Unit4 无子女家庭：违背十万年来的繁衍规律
课文翻译：
二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，没有孩子。上次凯茜娘家有人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子，组成一个家庭呢?”她答道：“我们已经是个家庭啦!”
凯茜与韦恩属于决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体，其人数正在日益增长。最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢?
或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对不管人们是否愿意和需要孩子就迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力。
“这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。我们的孙辈也许将购票去观赏最后一批红杉或排队去获取氧气配给。有人抱怨在回到有五个孩子的家途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。”
埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。”
埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。”
专业观察家同意这一看法：很多人生养孩子没有正当的理由，有时候则完全没有理由。男人常常稀里糊涂就当上了父亲，根本就没有作出审慎的选择；对许多妇女来说，怀孕能够成为一种方式来逃避不可解决的冲突，譬如，迅速获得名分，或改进自己的不良形象，以及满足童年时代未曾得到的关注和关爱的需要。
我与许多人类行为领域的专家交谈，探讨为什么那么多年轻夫妇决定不要孩子，他们的看法也是众说纷纭。一位家庭治疗专家把不要孩子的决定描写为“对当今世界形势基本的本能反应”，暗示像动物群居本能那样的东西正在起作用，来应对人口过剩、城市拥挤、环境污染与核战争危险。群居本能促使妇女感到繁殖人口有违心愿，并指引她们去寻找在家庭生活之外实现自我价值的新方式。
不止一位精神病医生暗示，凡是不愿生育的人有都自恋癖——觉得自己心甘情愿迫不得已，为照顾别人与受人照顾这个互相对立的内心冲突自圆其说。有位精神病医生说：“这些人不能容忍照顾孩子的想法，他们没有多余的爱分享给孩子，”并补充道，“你们这是对亘古以来人类繁衍生生不息的离经叛道。”他的另一位同事插话说：“情有可原嘛，我们谁不想为我们的欠缺找理由? 且不论他
们的真正动机如何，或许这帮人本来就不该生孩子，同样的道理，我们应该有自由堕胎法。在这个世界上只能让热心的人当父母。”
心理学家唐纳德·M·卡普兰认为虽然一些人总是选择不生育，但是我们现在看到的越来越多人不愿生育的现象频繁发生在这些20世纪40-50年代出生的孩子们身上，他们由性格类型被社会心理学家大卫·黎斯曼称之为“有自我原则的”转变成“无自我原则的”父母抚养成人，另外这些“无原则的”父母对子女产生两个相关的影响：一是给他们一种强烈的“自恋权利感”——这是人们期望从生活里面得到的东西；二是失去了确信感。他说，他们更容易自我怀疑，更加专注自己的身体，生活方式，不大可能与他人保持稳定的依恋关系。他认为这类人最有可能将生孩子的决定推迟。这种决定不会更改，也不会取消。
“有许多年轻人对放弃受人照顾的角色和承担照顾人的角色显示出矛盾心态，”卡普兰博士说。
E·詹姆斯·安东尼博士是华盛顿大学医学院儿童精神病学的教授，《父母心理学和精神病理学》一书的合著者。在最近的一次谈话中，安东尼博士说，很多和我交谈的人非常担心在这个并不太平的世界上自己的未来和孩子的未来。过去在我们的文化中总有一种不言而喻的观念：生儿育女意义非凡、令人神往、丰富阅历、创造人生，如今这一理念似乎被人遗弃。现在妇女似乎有许多其他的机会可以创造性地表现自己，而家庭生活要求她们放弃太多的东西，因此强调家庭生活是一项美好和有创造性的事情，一种对未来世界的奉献，反而根本无法唤起许多年轻人的回应。
“我认为形成时代风气的部分原因是现代父母的矛盾心理正在潜移默化地传递给他们的子女。孩子是没完没了的负担，也许现在麻烦比以前更多。孩子就是你的冤家债主。他们发育早熟，青春期情绪发泄，吸毒，这些问题都会幽然浮现。年轻人觉得，‘如果他们真的不需要我们，我们何必要去生孩子?’然后他们根据像什么是世界的前景这样的客观问题来合理解释这种想法。他们提出诸如此类的问题：“为什么要给人口爆炸增添人口?为什么要制造人口，让他们面对下世纪即将来临的全部危机呢?”
