9 10 8.你八岁吗？ 9.八岁？不！我只有一岁。 10.这是你的蛋糕，Alice。 11.谢谢，妈妈。 12.祝你生日快乐。 13.切蛋糕，Alice。 14.给你，Kitty。 15.蛋糕是美味的。 16.他她
M2U1 1.胖瘦高的低男孩女 孩 10 钢笔 2.看男孩！ 3.他是我的朋友。 4.他是高的。 5.他是胖的。 6.他是Danny吗？ 7.是的，他是。 8.看女孩！ 9.她是我的朋友。 10.她是矮的。 11.她是瘦的。 12.她是Jimmy吗？ 13.不，她不是。她是Alice。 14.谁是你的朋友，Peter？ 15.他会踢足球。 16.我的朋友8岁。 17.她会唱歌，但是她不会游泳。 18.她是Mary吗？ 19.不，她不是。 M2U2 1.爷爷奶奶爸爸妈妈兄弟 姐妹我风筝自行车 2.她是谁？ 3.她是Sally。 4.她是我的姐姐。 5.她是高的。她是瘦的。 6.他是谁？ 7.他是Paul。 8.他是我弟弟。 9.他是矮的。他是瘦的。 10.你好。你是Mary吗？ 11.不。我是Kitty。 12.很高兴见到你。13.我也很高兴见到你。 14.爸爸，Kitty是我的好朋友。 15.我们是好朋友。 16.你好！我是Alice。 17.这是一张我家庭的照片。 18.看！这是我奶奶，和这是我妈妈。她们喜 欢吃蛋糕。 19.这是我爸爸。他是高的。 20.这是我哥哥。他10岁。他是瘦的。 21.Tom和我爸爸喜欢踢足球。 22.他们能踢得非常好。 M2U3 1.眼睛鼻子头发耳朵嘴猪 粉红色 2.你好，我叫Linda。 3.我九岁。我是高的。我是瘦的。 4.我的头发是长的。我的鼻子是小的。 5.我的嘴是大的。我的眼睛是大的。 6.而且我的耳朵也是大的。 7.看我的眼睛。 8.我的眼睛是小的和棕色的。 9.我是谁？ 10.你是Danny。