雅思写作概述（下）
雅思大作文写作技巧（A、G类）
雅思大作文写作步骤指导
雅思写作部分有2篇作文，要求考生在一小时内完成至少400字的写作任务。由于时间比较短，不少考生因未能合理安排时间，结果没有有效完成任务要求或是未能充分展现自己的英语写作水平。
写作部分两篇文章的字数要求是不一样的。大作文必须完成250字以上写作任务，而小作文150字以上。根据这一指令，从机械地写字速度来看，考生较为合理的时间分配为大作文40分钟，小作文20分钟。另外，大作文占写作总值的60%，小作文为40%，从这分值的权重来看，时间上2：1的分配也是相当合理的。
所以，要想成功完成大作文任务一定要把时间控制在40分钟左右，前后不超出5分钟。
那么如何充分利用这40分钟，完成一篇基本令人满意的文章呢？
步骤一：审题（<3分钟）
审题是有效完成任务的第一步，也是最关键的一步。从评分标准看，审题的正确与否与"Task Response"有着直接的联系。而在当前模板泛滥，文章千篇一律的大环境下，有效审题是突破六分的一条准绳。不少考生在审题时，要么蜻蜓点水、草草一读，要么只关注题目中词的同义转换。如此读题，都有可能对之后的文章撰写方向造成偏差。而有效的读题方法应为：
通读题目，了解大意。
细读题目，分析句子间的逻辑关系。
再读题目，辨别关键词，区分主题词和限定词，推测考官的出题意图。
由于大部分考生只作到了读题的第一步，所以出现离题或部分离题的可能性很大。现以2008年11月15日的考题为例：
There are more workers to work from home and more students to study from home.This is because the computer technology is more and more easily
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accessible and cheaper.Do you think it is a positive or negative development?（题目为考生回忆，与原题可能有少许出入）
通读题目，了解大意。
当前有越来越多的工人在家里工作，有越来越多的学生在家里学习。这是因为电脑技术越来越容易获得，也越来越便宜了。你认为这是个正面的还是负面的发展趋势？
备注：题中的accessible有不少考生不理解，对审题的准确性会造成一定影响。
细读题目，分析句子间的逻辑关系。
要把握题目中的句子间逻辑关系，关键是能读懂代词"this";"it"的具体指代。"this"是指第一句话。
"it"可理解为前两句所呈现的这一现象。为了使文章写作方向更为明确，这里可把it概括为：the wider usage of computer technology in working or studying from home
再读题目，辨别关键词，区分主题词和限定词，推测考官的出题意图。
主题词：Computer technology in working or studying from home
限定词：positive or negative
不容忽视的词：easily accessible and cheaper
题目信息解构：
(topic)positive（benefits) Computer technology in working or studying from home
(causes)Negative (drawbacks)
Easily accessible and cheaper
对题目做出如上分析，确保撰写的文章能包含以上的信息，审题这关绝对能过。以上用时不超过3分钟。
步骤二：列大纲（<3分钟）
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根据以上的题目解构信息，寻找关键词的下义词和衍生词，根据已有素材确定写
作框架。
如：
Computer technology：on-line,PC,laptop,broadband
Working from home:Fashion designer;freelancer;translator;journalist;writer; music composer,artists
Studying from home:on-line course,the disable who are difficult to move; course in the foreign country
Cheaper:on-line IELTS course--several hundred RMB
Class IELTS course--several thousand RMB
Easily accessible:in city--at least one PC every house
Broadband:almost every house;school
Net bar:almost every neighborhood
Outline:
Introduction:
Computer technology in home-study and home-work(topic)
Positive development(opinion)
Body:
Benefits of studying from home:
Cheaper---IELTS course(on-line/class)
Freer---white collar for further education in free time
Benefits of working from home:
Artists(music composer/fashion designer)----more productive
Freelancer(translator/journalists)----more working opportunity
Drawbacks:
Lack self-control/independence(line-addicts)
Conclusion:inevitable trend(with self-discipline)
备注：在实战考试中无需把大纲写得如此详细，但胸有成竹一定会使之后文章的
写作如鱼得水。
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步骤三：文章撰写（30-35分钟）
一般文章为4-5段，平均每段用时5-10分钟
备注：大作文写作一定要写结论段，以体现文章的完整性。
步骤四：检查（1-2分钟）
此时，不宜做大的修改，把笔误的部分改掉即可。
在本篇论文中，笔者花了较多的篇幅来论述审题和列大纲，旨在引起读者对这两部分的足够重视。
议论文四种类型与结尾模版
针对雅思议论文写作中的辩论式话题，在教学中我们通常会向学生介绍两种安排结构的方式，即单边支持和双边讨论。所谓单边支持，顾名思义就是文章的辩论从一边展开，作者的观点和理由呈现“一边倒”的形式；而双边讨论型文章的特点则是文章针对题目所提出的话题，从正反（即支持和反对）两个方面展开辩论。单边支持和双边讨论结构的文章有着各自的特点和谋篇布局的套路，不同的题目可能适合不同类型的结构。但无论是用什么样的结构，作为议论文写作，论点、论据和论证都是必不可少的，特别是论点，没有论点或论点不清的文章是绝不可能拿高分的。然而在双边讨论型文章教学中，经常会发现学生对于如何提出观点感到非常迷惑。本文将从如何提出“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”这个角度对于双边讨论型文章的观点设计进行简单分析。
一、何为“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”
很多雅思写作考题的提问方式都是“Do you agree or disagree？”或者“To what extent do you agree or disagree？”。很多刚刚接触雅思考试的学生甚至是老师认为对于这种提问方式无非就是yes或no两种答案，所以文章的观点也就只能是同意或者不同意了。其实，对于这类提问，也可以采用“折衷”的观点，即“partly agree，partly disagree”（部分同意，部分不同意）。但是前提是一定要在文章中从支持和反对的两方面都阐述一些理由，而且最好再提出一种“折衷”方案。例如，考题问“现在很多人用动物做试验，你同意吗？”，考生可以在文中分别讨论支持和反对动物试验的理由，最后提出动物试验既有好处也有坏处，这就是一种“折衷”观点。除此之外，作者还提出了是否能用动物来做试验主要是取
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决于试验是否能给人类生活带来显著的改善（比如帮助人类发明治疗Aids的药物），这就属于“折衷”方案。
二、“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”的几种形式
那么如何提出“折衷观点”呢？“折衷方案”又有哪几种形式呢？下面将对常见的几种安排折衷观点和折衷方案的形式，结合相应的考题进行总结。
1）兴利除弊
“兴利除弊”应该是一种比较简单的折衷方案，在优缺点类文章中特别常用。即在分析完考题所涉及事物的优缺点之后，在结尾段提出“优缺点都有，我们要兴利除弊”这样的折衷方案。例如以下考题：The advantages brought by the spread of English as a“global language”will outweigh the disadvantages.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
在讨论完英语作为全球性语言的利与弊之后，结尾段可以这样提出折衷观点：To sum up,it is difficult to tell whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages regarding the spread of English as a global language.What we may have to consider is how to accept this trend as positive while at the same time staying away from its drawbacks.