“尽管他们公开宣布不要孩子的动机，这个问题还是摆出来了：实际上今天的年轻人是否真的过上了更加滋润的生活。我发现当今许多大学生感到意想不到的空虚。他们生活在一个充满各种刺激的世界上，但是缺乏可能与这些基本生物性相关的内心满足感。”
专家们的看法会不尽相同，但是他们似乎都在说同一个观点：你要孩子还是不要孩子都不是真正的关键所在，重要的是你对所作所为感到心安理得。如果你不要孩子，而且你为此事产生很多内心冲突，你将会因膝下无子而满目凄凉；如果你要了孩子又为之后悔，你就会苦不堪言，你的孩子也感到命苦。问题的要领似乎是你要了解你自己，承认你内心深处的情感，不要因为迫不得已，或者是满足不现实的幻想，或者是奉父母之命，或者是逃避其他责任而做出如此重大的人生决策。
有些人害怕承认他们自己的这种感觉，类似许多接受采访的无子女夫妇那样能够承受自己的骂名——他们所谓的“自私自利”。他们耻于承认他们宁愿外出旅游也不愿抚养儿女。但是，如果那就是使他们最快乐的事情，那又怎么样呢?深藏在心底的情感是不容易改变的，如果你没有认识到你的真实情感，你就做不出适合你的决定。
如果不是绝大多数，起码也是很多的人，生儿育女的天伦之乐以及随之而来的苦恼麻烦就是生活的全部含义。看到孩子不断发育并长大成人，看到自己的生命在他们身上延续，堪称一个人在阳世间最富有的人生体验。但是也有一些人过着丰富多彩的一生，他们实现了另外的人生之路。所幸我们生活在一个时代，其生活态度的自由化高达这样一个程度，使得越来越多的男男女女去质疑“人人都过的结婚生子”的生活方式，看看这个固定的模式是不是不适合自己。如果越来越多的人在开始怀孕前就不断地扪心自问是否真的想要抚养儿女，世界上不幸的父母和苦命的孩子就会越来越少。
课后练习参考答案：
A.
1. a. coercive adj. 强制性的 b. coerced v. 被强制
2. a. preoccupation n. 占据优势 b. preoccupied v. 关注
3. a. reluctant adj. 不愿意 b. reluctance n. 踌躇
4. a. adolescent n. 青少年 b. adolescence n. 青春期
5. a. implication n. 含意 b. implicit adj. 暗含的
6. a. ambivalence n.矛盾 b. ambivalent adj. 矛盾的
7. a. maintenance n. 维护，保持 b. maintainability n. 可维护性
8. a. privacy n. 独处，私密性 b. (in ) private 秘密地
9. a. enthusiasm n. 热情 b. enthusiasts n. 热心者
10. a . tolerance n. 宽容 b. tolerable adj. 可容忍的
11. a. statisticians n. 统计员 b. statistics n. 数据
12. a. rational adj. 理性的 b. rationality n. 理性
B.
1. cared for
2. in terms of
3. lies behind
4. rings a bell
5. passed on to
6. went against
7. lining up
8. chiming in
9. am open to
11. brought up
C.
1. have evidenced—has evidenced
2. that prevailed—that had prevailed
3. associating—associated
4. raise—raising
5. on—to
6. on—to
7. reluctance—willingness
8. have—having
9. are the center—are not the center
10. This reflects—This is reflected
D.
