状语从句(原因,目的,时间,地点)

状语从句 本质——用不同的连接词将主句与一个或几个分句连接起来，以表达主句与分句之间的逻辑关系。

时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式时间状语从句用来说明主句动作与从句动作发生时间上的先后关系1. when 引导的时间状语从句可以理解为“当……的时候”辨析The performer will already have played the music when we get there.The performer will be playing the music when we get there.是否可以用while 来替换?It is challenging for a company to remain inter-nationally competitive while the global economics are receding.主句分句 连接词逻辑关系时态搭配 主从句都是过去时态主从句都用现在时态主句将来时态从句现在时态※when, while, as 用法的区别when 相当于at that time ，引导的状语从句中谓语动词可以是延续性的也可以是非延续性的 while ，as 相当于during that time, 引导的状语从句中谓语动词通常是延续性的随着英特网变得日益商业化，网络的使用对商人们非常有利。

As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access.公司很难在经济衰退的环境下保持自身的国际竞争力。

It is challenging that commercial organizations remain globally competitive, while the economics is receding.2. before, after 引导的时间状语从句before 可理解为在……之前，after 可理解为在……之后主从句时态可明显体现动作的先后顺序We should do everything for what we want before it is getting too late.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for 20 dollars worth of gambling.3. since ，until 引导的时间状语从句（1）since从句中的非延续性动词可以表示一个时间点。

I have worked in this company since I graduated.He has written to me since I fell ill.而由since 引导的状语从句中如果出现延续性动词的一般过去式，表示该状态结束的时间点 I have worked in this company since I was a student.He has written to me since I was ill辨析He hasn’t contacted me since I worked in that company.He hasn’t contacted me since I have worked in that compa ny.since 引导定语从句中谓语动词是延续性的，那么一般过去时表示动作结束的时间点，完成时表示动作开始的时间点。

（2）until状态+until+时间点状态可以用延续动词表示，非延续动词的否定形式表示。

主句中的动作 从句中的动作后发生 先发生用since 引导先发生并且一直持后发生且非延续用until 引导He had to stay abroad until the World War II came to the end.He couldn’t return his homeland until the World War II came to the end.※not…until…结构常用的否定词还包括never, hardly, scarcely, rarelynot…until…正常结构Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.until置于句首Until about the middle of the eighteenth century, ice cream did not reach America. not…until…置于句首（倒装）Not until the 1982 Convention was adopted, could the argument be made that there existed adequate and comprehensive maritime treaty law as such for the larger part of the world community.4.表示“一…就…”的结构（1）引导词as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute从句动作先于主句动作no sooner…than..., hardly…when…, scarcely…when…主句动作先于从句动作It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.5. 其他短语引导的时间状语从句介词短语at the time, during the time, by the time其中by the time常与过去完成时与将来完成时连用He had already left by the time they arrived.He will already left by the time they arrive.名词短语next time, every time, the day, for the first timeIn the classic children’s tale, the puppet Pinocchio’s nose grows longer every time he tells a lie.The first time I can actually remember hearing it—in public anyway, was when Prince Charles was leaving Australia by boat.二地点状语从句1引导词where, wherever, anywhere, everywhereWhere they occur, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.2 wherever引导地点状语从句表达一种强调的语气，要与让步状语从句进行语义上的区分Wherever your school is located, you will be met by the Foreign Affairs Officer at the final point of the journey.Where there is a will, there is a way.A driver should slow down where there are schools.People prefer to work where they can fully display their talents.三 原因状语从句1 because, for, as, since（1）because 语气最强，只有because 才能回答why 的提问，只有because 才能用only, just, perhaps 修饰Perhaps because most of today ’s cross-cultural marriages occur because of “true love ”, these couples work hard to overcome their difference.because 的否定转移主句是否定的情况下，because 引导的从句可能是按正常情况理解即否定主句谓语，也可能是按否定转移来理解（否定从句），具体如何理解要结合上下问进行语义分析。

He doe sn’t exercise because he likes to.A. He likes to exercise by himself.B. He exercises for reasons other than enjoyment.C. He’s glad he doesn’t have to exercise.D. He doesn’t have enough time to exercise.In 1600 the earth was not the center of the universe because the majority then supposed it was; nor because she had more readers was Ella Wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.（2）as, since, for 语气较弱，常用来表示众所周知显而易见的原因。

其中for 不能用于句首。

As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed.It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.since 常译成“既然”，放在句首，for 则不用于句首。

表原因连词 because, for, as, since 介词 because of, due to, owing to 可以表示原因，但不能做从句连接词其他 in thatseeing (that), now (that), considering(that), given (that)not that…but that…inasmuch as, insomuch as, in as much as2 because of, due to, owing to 引导的表示原因的短语介词短语后面只能接名词或名词性短语，不能引导从句其中owing to 常置于句首，due to 则不能置于句首We had an accident because he was careless.We had an accident due to his careless.Owing to his careless we had an accident.because of 依然遵循否定转移的规律The conference’s purpose is to demonstrate that we’re all continuing to focus on the economy as the president promised to do when he came into office and that means not sitting around and patting yourself on the back because of the unemployment and inflation rates being low.It has long since been satisfactorily established that a high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the opportunities of his position.3 复合连词表示原因in that 引导的从句放在主句后，而起主句通常在做比较English has an advantage over most of the other languages in that it has become, so to speak, an international language.E-mail is different from the traditional mail in that it sends and receives mails in a second. Mercury differs from other industrial metals in that it is a liquid.seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), given (that)用法与意义都与since 相似，都有“鉴于某个事实”的含义They did the job very well, considering that they had no experience.Given that they are inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.not that…but that… 不是因为…而是因为…I haven ’t finished the report yet, not that I ’m lazy, but that I have no time.inasmuch as, insomuch as, in as much as, in so much as 表示原因，常用于极为正式的场合 Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.四 目的状语从句1 在so that, in order that 引导的目的状语从句中常常含有情态动词，如 may/might,can/could, shouldFormer Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.引导词 常用的连词 so that, in order that, that其他连词 lest, for fear that, in casein the hope that, on purpose that,for the purpose that, to the end thatThey carved the words on the stone so that/ in order that the future generation should remember what they had done.We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.目的状语从句一般位于主句后，但若要强调目的，也可提前。