2）平衡发展
很多考题需要考生讨论两种观点，通常会有“discuss both views and give your own opinion”这样的提问要求。很多情况下，文中说到的两种观点表面上看来是完全相反，但其实并不矛盾，可以用“平衡发展”的思路来提出观点。例如考题：Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists.Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions.Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.
在讨论完发展旅游的必要性和保护文化传统的重要性之后，结尾段可以这样提出折衷方案：
We should find the right balance between tourism development and cultural protection and I believe the government has a very important role to play here.
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In my own country,for example,many tourist cities have made effective development plans to successfully attract large numbers of visitors while still preserving their distinct cultural traditions.
3）列出条件
有时在讨论完A和B两种观点以后，可以提出类似于“同意A还是B要取决于……”这样的折衷观点，前文讲到的动物试验是否可以进行取决于试验的性质就是属于这样的方案。再比如下面这个例子：Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets;others think that animals are sources of food and clothing.What is your opinion?
在讨论完动物当宠物养的理由和动物当食物吃的理由之后，结尾段可以这样提出观点：
From my point of view,there is no absolute answer as to whether animals should be treated like pets or as sources of food and clothes.It largely depends on what kinds of animals they are.But what remains undoubted is that we should treat animals with a humane attitude and bear in mind that they are important in preserving nature’s ecological equilibrium.
4）解决方法
很多双边讨论型文章中所讨论的两种观点其实是可以通过某种方案来“化解矛盾”的，例如这道考题：In many countries,good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities.Some people think new teachers and doctors should wok in rural areas for a few years,but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work.Discuss and give your own opinion.
在讨论完“支边”的利（缩小城乡差距）与弊（年轻人丧失自由）之后，我们可以提出这样一种解决方案：
The best solution,therefore,is not to order,but to encourage.We should instill a sense of responsibility in young people and give more incentives to those who are willing to work in difficult areas,so that we can address the problem of urban-rural disparity while respecting whatever decisions new teachers or doctors have made.
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雅思议论文论证方法
雅思写作部分要求考生在一小时内完成两篇文章，一是150单词以上的图表说明文，二是250单词以上的议论文。说到雅思议论文，它的考查点可以从三个方面进行概括，即结构、内容、语言。本文将就其中内容方面进行探讨。雅思写作通常都围绕着几大类话题展开，如2009年到现在较常出现的教育类、科技类、媒体类等，所以考生要在考试前做好论据扩展的准备，争取每个话题都练习几个常考题目。
雅思议论文，不管是双边论证还是单边论证，论据的扩展是非常重要的，只有合理逻辑的对一个理由进行论证，才能说服考官相信你的论证是有理的。而合理的扩展有了素材后还需要一些方法的补充。常见的方法有解释说明（explanation）、举例子（exemplification）、列数据（raising figures）、对比对照（contrast& comparison）、让步（making concession）、引用（quotation）等。接下来，我们先来熟悉一下前两种方法的具体使用。
1、解释说明（explanation）
句型：
This is to say,…
To be more precise,…
By this I mean,…
中国学生思维方式有个最大的特点就是拐弯抹角，不会开门见山，这往往与西方人的思维方式有着巨大的区别，西方人通常习惯一针见血，而不是含蓄的说话。这就导致很多考生在论证过程中用讲道理的论证方法时容易出现离题偏题的现象，从而降低考分。比如，一次课上，笔者请一位学生来分析一下“the reason why it is difficult for university students to find a job after graduation”，学生的答案为“the increasing world population”，考生给出答案后进行了分析，他认为人口多了，意味着大学生人数增多，那就是说大四学生变多了，找工作竞争激烈了，所以他们找工作困难了，这样就将看上去风马牛不相及的两个东西转了好几个圈终于联系在一起。中国学生喜欢去研究一个问题的根本原因，但事实上，这个原因与题目根本没联系，就可以被判定为离题，所以还不如直接说“the increasingly fierce competition”，更有说服力。根据这一特色，朗阁海外考试研究中心的老
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师建议考生在讲道理的时候只围绕topic sentence进行解释说明，这样就不会出
现离题的现象了。我们看下面一个topic sentence，通过explanation来进行扩展。
E.g.The retired people tend to offer service for the benefits of the family and the community.
读完这个句子，我们可能对其中the benefits of the family and the community 感到疑惑，到底是什么利益，提供什么服务。
This is to say,the elderly always spend their time in taking care of the family and doing household chores for the family as well as organizing charitable activities for the community.
这样就能很好的对上述句子进行解释说明了。
2、举例子（exemplification）
句型：
For example,for instance,to illustrate,…
Take…as example,…
举例子也是中国考生较常用的论证方法，只是在使用的过程中往往也会出现一些不符合西方思维的问题。既是举例子，顾名思义，我们要列举一个具体的例子，比如某某人，或某事件而不是在for example后面还出现some people，这根本就不能算是个具体的例子。笔者在上课时请一位学生来举例论证“the students in high school suffer from increasing pressure”学生的例子是（中文）：某年某月某日，我经过我家邻居的门前，刚好看到他们家女儿因为压力过大而跳楼自杀了。这个例子有三个地方不合理，一是某年某月某日，过于具体，不可信；二是我亲眼看到她跳楼自杀，就算是真的也不可信，最好说是报纸或新闻中读到；三是压力过大，难道她在跳楼前还大喊一声“我压力太大了”告知大家跳楼的原因吗？显然又是不合理的。所以上述三个方面的问题请考生引起重视。接着我们也通过一个练习来对topic sentence进行举例的扩展。
E.g.Most parents tend to overuse punishment in their education of the kids.