1. Adolescents
2. involved
3. fact
4. Therefore
5. common
6. or
7. employed
8. fewer
9. negative
10. contribute
11. Studies
12. people
13. tend
14. drop
15. grown
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
A.一些观察家提出，我们正在看到的这种现象根本就不是什么重大变化，或许它和性革命一样，不是人们行为上的而是表达方式上的一种剧变。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析学家说，“也许，一直就有那么一群与众不同的人存着。只不过他们现在从隐蔽外走了出来，公开表明了他们的观点，就像同性恋者那样。我们这一时代的潮流就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩饰。这些人身上所反映的不是什么变革而是人们现在越来越坦率直言的这样一个现象。
B.在最近几十年的时间里，人们渐渐地明白了一个事实，那就是：为数不多的妇女已不再接受并愿意扮演深居简出的传统母亲角色。许多人认为家庭的重要性正日益消失。妇女受教育程度的提高是造成这一文化的重要因素。如今，百分之八十的妇女完成了四年制的高中学习。而在1940年，完成这一阶段学习的妇女仅占百分之三十。这与现在美国妇女平均晚一年结婚有关。二十岁至二十四岁未婚
4.The company put on the market a registered invention even without (asking) the inventor’s permission, which goes against the patent law.
5. Urged by some other countries, the United Nations has pressured the country to give up developing and using nuclear weapons.
6. According to the rule that every member should remain childless, Mr. And Ms white have no alternative but to withdraw from the Non-Parent Association, for they will attain parenthood soon.
7. He expects to reveal, by presenting a soap opera, the complexity implicit in real life.
8. In virtually every country, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and child abuse loom as most challenging social problems.
9. When interviewed, these elderly people rationalized why they were ambivalent about today’s young people.
10. Many college students are far more concerned with how to get a highly-paid job on graduation and how to receive a quick promotion in the competitive society.
U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。
UNIT 4 What Is Happiness? 1、The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one seems quite which way it ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to being well deceived.” The felic i ty of being “a fool among knaves.” For Swift say society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals. 自从呱呱坠地，美国人就被赋予了追求幸福的权利，但似乎没人确信幸福究竟在哪里。正如它发给我们狩猎证，却不给我们提供猎物。乔纳森?斯威福特似乎持此观点，他抨击幸福的想法是“鬼迷心窍的上当，”是“骗子堆中的傻瓜”的自鸣得意。因为他视社会为虚妄目标聚集的名利场。 2、It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to heaven when we possess enough. 当然用傻子、骗子这样的字眼来形容是不合美国的人的风俗习惯的，然后我们似乎确实沉溺于用金钱购买幸福的想法：只要有足够的钱，我们百年后就能上天堂。 3、And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising is one of our major
08.9 美国经济发展速度日益缓慢，工作机遇日益凸显不稳定性。身为一所小型高校的校长，我时刻关注今年毕业生面临的就业市场。最新消息报道了贝尔斯登公司撤销了为商学院毕业生提供的数百个职位，这正是公司裁员的通常做法，而全美的大学也随之降低招生规模。但即使经济前景惨淡，今年的毕业生还是有望找到工作。固然，众多公司纷纷裁员，但其中许多也正寻求新的人才，尤其是低端职位。超过百万的职位新人像潮水般涌入劳动力市场，学生们应该认识到，在全球市场环境下，较强的语言能力对你大有帮助，灵活性也能助力不少。如果毕业生愿意接受起点低的工作，就工作要求做出一些让步，如果公司要求也不介意搬至其他城市工作，那么他就有可能得到一份工作。因此，即使失业情况日益严重，毕业生应该将找工作的过程视为自己漫长职场生涯中的第一个挑战。 According to a well-informed source, it was before the Spring Festival that Carrefour had its “first intimate contact” with Xin Da Xin. Undoubtedly, Guangzhou Municiple Government had played the role of “matchmaker”. In a short period of just a few months, the two parties “fell in love with each other”, the concern of those on the outside is: what is it in Xin Da Xin that has struck Carrefour’s fancy? To this, General Manager He of Xin Da Xin did not give any direct response. He merely stated in general terms that Xin Da Xin has unique features in the business of general merchandise in Guangzhou. According to Mr. He, in
