英语常见词及短语用法
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特别感谢俞炳丰老师的授课及教材,本索引基本出自俞老师的课本。 A A lot of
口语表达,论文中应避免。若要表达“许多”的意思,可用many, much, a great deal of。 Above 可表示前面提到之意,但限于一个段落或前几个句子。对于很靠前的,可用*** introduced earlier。
Adopt and adapt 前者,采用,沿用。 后者,适应,修改。 We shall adopt vantasy’s method, but we must adapt it. Affect 及物动词,对……起作用,影响。区别于effect, 其为动词时,是实现,达到,引起,产生之意,为名词时,是效果,操作之意,常用作名词。
…affected the reaction rate. …had effect on the reaction rate. Alternate and alternative 前者,轮流,交替发生或出现。 后者,二者中择一,数种可能之一。 Alternatively 为另作选择之意。 Alternatively, we can adopt the following algorithm. Although 不能同时出现其与but二词。 Among 常用词,毋庸赘述。 From among,从几个可能的选择中选出其中一个项目。 This algorithm selects the optimal solution from among all possible …… Amount and number A large amount of +不可数名词 A large number of +可数名词 Anymore 科技论文中,还是不要同他了,换成no longer 比较好。 The computer no longer works. Apparently
最好不要用,若要表示显然,宛然,俨然之意,可用clearly, obviously。 Appendix 若只有一个附录,则用文章中应用the appendix,若有多个,则用Appendix A, Appendix B.
Approach 作为及物动词时,不可在其后加to。 作为名词时,后加to及另一个名词或动名词,以修饰approach。 As follows 如下,也可用the following, as shown below。 当介绍新的小节时,应使用we will discuss this problem below或者in the next section,此时就不能用as follows了。
As mentioned
As mentioned above 几个段落或几页之前 As mentioned previously 前一二段刚叙述过的内容 As just mentioned 前几个句子提到过的内容 若想要表的更为精确(当然在科技论文中推荐精确的表达方法),可采用as mentioned in the preceding section.
As you know and as we know
累赘,若在科技论文中出现,会显得比较雷…… As well as 与and不尽相同,并列时强调前一项。 Aspect 累赘,该砍掉。 Assume Assume to be,不能写成assume as。 The pressure is assumed to be 3MPa。 Assure
跳查ensure。 At in table 2, in figure 4, in row y in the matrix. 以上短语统统不能用at。 At first 起初 At last 终于
B
Based on 若句首出现based on 开头的过去分词短语,则必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句子中的主语。
因此我们可以使用on the basis of, by, from, according to来代替based on,以更清楚的表达基于的意思。
From Eq. (1), it is obtained that… On the basis of the experimental results, we conclude that… The experimental results show that… According to the conventional method using Lagrange multipliers, the … If we apply the conventional method using Lagrange multipliers, we can… 若以based on 开头的分词确实可以修饰句子的主语,则可以放于句首。 还可以用于缩短长名词。 A computer system that is based on an 8084b microprocessor 缩短为 an 8084b‐based computer system.
Basically 不可滥用 Because of the fact that 直接简写为because Belong 想表示某个项目属于某种类型时,应使用to fall into the category of , to be a form of, to be the classified as。
This problem can be classified as a nonlinear programming problem. This problem is a type of nonlinear programming problem Besides 不要用,若想表达此外之意,可用in addition, moreover, furthermore Better 啥是better?怎么个好法?好在哪?好多少?因此我们还是应该使用更精确的词。 The gas turbine is more efficient than the steam engine. Our algorithm is faster than the conventional one. Build 表示建造,用construct更为恰当。 But 在句首表示然而、但是之意,应使用however。
C
Call Call后面不加as,但refer to 后面必须加as They will call this installation Heat Pump Dryer. They will refer to this … as … Case 作为情况、事例时,紧跟在case后面的关系代词或关系副词,必须使用in which或when. Change 在一段长时间内的变化,后面的介词是in,而不是of。 The changes in the liquid pressure in the … Choose … as We choose six inches as the fan diameter of the … We specify the fan diameter of the … as six inches. The fan diameter of the … is specified as six inches. The fan diameter of … is set to be six inches. Classical Classical 强调所指的理论或方法是经过时间的考验证明为有价值的,被学着广为承认的。 Traditional指传统、惯例,使用已久,不过可能已有人提出了新的方法或理论。 Conventional则表示时下最流行的理论与方法。 Compare Compare … to 是指两个根本不同的事物的相同之处。 Compare … with 是两个相同事物的相异之处。 Compensate 直接加宾语时,宾语应是受到补偿的人或事物。 表达补充、抵消的意思时,后面要加for This mechanism compensates for the slower speed of the genetic algorithm. Complete 是及物动词。 The students completed a circuit experiment. Comprise 包含、包括、由…组成,不能使用is comprised of 这个用法。 A refrigeration system comprises four main components. Conclusion 常用state conclusion 或 present conclusions来搭配。 不用make conclusion和give conclusions。 Finally, we state a conclusion in section 5. The final section states the conclusion of the paper. Consider 相信,视为,其后不加as,或者采用regard as及view as. The wall temperature may be considered a constant. The wall temperature may be regarded as a constant.