看到这样一个句子，我们脑中第一步要想到一个具体的事件，再想具体的人，就
可以得出下面的例子。
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For example,only because of the bad performance in primary school,the child of my neighbour was inflicted corporal punishment.In this case,it does nothing but harm to the child’s physical and mental development.
从例子中得出一个结论，这样使得论证过程更加有说服力。
3、列数据（raising figures）
句型：
As is reported/investigated/researched,…
It is reported that…
A recent research conducted by…Bureau reveals that…
列数据的论证方法较讲道理更有说服力，我们要在平时生活中多做积累才能应付列举考试中出现的各个话题的一些相关数字。雅思考试中的数据其实可以分成两大类，一类是有科学依据的，明确记载的数据，如一些新闻事件，四川地震、公交车自燃等的死亡或受伤人数，这些都是可查询的，如若考生对这些数据没有切实的把握就不需列举。另一类是指一些调查报告的数据，如大学生平均一天花多少时间自习，初中生平均一天花多少时间玩电脑游戏等，这类数据无据可依，考生完全可以自己根据论证内容给出数据，但一定要符合逻辑。我们通过一例来使用列数据的论证方法：
Eg.The retired people tend to offer service for the benefits of the family and the community.
要对这样一个topic sentence做列数据的扩展，我们首先要找到可列数据的点，此题有两处，一是退休老人的年龄，二是所花时间。结合上述句型，得出论证过程如下：
As is reported,the average time that the retired within the age group above65 spend on the family and the community is at its length of about5hours per day.
4、比较（contrast&comparison）
考生可以拿相同或相反的事物做比较，相同关系叫对照（comparison），相反关系叫对比（contrast）。此类论证我们重点掌握一些对比对照关系的连词：
In contrast,by contrast,on the contrary,while,whereas
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Likewise,similarly
5、引用（quotation）
在写作论证的过程中，表达一些观点的时候，如果能拿名人名言来进行论证则更有说服力，说明某位名人的观点和你的观点是达成一致，形成共鸣的。但引用要求考生要有相当大的积累，由于备考时间紧迫，此类论证可以少用。此外，朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家提醒考生要紧记，引用名人名言就意味着引用别人的观点，所以只要引两到三句起到论证自己观点的作用的话就可以了，点到为止，而不是中文写作中，引用越多越好。
6、让步（making concession）
让步的论证是中国考生较陌生的一个概念，其实在学状语从句时，我们就学过让步的关系，先退一步承认一个与自己观点相反的事实，再转折给出自己的观点，否定前者。句型如下：
Although/though/in spite of the fact that…
As is granted/Admittedly,…
Opponents would argue that…
举个简单的例子，一个男生向女生告白，被女生拒绝，她就会委婉的用让步的论证来表达自己的想法，她会先承认男生的一些优点，再转折说自己并喜欢他。这样既能表达自己的观点，又不至于伤害对方。让步这种方法的优点为能较全面的看待一个问题，而且反驳更能有的放矢。具体例子如下：
Eg.People don not believe that saving money is a good idea in modern society.
这个Topic sentence的观点很明确，存钱在当代社会不是好主意，显然，用让步论证的话，我们要先承认存钱的优点，再根据所列有点进行反驳。
As is granted,saving money offers people a sense of security in case of emergency.However,people tend to believe that wise investment can get more profits.
雅思大作文框架(argumentation)
一、1：2（中间对方观点一段，自己的两段）共五段
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*第一段
第一句：点题—定义题目中的关键词，要想让考官看不出模板的痕迹，这
一点尤为重要，可以用：
*赞扬的口吻
例如：wearing uniforms has become an effective way to solve school problems
可选用以下一些句式(完全可以用自己的):
*Thanks to/At the mercy of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology,there are rapid changes in all aspects of our everyday lives.
*With the(rapid,marked,amazing,eye-catching,remarkable,fantastic) development/progress/growth/advance/improvement of economy/society/ industry/living standard,…
*While the rhythm/pace/tempo of people’s living is speeding up,…
*As living tempo/pace quickens,…
*Nowadays/in this day and age/,____play/fill a vital/leading/ educational/indispensable/supervisory+role/part in…
*Nowadays/in this day and age/,_____produce/exert/
positive/active/profound/far-reaching+effects/impacts/influences on____ *或者从所背的表‘正面“的词组中选择
*批评的口吻
例如:it is reported uniforms has made school life dull and monotonous
可选用以下一些句式:
*Nowadays/in this day and age/,_____produce/exert/
negative/adverse/baneful+effects/impacts/influences on____
*或者从所背的表‘负面“的词组中选择
*中立的口吻
例如：it is common that student attend to school in uniforms
可选用以下一些句式:
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*it is quite common/it is not uncommon that
*it is a striking fact that
*there is growing tendency for sb to do sth
*it is widely noted that
*it is well aware that
*it is a well-established fact that
第二句：提出疑问：However/nevertheless/nonetheless/whereas或者
therefore/consequently/accordingly
*如果题目中给出一方观点，用whether引出，例如：whether smoking should be banned totally
或者
*如果题目中给出的事两方观点，用特殊疑问句的陈述语序完成，例如（which factor can determine a nation’s success）
切记：要进行题目的改写（词汇或结构）
*Has become a hot topic/has been drown to public’s attention/has become the focus of public concern/has become the limelight of our day-to-day life
第三句：自己观点
*I still adhere to/stick to/cling to/nurture/commit to(坚持)the
opinion/belief/notion(观点)_____
*My firmly/staunchly(坚定)held the opinion/belief/notion(观点)is______ *第二段：对方观点
o Is has been said rightly(适度地)_____
o It has been admitted（承认）to a certain extent(在一定程度上)_______
o There,for certain,are some risks(风险)/benefits(好处)from
sth/doing sth
o It is conceivable(可想而知)_______
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o It is quite easy to find the reason to attack…./to
exalt/glorify/praise that
o Those who have already benefited from practicing___sing high praise of it
*第三段：自己观点1
However/nevertheless/nonetheless(但是)/notwithstanding尽管如此/in spite of these
*The research,relating to(和…相关=about,concerning)has highlighted that______(和…..相关的调查强调….)