Unit 4 Part I Listening Task Script for the recording: You may recall from Unit One, the author Eudora Welty telling us how she, in her early childhood, developed a love for reading under the influence of her parents. Perhaps you'd like to know what her teachers were like. Well, let's listen to what she has to say about them: Every school week, visiting teachers came on their days for special lessons. On Mondays, the singing teacher blew into the room fresh from the early outdoors, singing in her high soprano "How do you do?" to do-mi-sol-do, and we responded in chorus from our desks, "I'm ve-ry well", to do-sol-mi-do. Miss Johnson taught us rounds —"Row row row your boat gently down the stream", — and "Little Sir Echo," with half the room singing the words and the other half being the echo, a competition. She was from the North, and she was the one who wanted us all to stop the Christmas carols and see snow. The snow falling that morning outside the window was the first most of us had ever seen, and Miss Johnson threw up the window and held out wide her own black Cape and caught flakes on it and ran, as fast as she could go, up and down the ais1es to show us the real thing before it melted. Thursday was Miss Eyrich and Miss Eyrich was Thursday. She came to give us physical training. She wanted no time on nonsense. Without greeting, we were marched straight outside and summarily divided into teams (no choosing sides), put on the mark, and ordered to get set for a relay race. Miss Eyrich cracked out "Go!" Dread rose in my throat. My head swam. Here was my turn, nearly upon me. (Wait, have I been touched —was that slap the touch? Go on! Do I go on without our passing a word? What word? Now am I racing too fast to turn around? Now I'm nearly home, but where is the hand waiting for mine to touch? Am I too late? Have I lost the whole race for our side?) I lost the relay race for our side before I started, through living ahead of myself, dreading to make my start, feeling too late prematurely, and standing transfixed by emergency, trying to think of a password. Thursdays still can make me hear Miss Eyrich's voice. "On your mark —get set — go!" V ery composedly and very slowly, the art teacher, who visited each room on Fridays, paced the aisle and looked down over your shoulder at what you were drawing for her. This was Miss Ascher. Coming from behind you, her deep, resonant voice reached you without being a word at all, but a sort of purr. It was much the sound given out by our family doctor when he read the thermometer and found you were running a slight fever, " Um-hm. Um-hm." Both alike, they let you go right ahead with it. After Listening 1.On Mondays, Miss Johnson, our singing teacher, would blow into the room, singing in her high soprano "How do you do?" to do-mi-sol-do, and we students would respond in chorus from ouir desks, "I'm very well", to do-sol-mi-do. 2.Miss Eyrich gave us physical training on Thursdays. She wanted no time on nonsense. Without greeting, she ordered us to march straight outside and get set for a relay race. 3.In a very composed and slow manner, the art teacher Miss Ascher would pace the aisle and
Unit 4 (Para. 1) In the last few centuries, marriage has been connected to romantic love.This kind of package deal is not easy to maintain and indeed many people fail while trying to do so. Nevertheless, most people still pursue this deal. This is another type of paradox associated with marriage. 在过去的几个世纪里，婚姻总是和浪漫的爱情联系起来。这一揽子交易可不容易维护，的确，很多人在试图将婚姻和浪漫的爱情结合起来时失败了。不过，许多人仍然追求婚姻。这是和婚姻相关的另一种自相矛盾的情况。 (Para. 2)Some of the main difficulties of this package deal are the following: (a) in modern society, marriage is no longer unique in fulfilling tasks such as raising children and enhancing one’s status and financial situation,(b) long-term romantic relationships are problematic in that they lack significant changes, which are so meaningful to emotions in general and love in particular, and (c) the greater flexibility of romantic boundaries in modern society make it harder to maintain strict emotional connections and constraints, such as those recommended in marriage. 要实现这一揽子交易，有如下几点主要的困难：1. 在现代社会，婚姻已不是实现像抚养孩子，加强个人地位，及改善经济状况等任务的惟一形式。2. 长期的浪漫关系的问题在于他们缺乏重大变化，而变化对于普遍意义的情感特别是爱情具有重要意义。3.浪漫的界线在现代社会中更加灵活，这就使得那些在婚姻关系中建议的严格的情感联系和限制难以维持。 (Para. 3a) In modern society, most of the penalties for dissolving a marriage have been removed and many of the incentives that marriage offers can be obtained in other social frameworks. 现代社会中，大多数由于结束婚姻关系所受的惩罚已被取消，而婚姻关系提供的许多奖励也能通过其他社会结构获得。 