*It is hazardous（危险的）/ridiculous/ludicrous(可笑的)to lose sight of/be blind to(忽略)（如果忽略。。。是很危险/可笑的）
*It has been proved that______(事实已经证明了。。。)
*There still exist some risks(风险)/hazards/dangers(危险)或benefits(好处) in doing sth(在做。。。上还是也些好处或风险的)
*第四段：自己观点2
Rather/in addition/additionally/also/still(此外)
*It is improper/inappropriate(不合适的)/erroneous(错误的)if we
regard/consider/take/treat(认为)it flawless/faultless/blameless/perfect(无可挑剔的)或incurable(无可就药的)/intolerable(无法忍受的)
*It turns out to be a short-sighted(目光短浅的)/mischievous(有害的)或wise/sagacious(明智的)policy
*It is no exaggeration(夸张)to say that___(说什么也不夸张)
*第五段：结尾（重复观点+精彩论据的重复）
In conclusion/ultimately/in the final analysis(总而言之)，
*It is no hard job/task/feat to arrive at the conclusion/reach the overwhelming consensus(达成一致)________
*All the analyses justify(使…合理)a sound（站得住脚的）conclusion that *The evidence upon all points to(以上的证据都指向...)
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*All the evidence justifies an unshakable view that…
*All the evidence supports an unmistakable conclusion that…
二、1：1折中（中间一方观点一段，另一方的观点一段）共四段
*第一段
第一句：点题—定义题目中的关键词，要想让考官看不出模板的痕迹，这一点尤为重要，可以用：
*赞扬的口吻
例如：wearing uniforms has become an effective way to solve school problems
可选用以下一些句式(完全可以用自己的):
*Thanks to/At the mercy of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology,there are rapid changes in all aspects of our everyday lives.
*With the(rapid,marked,amazing,eye-catching,remarkable,fantastic) development/progress/growth/advance/improvement of economy/society/ industry/living standard,
*While the rhythm/pace/tempo of people’s living is speeding up,
*As living tempo/pace quickens,…
*Nowadays/in this day and age/,____play/fill a vital/leading/educational/ indispensable/supervisory+role/part in…
*Nowadays/in this day and age/,_____produce/exert/
positive/active/profound/far-reaching+effects/impacts/influences on____ *或者从所背的表‘正面“的词组中选择
*批评的口吻
例如:it is reported uniforms has made school life dull and monotonous
可选用以下一些句式:
*Nowadays/in this day and age/,_____produce/exert/
negative/adverse/baneful+effects/impacts/influences on____
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*或者从所背的表‘负面“的词组中选择
*中立的口吻
例如：it is common that student attend to school in uniforms 可选用以下一些句式:
*it is quite common/it is not uncommon that
*it is a striking fact that
*there is growing tendency for sb to do sth
*it is widely noted that
*it is well aware that
*it is a well-established fact that
第二句：提出疑问：However/nevertheless/nonetheless/whereas或者
therefore/consequently/accordingly
*如果题目中给出一方观点，用whether引出，例如：whether smoking should be banned totally
或者
*如果题目中给出的事两方观点，用特殊疑问句的陈述语序完成，例如（which factor can determine a nation’s success）
切记：要进行题目的改写（词汇或结构）
*Has become a hot topic/has been drown to public’s attention/has become the focus of public concern/has become the limelight of our day-to-day life
第三句：正方/一方观点
*Some people say/believe/deem/reckon(认为)______
*It is believed/held/considered/deemed/reckoned（认为）reasonably(合理地)/understandably(可以理解)that____________(有人这么认为也是合理/可以理解的)
第四句：反方/另外一方观点
*Others/some argue/claim/maintain/challenge(挑战)/take it for
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granted(把…当成想当然)______
第五句：自己的观点
Personally/personally speaking/as I see it/from my perspective *The two factors/elements/considerations(因素)are
intrinsically/basically(本质上)interdependent(相互依赖的)and
indispensable(缺一不可的)
*The two sides are supported by well-grounded reasons
*There is an element of truth in the both sides
*第二段：一方观点（好）
On the one hand,
*___play/fill(发挥)vital/crucial(重要的)/leading(首屈一指)/significant(意义重大的)role/part(作用)in___(。。。在…方面发挥了重要的/首屈一指/意义重大的作用)
*___have/exert/produce/impose(发挥)profound/far-reaching
effects/influences/impacts on___（。。。在…方面产生了深远的影响*第三段：另一方观点（好）
On the other hand,
*___has been proved to be the most determinant(决定性的)factor（…已经证明是个决定性的因素）
*Much adequacy can be found in….(在….方面也可以找到合理性)
*第四段：结尾（重复观点+精彩论据的重复）
o On balance,_____and____do play/fill equally important role in____（从平衡角度来看，__and___的确发挥了同样重要的作用）
三、一面倒：共五段
*第一段与第五段与1:2完全相同
*第二段：自己观点1
o The foremost reason rest on/relies on(在于)the fact that(最重要的原因就在于这个事实)
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*第三段：自己观点2o Another subtle explanation is____(另一个不明显的理由是)
*第四段：自己观点3
o The last convincing reason I would like to mention is____(我想提及的最后一个有说服力的理由是____)
雅思大作文首段尾段详析
一、起始段要点
要素之一：Restatement of the Topic
大作文的题目都会给出相关情景或话题，在首段中应先对题目中的情景或话题进行展开。
方法一:改写。即按照题目所给的内容，用不同的表达方法重新写一遍，千万不能抄袭。
注意：改一两个词不算改写，一定要将整个表达方式改掉。
方法二：自己展开。即根据题目所谈到的话题内容适当展开，简单谈谈目前社会中的情况怎样。
注意：不要谈的太多，更加不能偏题，与题目话题毫不相干。
要素之二：Express Your Opinion
大作文的题目中一般会问你do you agree or disagree或what do you think 等，因此必须与之相对应的在首段中表明你的观点。
方法一：中立观点（即辩证表达）。即可以说某种做法既有好又有坏；对某种观点又有人同意又有人不同意等等。
说明：比较好的表达如：I partly agree with the opinion expressed above.
不要说：some people agree while others don'nt agree.这可不是中立地表达自己的观点。
所谓中立，其实是辩证的关系！老外看问题比较辩证，一般不会一棍子打死。方法二：一边倒观点。即直截了当的说赞成某个观点或不赞成某个观点等等。方法三：不表观点。即不在首段明确的表达自己的观点，但必须有引出下文之类话来作衔接。
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说明：方法一在考试中用的最多；方法二适中；方法三用的比较少（不表观点，
但必须表明要先分析一下，在最后一段表明观点）。
要素之三：No Excessive Background
大作文首段中只要涵盖以上两要素即可，不要写过多不相干的展开内容，更不要将理由（即主体段的分论点）写进去，否则主体段就没内容写了。
例如：
Schools should teach children some academic subjects which will be beneficial to their future careers.Therefore,other subjects such as music and sports are not important.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Schools are responsible primarily for teaching students academic abilities which they will use in their future careers and therefore some feel that extracurricular activities such as music and sports are extraneous and should not be included in their curricula.The inclusion of such activities,however,is vital to the complete development of a young mind and cannot be absent from the scholastic experience.(63 words)
说明：这个例子是老外写的，虽然我提出了要求，但是还是写长了，一般第1段的词数还是控制在40词左右为宜！
二、结尾段要点
要素之一：Restatement of Your Opinion
有的文章在第一段已经表达了作者的观点，那么这种情况，只要在最后一段重申一下就可以了。但是不能照抄一遍！或者将主体段所阐述的分论点（即ideas）的内容总结一下。但是，千万不要在末段的观点与全文的观点矛盾！
有的文章在第一段未明确地表达作者的观点，那么这种情况，就必须在最后一段明确地表达一下观点。
要素之二：Offering Solutions or Recommendations（optional）
有时候雅思题目会要求考生提供对某种现象的解决方法、建议等等，这种情况，
就按照题目要求在结尾段分析解决方法或建议等。
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注：首尾段之间一般有一定的呼应，绝对不能自相矛盾。
如：
第一段：Many years ago trying to help people with every kind of trouble left me with one sure conviction:in case after case the difficulty could have been overcome—or might never have arisen—if the people involved had just treated one another with common courtesy.
结尾段：In the end,it all comes down to how you regard people—not just people in general,but individuals.Life is full of minor irritations and trials and injustices.The only constant,daily effective solution is politeness—which is the golden rule in action.
说明：很明显尾段没有重复首段的内容，但内容是相联系的。
雅思大作文如何举例子
在英文写作中，逻辑关系至关重要。所以在实际教学中我们都会把逻辑关系作为一个很重要的内容来教授。这些逻辑关系主要涉及：并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举例等。其中举例论证是一种很常用的论证方式，因为举例论证运用具体实例来论证观点，
一、外显连接
所谓外显连接是指用特定的连接词将相关信息进行连接。通常情况下，例子作为论据由for example,for instance,like,such as,take…as等引出。
如：it is undeniable that mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.For example,when an emergency occurs,such as a traffic accident or a violent crime,mobile phones can help the victims to call the police or an ambulance immediately for help.(摘自《最新雅思高分范文》)
本例中，for example引出例子论证“mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.”而后面的such as则引出emergency的具体形式。For instance与它的用法完全相同，即后面要接句子例证。Like,such as,take…as 等直接名词（或相当于名词的词）。由于这些都是基本常识，这里不再赘述。
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为了使连接词多样化，建议考生运用下面的一些短语（或句式）连接论点和论据：…is a case in point;…serve as a typical example;…can be taken as an example;one example is that…another one is that等。
如：Working part time when you are studying in university is beneficial to your life.I myself is a case in point（or‘my experiences serve as a typical example’）. Through those experiences,I have learned to be independent and responsible.
二、内化连接
实际上，大家看原汁原味的文英文文章会发现有些信息的连接不用外显式，而是通过某些特定的词或者特定的方式给读者以清晰的层次感，从而使文章信息传递更通畅。
下面我们来看一下哪些例证可以省去连接词，实现内化连接。
1.人物经历作例子
其中的人物可以是名人，Thomas Edison gave us an example that success only comes after persistence and hard work.也可以是作者自己的亲身经历I remember that ten years ago cell phones were unusual and seldom seen.人物经历作例子因为其较强的故事性而引人关注。但是切记，如果运用名人做例证，要注意信息的准确性；如果运用自己的亲身经历做例子则要注意例子选择是否典型、有说服力。但是无论怎样，有人物经历时，一定会给人以非常明确的细节信息的感觉，所以完全可以省去连接词。
2.数字信息作例子
引入带有数字信息的例证，除可以更具体、更详实的说明观点外，也可以内化连接词，因为数字信息所要传递的一定是一个量化的概念，而这一概念就是它所要论证的中心。看个例子：
The work was immense:filling about eighty large notebooks(and without a library to hand),Johnson wrote the definitions of over40,000words,and illustrated their many meanings with some114,000quotations drawn from English writing on every subject,from the Elizabethans to his own time.