The choice of staying within a marriage depends, therefore, more on the issue of love than on those traditionally unique advantages of marriage, such as raising children and enhancing one’s status and financial situation. 因此，选择继续留在婚姻中更多的是由于爱情而不是婚姻关系具有的那些传统的独特的优势，例如抚养孩子，加强个人地位，及改善经济状况。 (Para. 3b) If a person feels that her present marital relationship prevents her from experiencing genuine love (and from personal development and satisfaction), there is little incentive for her to stay in the marriage. The fact that most divorce cases now cite a lack of love as the reason for seeking to end the marriage indicates the greater importance that love has in contemporary marriages. 如果一个人觉得她目前的婚姻不能使她体验真挚的爱情，以及她的个人发展和内心满足，她就不太有维持婚姻关系的动机了。许多离婚案件现在会用缺少爱情作
汉译英专项练习 一、倍数增减的表示法 5 1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍). is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考点：倍数+形容词/副词比较级+ than） 2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍). reacts three times as fast as the other one （考点：倍数+ as +形容词/副词+ as） 3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍). is 49 times the size of the moon （考点：倍数+名词） 4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一). wants to raise the rent by a third （考点：动词+ by +数词/百分比/倍数） 5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍). plan to double their investment （考点：double +名词） 二、时态6 1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了). or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考点：将来完成时） 2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了). the children had fallen asleep （考点：过去完成时） 3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _______________(我姐姐将在海边度假). my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考点：将来进行时） 4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历). have been revising my resume all the morning （考点：现在完成进行时） 5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了). No. It has been five years since I went on holiday （考点：It has been…since sb. did sth.表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了） 6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了). He has been in the army for 5 years （考点：1.现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间） 三、被动语态5 1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代). is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考点：被动语态的现在进行时） 2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版). will have been published by the end of this year （考点：被动语态的将来完成时）
Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action ▇Working with Words and Expressions 1 In the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■Answers: 1) mass 2) gambled 3) voluntary 4) hunted 5) classified 6) abolished 7) division 8) senseless 9) fashions 10) coordination 11) declarations 12) committed 13) necessity 14) moderately 15) slightest 16) considerable 17) evaluate 18) derived 2In the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Complete the sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■Answers: 1) stands/stood a chance 2) ruled out 3) consist /consists of 4) gone through 5) in the strict sense 6) At a guess 7) earns a living 8) coincide with 9) gone in for 10) got their teeth into ▆ Increasing Your Word Power 1 Word Building Did you notice the suffix -ary and -ory in words such as “voluntary” and “satisfactory” in Texts A and B? The suffix -ary or -ory can be added to a noun to form an adjective. Now add the suffixes of -ary or -ory to the nouns in the following table to form adjectives, then translate them into Chinese. ▆