例子中immense是观点中心词，后面的具体数字都是对这一中心词的佐证。（当
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附录二十大话题 教育类（education） https://www.doczj.com/doc/0e10887441.html,pulsory education 义务教育 2. vocational education 职业教育 3. academic performance 学业表现 4. non-academic affairs 与学习无关的事情 5. puppy/ calf love 早恋 6. corporal punishment 体罚 7. tuition fee 学费 8. parents’ supervision 父母的监督 9. individual tutorship 个人辅导 10. turning point 转折点 11. the pursuit of knowledge 对知识的追求 12. maintain / disrupt classroom order 维护、扰乱课堂秩序 13. coeducational /single sex establishment 男女共校、单一性别学校 14. generation gap 代沟 15. indulge in 沉迷（表示“溺爱” 后面直接加宾语） 16. play truant 逃学 17. school shootings 校园枪击 18. broaden one’s horizons 开阔视野 19. the hardship and bitterness of life 生活的艰辛和苦难 20. appropriate advice and guidance 恰当的建议和指导 21. cultivate independence 培养独立性 22. a good habit of frugality 节约的好习惯 23. distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非 24. shoulder the responsibility of 肩负…… 的责任 25. be prone to do 容易做某事 26. go astray 误入歧途 27. violate social conventions and laws 违反社会习俗和法律 28. cast a shadow on one’s heart 在心中留下阴影 29. resist the temptation of 抵制……的诱惑 30. interpersonal skills 人际交往的技巧 31. peer pressure 同辈的压力 32. formative years 性格形成期 33. physically and emotionally immature 身心不成熟 34. a sense of superiority 优越感 35.socially adaptable 能适应社会的 36. adjust teaching methods 调整教学方法 37. exert a negative impact on 产生消极影响 38. juvenile crime=juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪juvenile delinquent 青少年犯罪者 39. a sense of belonging 归属感 40. qualified and experienced teachers 称职、有经验的老师 41. first class teaching facilities 一流的教学设施 42. education reform 教育改革 科技类（science and technology） 1.artificial intelligence 人工智能（artificial 人工的、人造的、非天然的） 2.side effects 副作用 3.technological revolution 科技革命
科技 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 在这部分，你的任务是： 一，背诵话题词汇短语 二，为题目列出英文提纲 基础词汇短语 advanced science 尖端科学 scientific invention 科学发明 exert a far-reaching impact on…对…产生一种深远的影响 double-edged sword 双刃剑 earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变 pay the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路 lay a solid foundation for…为…打下良好的基础 energy crisis 能源危机 depletion of resources 能源消耗 milestone 里程碑 sophisticated equipment 尖端设备 technical innovation 科技创新 expediency 权宜之计 antithetical 与…背道而驰的 over-commercialized 过渡商业化的 a heated discussion 热烈的讨论 exhaust gas 废气 disastrous 灾难性的 overshadow 使…相形见绌 compared to/with…与…相比 usher in 引领 speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适 opposite forces 负面影响 a fatal breakdown 致命故障 potential hazards 潜在危险 pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁 promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展 accelerate 加速… means of transportation 交通方式 transportation tools 交通工具 social status 社会地位 environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源 make people's life easier 使人们生活更方便 alternative fuel 可替代燃料
最高级和比较级 主语谓语最高级和比较级(宾语) than 英国在某方面花费的最多 Britain spent the most heavily on… 英国的花费高于其他国家 Britain spent more than other countries. 德国花的只比法国多 Germany only spent more than France. 主系表结构 意大利的花销只比法国多一点 Italy’s spending is only marginally greater than that of France. 英国的花费高于其他国家 British spending is considerably higher than that of other countries. 西班牙是最受欢迎的度假胜地。 Spain is the most popular holiday destination. 被动语态 女性失业率高于男性的。 More women are unemployed than men. 红色车的销量较高。 Far more red cars are sold. 英国在玩具上的花费高于其他国家 More money was spent on toys in Britain than in other countries. 女性的失业率最高 The highest percentage of women are unemployed. The unemployment rate for females is the highest. 位居中间maintain middle position 表示比较的连接词 By comparison = in contrast = by contrast: 对比来说, Compared with A = in contrast to A :和A对比来说, On the contrary = conversely: 相反 数字连接词修饰词 at \with\ reaching the figure of some\approximately\more or less\ just over\just under\ number or so The number of visitors to France and Germany reached 3million and 5million respectively 相等be equal to 主谓宾结构中常用动词 Spend Consume Consider mention cite prefer\favor\appeal to enjoy\have \own Suffer hoose 最the most 最不the least
在雅思写作的四大评分标准当中，连贯性与衔接性是其中的一项评分标准，连贯性与衔接性其中一方面就是用连接手段（即连接词）来实现的。连接词本身是非常繁琐的知识，在教授连接词时也会遇到很多困难，那么学连接词首先把连接词词性掌握并掌握各词性的用法，学连接词就简便得多。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，连接词大体可分为四种词性：连词，副词，介词和短语，它们各自的用法又不一样。 连词 如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。 例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始：But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首) 介词 如before, despite：后接名词或动名词 例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment. 副词 副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句） 例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句) The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中) 短语 如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样 例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中) 掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。 因果关系 根据词性及用法可归结于: because / since/ as / for, so (连词), because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词) for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词) 例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. （可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to）
雅思写作基础段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作基础段 课程周期：16小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共8次 教学目标： 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1整体介绍；task 1常用词汇及运用 第二次：雅思写作task 1常见图表介绍及相应的表达 第三次：雅思写作task 2整体介绍和常用词汇及运用 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类介绍与背景构建 第五次：雅思写作task 2常用表达运用及强化进阶 第六次：雅思写作task 1 和task 2 混合基础分场景共建 第七次：雅思写作task 1和task 2混合表达及词汇共建 第八次：雅思写作基础段总结及强化段铺垫与衔接 雅思写作强化段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作强化段 课程周期：12小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共6次 教学目标： 在进行了起步段和基础段之后，通过强化段的课程来帮助学生更深入地理解雅思写作考试。帮助学生解决备考中的关键性问题——思维发散。通过强化段的课程来提高学生在雅思写 作方面的应试能力。 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第二次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第三次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第五次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第六次：雅思写作task 2分类强化篇二：定制雅思教学计划 雅思阅读【总学时】 24学时 教材选用 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题4-9》外语教研社 第一阶段：第一个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：基础词汇积累&定位信息，关键词的基本能力 授课内容： 1，扩充雅思基础阅读词汇。 2，学会寻找关键词，在原文中快速定位，教授雅思阅读中常见的3种题型：1heading sentence(找标题)summary(摘要填空) ture/false/not given(是非题) 再陈述与推理及true, false, not given 题的技巧。 培养学生雅思判断题需要的逻辑思维 4，教会学生读文章的步骤，利用文章中的图片图表信息做题。 模考安排：每4次课一次单科模考和分析反馈 第二阶段：第二个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：猜词与复杂句，基本题型的操练 授课内容：1，词根，词缀，词性，利用上下文猜词的能力；十大句子关系。 学会如何判断词性，句子成分，如何判断区分有用与无用的生词。 3，快速找到复杂句的重点，根据复杂句完成简单的问题；
雅思小作文必备词汇 图表chart = graph = diagram 直线line 曲线curve 柱bar /column 饼pie 表table = figures = statistics the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line 表明，表示，阐明show , give information about，reveal，indicate，demonstrate 直线图类词汇 (上升类动词)Increase------------ decrease (下降类动词) go up-------------- go down rise up-------------- fall down climb-----------------slide ascend --------------decline keep an upward tendency ----keep a downward tendency 波动动词类：fluctuate fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下） 保持平稳类动词： keep / remain / maintain / stay unchanged / constant / stable（形容词，不变的） 修饰动词的副词： slightly 轻微地，slowly 缓慢地，gradually 逐渐地，steadily 稳定地，rapidly 迅速地，significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地，dramatically急剧地， 修饰名词的形容词： slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic 大约，大概，左右类词汇：almost / approximately / around / roughly / more or less / nearly 时间from … to …/during the period/ between … and … / starting from ….
雅思写作36个基础句型 1 benefit from 从……当中获益 例句：Others,however,believe that boys and girls benefit more from attending mixed schools.（剑8例句） 2 invest in 对……投资 例句：The government should invest a large proportion of its budget in helping the needy, despite the economic recession. 3 promote the development of 促进……的发展 例句：Even though the city has invested millions of pounds in museums and art galleries,it has done little to promote the development of education and medical care. 4 boost efficiency/productivity 提高效率/生产力 例句:The main question about high-tech education is whether it actually boosts the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. 5 play a pivotal role in 在……中起关键作用 例句:Vitamins and minerals play a pivotal role in keeping our body heathy;therefore,children and adults alike shoud eat more vegetables that are rich in various vitamins and minerals. 6 enrich one’s social/academic/professional experience 丰富……的社会的/学术的/职业的经历 例句：Working for a period before going to university can greatly enrich students’social experience and make them more capable in university. 7 keep society safe and stable 保持社会稳定 例句：Harmony keeps society safe and stable while conflict disturbs social order. 8 have a duty/obligation to do…有责任做… 例句：In most European countries,parents have a legal obligation to ensure that their children receive proper education. 9 relax their bodies and ease their minds 让人放松身心 例句：Children not only need opportunities to acquire knowledge ,they need time to relax their bodies and their minds as well. 10 be based on 基于 例句：Discipline should be based on a positive,loving parent child relationship instead of on force and punishment. 11 generate employment opportunities 创造就业机会 例句：International tourism can generate employment opportunities.On the other hand ,it may damage the culture heritage of a nation. 12 be less time-consuming and more economical 省钱又省时间 例句：Contrary to the popular belief ,advertising makes our shopping experience neither less time-consuming nor more economical. 13 relieve one’s academic/financial/psychological burden 减轻某人的学业/经济/心理负担 例句：Part-time jobs help students to relieve their parents’financial burdens.Nevertheless,working on a part-time basis may create psychological burdens for the students themselves. 14 fulfill one’s potential 发挥某人的潜力 例句：Employees may feel they cannot fulfill their professional potential when their work is not
最新雅思写作常用万能句型整理大全 1.The most effective means to solve this problem is that ______________. In that case, ______________. 2. Everything has its own two sides, no exception with AAA. For one thing, ______________. for another, ______________. 3. My experience tells me that to ______________ needs a thorough and persevering process, and in this process you had better abide by the principles mentioned above. 4. On the whole, it is high time that we recognized the significance of ______________. 5. As a result, we should take some effective methods to ______________. 6. Judging by the figures, we can draw a conclusion that ______________. 7. In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______________. Only in this way can ______________ in the future. 8. In my opinion, we should place much emphasis on the importance of ______________. 9. But ______________ and ______________ have their own advantages. For example, ______________, while ______________. Comparing those two, however, I prefer to ______________. 10. In my opinion, ______________ is just as common as ______________. If ______________, it may be very useful. Whatever ______________, the key point lies in ______________. 11. Are their opinions correct? To my mind, the first idea seems ______________. As for the second idea, ______________. 12. As a popular saying goes, ______________. In my opinion what really counts is not ______________, but ______________. I believer that as long as ______________, we will ______________. So I am for the opinion that ______________. 13. In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we ______________, we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems, and then make the right decision. 14. Personally, I believer that ______________. Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ______________.