Unit1 1、任何年满18岁得人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote、 2、每学期开学前，这些奖学金得申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester、 3、遵照医生得建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking、 4、公园位于县城得正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town、 5、这所大学提供了我们所需得所有材料与设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire、 1、她们花了多年得时间寻找内心得平静，但就是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success、 2、这种新药得成功研制已经使许多疾病得治疗发生了根本性得变革。(revolutionize) The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases、 3、由于这个国家得经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of) The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country、 4、大学毕业后她成为了一名护士。她认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding) He became a nurse after college、He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career、 5、她像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as) He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it、 Unit2
Unit4 无子女家庭：违背十万年来的繁衍规律 课文翻译： 二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，没有孩子。上次凯茜娘家有人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子，组成一个家庭呢?”她答道：“我们已经是个家庭啦!” 凯茜与韦恩属于决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体，其人数正在日益增长。最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢? 或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对不管人们是否愿意和需要孩子就迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力。 “这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。我们的孙辈也许将购票去观赏最后一批红杉或排队去获取氧气配给。有人抱怨在回到有五个孩子的家途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。” 埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。” 埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。” 专业观察家同意这一看法：很多人生养孩子没有正当的理由，有时候则完全没有理由。男人常常稀里糊涂就当上了父亲，根本就没有作出审慎的选择；对许多妇女来说，怀孕能够成为一种方式来逃避不可解决的冲突，譬如，迅速获得名分，或改进自己的不良形象，以及满足童年时代未曾得到的关注和关爱的需要。 我与许多人类行为领域的专家交谈，探讨为什么那么多年轻夫妇决定不要孩子，他们的看法也是众说纷纭。一位家庭治疗专家把不要孩子的决定描写为“对当今世界形势基本的本能反应”，暗示像动物群居本能那样的东西正在起作用，来应对人口过剩、城市拥挤、环境污染与核战争危险。群居本能促使妇女感到繁殖人口有违心愿，并指引她们去寻找在家庭生活之外实现自我价值的新方式。 不止一位精神病医生暗示，凡是不愿生育的人有都自恋癖——觉得自己心甘情愿迫不得已，为照顾别人与受人照顾这个互相对立的内心冲突自圆其说。有位精神病医生说：“这些人不能容忍照顾孩子的想法，他们没有多余的爱分享给孩子，”并补充道，“你们这是对亘古以来人类繁衍生生不息的离经叛道。”他的另一位同事插话说：“情有可原嘛，我们谁不想为我们的欠缺找理由? 且不论他
Unit1 1、他实现了自己成为一名歌手的愿望 His wish to become a singer has come true 2、这趟火车可能要晚点了 This train is likely to be late 3、我的建议是演讲的时候要充满信心 My advice is to make a speech with confidence Unit2 1、她因为没有立刻回答而向我表示歉意 She apologized to me for not answering immediately 2、如果那个男孩不逗那条狗，就不会被咬 If the boy had left the dog alone,he wouldn’t have been bitten 3、他一直在这个小镇上过着宁静的生活 He has been leading a peaceful life in this small town Unit3 1、我们有必要权衡工作和家庭生活两者的需求 There is a need for us to balance the demands of the work with those of family life 2、有了因特网，全世界的信息都可以为你所用 With the Internet you can tap into all information of the world 3、我想借这个机会，对你们的帮助表示感谢 I’d like to draw upon this opportunity to express my thinks for your help Unit4 1、工厂散发出难闻的气味 The factory gives off a terrible smell 2、经费的减少使这个研究项目延迟了好几年 The spending cuts set back the project for several years 3、研究表明女性的寿命要比男性长 The study indicates that women live longer than men Unit5 1、我目前承担不了更多的工作 I can’t take on more work 2、这笔钱可以使他们实现自己的梦想 The money enabled them to live out their dreams 3、我们的公司准备购买更多的生产性设备 Our company is going to buy more productive equipment Unit6 1、在舞蹈方面，我们谁也比不上她 None of us can equal her in dancing
Iisten and Respond Zooming In on the Details 1)endangered 2) threats 3) resource 4) diet 5) satisfy 6) harvested 7) declining 8) supplies 9) excessive 10) starvation Words in action 1. 1) disaster; 2) compelled; 3) historical; 4) disciplined; 5) destruction; 6) output; 7) retreat; 8) abandoned; 9) trace; 10) eternal; 11) investment; 12) transfer; 13) justify; 14) nonetheless; 15) contributions; 16) accelerate; 17) threaten. 2. 1) show signs of; 2) called upon; 3) off limits; 4) in fear of ; 5) slow down; 6) cut down; 7) from head to foot; 8) come by; 9) lost out; 10) As yet; 11) reside in. Increasing your word power 1. web+log; breakfast+lunch; medical+care; Motor+hotel; net+citizen; science+ fiction; Work+alcoholic. 2. 1) anthropology: the scientific study of the human race, especially of its origins, development, customs and beliefs; 2) archaeology;
新视野大学英语课后习 题翻译答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释 How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.