雅思写作最失败的文章开头 废话连篇不知所云（喷血指数：☆☆☆） 典型失败案例：Topic 1-Should college students be allowed to get married? This topic is very interesting. I'm very interested in talking about this topic. Because I'm also a college student and I'm not married…… 修改方案：开门见山直奔主题 In my opinion, it would not be a wise decision to allow college students to get married. Topic 2-Will modern technology, such as the Internet, ever replace the book or the writing word as the sole source of information? （雅思真题） Ok, this topic is a very good topic. First, let me tell you a story: I have a friend, he likes go on the internet very much. Every day, he uses internet to read news or play internet games. So we can see the internet is more and more important in our daily life. Topic 3-The importance of environmental protection Oh, this topic is surely very important. Isn't it? Of
雅思作文背景句应该怎么写？这是很多考生困扰的地方。怎样写出一个好的开头而让考官眼前一亮？下面介绍了几种方法供同学们选择。 [1] 背景与方法介绍 [2] 背景句型介绍 --------------------------------------- 三方面介绍背景句： I 背景介绍： 在具体写作的过程中，考生要遇到的第一步事情应该是引言段的写作。俗话说，万事开头难。很多考生不知道如何开头，浪费时间，导致无法在规定时间内完成250个单词的大作文。其实，就笔者归纳，引言段可先通过对background 的描写来引出话题。 II Background 方法介绍 笔者就从教来的总结归纳来介绍Background的写作，认为应该从内容同句型上同时做到补充。下面先给大家介绍下扩充背景句的方法： 1）. 追根溯源法。即从题目给出的话题中找出这个现象产生的原因来扩展背景句。这种方法适合大多数的话题，考生要尽量在考前做练习，这样在考试就可以得心应手了。 请看下面的例子： There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? (高分范文P76) 这个题目中给出的话题是mobile phone，所以考生可以从它产生的原因来考虑，就是科技的繁荣，而科技的繁荣，手机的广泛使用是在20世纪末，这样背景句就有内容可写了。当然要通过相应的句型来写了。如 … (time) witnessed … 这个背景句就可以写成：The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone. 再看一例： Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion? 这题要求大家讨论大学是提供职业技能还是传授知识。那从传统观点来看，大学是传授知识的地方，为什么会提出要传授技能呢，所以这里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找
常用万能句型： 1、Nothing has received more praise and abuse than something 译文：没有什么能像…这样毁誉参半。 2、There is no doubt that 译文：毫无疑问 3、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子 译文：之所以…主要在于 4 、So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 句子（如此…以至于…） 译文：如此…因此 5、It is conceivable that + 句子 译文：可想而知 6 、Leave much to be desired 译文：…远不能令人满意 7、The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that 译文：造成该现象的最主要原因在于 8 、A is to B what C is to D 译文：A 对于B 就恰如C对于D 9 、There are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 译文：造成该现象的原因有许多。 10、When it comes to ……， 译文：一谈到… 11、No one can deny the fact that…
译文：没有人能否认 12、To be sure, the topic concerning ……can always attract our eyes 译文：无疑，有关…话题总是能够引起人们的关注 13、Never has …failed to fascinate us in modern society 译文：在当代社会…总是能够引起人们的关注 14、Simply put,… 译文：简而言之， 15、It is no overstatement to say that 译文：可以毫不夸张地说 16、…is a good case in point 译文：…就是一个绝佳的例子 17、People assume different attitudes towards this issue 译文：人们对该问题的观点不一而同。 18、As is widely-accepted,… 译文：众所周知， 19、To conclude,… 译文：总之， 20、Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion 译文：没有任罕菊净种说法比这种观点更加荒唐了。 21、There is an element of truth in both opinions 译文：这两种观点都有其可取之处。 22、Another consideration in this case is that…
雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇 （附替换词）
1. 持某观点：claim contend, deem, reckon, assert, share the belief that 2.支持某观点: advocate maintain, vote for, side with, be in favor of 3.反对某观点: contradict criticize, be against, cast doubts on 4.合理的：justified sensible, feasible, convincing, persuasive, rational, practicable, logical, wise, sagacious, viable, preferable, advisable, appropriate, bear much analysis 5.好处：advantage benefit, merit, positive side, upside, boon, pros 6.弊端：disadvantage defect, demerit, negative side, downside, flaw, drawback, cons 7.肯定：undoubtedly indeed, undeniably, there is no denying that 8.不确定：be likely to potentially presumably 9.重要的：essential significant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable 10.有益的：beneficial
雅思写作基础段课程 补充讲义资料 赵光伟
雅思写作审题词汇：名词性词汇
雅思写作基础词汇翻译练习(有提示版) 001. 现在，越来越多的孩子都是从小学开始学习外语，而不是中学。 002. 在许多国家，青年人通常要用四年时间完成本科学习，两年以上时间完成研究生学习。
004. 大学的课程总体是由必修课和选修课组成的。 005. 诸如经济学(economics)之类的科目是大学商科类(business)课程的重要组成部分。 006. 大学应当为学生同时提供理论性知识和实践性知识。 007.在大学的第一年学习中，学生主要获取公共基础知识，而不是专业知识。 008. 有优秀(excellent)学习成绩的学生通常都对基础的理论和原理有比较好的掌握。 009. 以学生为中心的教学方法很关注学生的实际需求(real needs)。 010. 教师应当鼓励学生积极地(actively)参与到课堂活动中来。 011.网络资源(online resources)可以有效(effectively)激励学生对学习外语的兴趣。 012. 各个学校应当尽最大努力(make every effort to)培养孩子们的全面发展。 013. 孩子们的身心健康和他们的学习成绩是同等重要的(of equal importance)。(倒装结构) 014. 鼓励独立思考(independent thinking)能帮助培养孩子们的创造力和解决问题的能力。 015. 道德教育能帮助孩子们形成(shape)积极的(positive)性格特征。 016. 雄心，热情和坚持是我们事业成功的三个重要因素(important factors to)。 017. 对于应当培养(foster)孩子们的合作意识(a sense of )还是竞争意识一直存在争论(there exists a debate)。018. 家长和学校应当一齐努力(make a concerted effort to)教育孩子们分辨是非。 019. 被家长溺爱的孩子会在长大后缺乏(without)对他人的尊重。 020. 家长也应该为孩子设立适当的行为准则，以防止(prevent)行为问题(behavioral problems)的发生。 021．老师应当多关注(pay more attention to)一下那些缺乏自律性的学生。 022．糟糕的家庭教育会导致孩子产生各种行为问题(behavioral problems)。 023．家长应当给予孩子更多情感的关怀与支持，而不是以物质的方式(in material ways)满足(meet)他们的需要。024．学校有责任(have a responsibility for)教育(educate)学生成为良好的社会成员。 025．大学的基本功能(basic function)之一是教授与工作相关的知识和技能。
流程图1.首段常用句子 The following diagram shows the structure of……The picture illustrates…… The whole procedure can be divided into…stages. It mainly consists of…… It works as follows. It always involves following steps. 2.描述流程/过程的常用过渡性词语 最后再总结一下流程图的特点： 特点一：现在时 特点二：定语从句 特点三：被动语态 特点四：顺序词 特点五：适当添加 特点六：无总结
题目1：玻璃的回收流程【单图】
范文1： This diagram illustrates the recycling process of glass bottles. The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into three main stages. In the first stage, used bottles are collected at a recycling point ready to be transported by a truck. The second stage starts in a cleaning plant, where these recycled bottles are sorted by color into green, brown and clear ones and washed by high-pressurized water. When the cleaning is done, the bottles are conveyed to a glass factory where they are cut into glass pieces which are then poured into a furnace. After being heated in the furnace, the broken glasses are melted into liquid, which flows into a glass mold. Here glass liquid from other sources is added and the molding process takes place. In the final stage, new, empty bottles are filled with liquid, then packed and dispatched to the supermarket ready to be picked by consumers. At this point, a cycle has been completed and a new cycle will begin.