我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们 只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her . 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没有给我打电话作任何解 释。 Mike didn’t come to the party last night , nor did he call me to give an explanation. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么 大作家。 The man sitting next to him did publish some novels , but he is by no means a great writer. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 He is not interested in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.
Unit4 1.The crisis of global poverty has, at long last, been accorded a high priority on the international agenda. This propitious development has sparked a flurry of discussion and research concerning the means for eradicating this debilitating condition from human life. Yet as renewed pledges for action pour in from governments, as long-held theories and conventional approaches fail to quell long-held prejudices, conflicts, and exploitation, a feeling of rudderlessness looms over the global enterprise of poverty eradication. At the same time, a palpable optimism emerges from the attention and momentum generated by the search for solutions to this worldwide challenge. 2.The mechanisms of poverty eradication have long been defined in primarily material terms. Indeed, the central pillar of the international community’s poverty alleviation efforts has been the transfer of financial resources. Approximately $2.3 trillion have been spent on foreign aid over the last five decades.[1] Tragically, the aid, far from ushering in greater self-sufficiency, has often had a detrimental effect on recipient communities: increased dependency on foreign assistance, subservience to externally dictated priorities, misappropriation of funds and decreased pressure for governance reform. In a resolute push for change, the United Nations has sought to expand the mechanisms for assistance and to galvanize support for poverty alleviation through its Millennium Development Goals.[2] 消除贫困的机制，很久以来主要是用物质的术语界定的。事实上，国际社会努力缓解贫困的主要手段是调配资金。在刚刚过去的五十年里，大约2.3万亿美元花在了外援上1。可悲的是，这些援助不但未能帮助受援群体增强自立的能力，反而常常带给受援群体负面影响——增加了他们对外援的依赖、总是屈从于来自外部的指示、挪用资金、减低了政府自身改革的动力。为了坚决推进变革，联合国通过其制定的《千年发展目标》寻求扩展援助的机制，加大对扶贫的支持力度。 3.It is now increasingly acknowledged that such conditions as the marginalization of girls and women,[3] poor governance,[4] ethnic and religious antipathy,[5] environmental degradation[6] and unemployment[7] constitute formidable obstacles to the progress and development of communities. These evidence a deeper crisis—one rooted in the values and attitudes that shape relationships at all levels of society. Viewed from this perspective, poverty can be described as the absence of those ethical, social and material resources needed to develop the moral, intellectual and social capacities of individuals, communities and institutions. Moral reasoning, group decision-making and freedom from racism, for example, are all essential tools for poverty alleviation. Such capacities must shape individual thinking as well as institutional arrangements and policy-making. To be clear, the goal at hand is not only to remove the ills of poverty but to engage the masses of humanity in the construction of a just global order. 4.Individuals and institutions must work in tandem to take up this task. One of the goals of poverty alleviation, then, centers on the individual: he must be helped to reclaim his dignity and sense of self-worth, must be encouraged to gain confidence to improve his condition and strive to realize his potential. Beyond the achievement of personal well-being, he must be nurtured to become a source of social good—of peace, happiness and advantage to those around him. It is at the level of service to others that our humanity achieves its highest expression. The second goal centers on institutions: at every level of society, they must serve as channels through which the talents and energies of individuals can be harnessed in service to humanity. Resources that help to develop this individual and institutional capacity represent a true source of wealth to the community. 5.Much like the physical principles that govern the material world, the social world, too, is governed by moral principles, which underlie the functioning of an ordered society. Principles such as gender equality,[8] trustworthiness,[9] access to education, human rights and freedom of religion,[10] for example, tend to correlate positively with measures of socioeconomic well-being and stability. The interrelatedness of challenges stemming from poverty calls for the articulation of principles capable of guiding analysis, decision-making and the