词汇学名词解释,复习提纲word.doc

Love your employees, he will love your business a hundredfold.整合汇编简单易用（WORD文档/A4打印/可编辑/页眉可删）英语词汇学重点名词解释Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the compiling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given disciplineand the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.《英语词汇学重点名词解释》全文内容当前网页未完全显示，剩余内容下一页查看。

（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):Lexicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p. 1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantlychanging, growing and decaying, together with the development of humansociety.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is astructural and semantic entity within the language system.3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content.4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definitesystem of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, whichdistinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach isconcerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, forinstance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changesand the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The twoapproaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional2) The Middle English periodDuration: 1150-1500The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional3) The Modern English period (page 8)Early Modern English (1500-1700)Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English Vocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)a. all-national characterb. great stabilityc. mono-syllabic wordsd. Great word-forming abilitye. wide collocabilityf. plurality of meaningsg. high frequency valueh. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26)1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the Englishvocabulary (p. 12)a. through oral speechb. through written speechc. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreignelements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)a. aliens ;b. denizens;c. translation loan;d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviationsvice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f.,viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words,partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33) Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examplesappearing the ways of word-building)1) affixation (pp. 39-51)2) conversion (pp.51-55)3) compounding (pp.55-59)4) backformation (pp. 59-60)5) shortening (pp. 60-63)6) blending (pp. 63-64)7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph(p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradationof meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p.119)2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Seven Varieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149),2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Eight American English1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Ten English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia(p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).（0057）《词汇学》样题Part I Definition (20 points)Directions: Defining the following terms with examples.1. aliens2. homophone3. jargon4. compounding5. bilingual dictionaryPart II True or False Decision (15 points)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false).1.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect —written form and the inner aspect —sound.2.Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.3.Old English is a language of full inflections.4.“Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in the English language.5.Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutelyidentical in meaning6.We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.7.In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.8.Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.9.In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon thefirst part.10.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin —commence.11.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.12.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first elementand secondary stress on the second element.13.Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.14.Most of the English words are polysemic.15.American English is characterized by creativeness but not conservativeness in usage.Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 wordsor phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1. The word “question” is a word borrowed from .A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Scandinavian2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.A. outB. toC. throughD. over3. You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .A. respectivelyB. respectablyC. respectfullyD. respected4. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable5. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheersfrom it.A. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. break upon6. The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.A. boldB. daringC. riskyD. dangerous7. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessarychemical reactions to in his body.A. precedeB. proceedC. progressD. practise8. There is a of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of the coldweather.A. shortageB. wantC. needD. desire9. When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went their way to entertainthe guests.A. in forB. overC. out ofD. back on10. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive towards the car.A. pushB. pullC. drawD. drag11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?A. horseB. steedC. gee-geeD. nag12. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A. unhorseB. unmannedC. unfrostD. unhappy13. Which of the following is formed by blending?A. popB. sightseeC. copterD. boatel14. The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.A. staleB. stuffyC. fadedD. tired15. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century.A. wonderB. exhibitionC. expositionD. displayPart IV Translation (10 points)Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1.The sea has smoothed down.2.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3.He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.4.Strike while the iron is hot.5.Most of the city families have a fridge.Part V Answer the following questions with examples (20 points)1.What are the relations between a word and its meaning? (6 points)2.What are the classifications of Homonyms? (6 points)3.What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)]（0057）《词汇学》样题答案Part I Definition (20 points)1.aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup d‟état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2.homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son;piece and peace; etc.3.jargonJargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.”he is talking jargon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”.poundingCompounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning …a room used for photographic processing‟) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.5. bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined orexplained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.Part II True or False Decision (15 points)1~15. FFTTT 6~10 FTTTF 11~15TTFTFPart III Multiple Choice (15 points)1~5 ACCCB 6~10 CBACA 11~15 BCDABPart IV Translation (10 points)1.大海已经平静下来了。

英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。

英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。

而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。

本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。

二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。

它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。

在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。

2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。

在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。

词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。

3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。

它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。

词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。

4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。

这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。

研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。

5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。

在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。

研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。

三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。

它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。

在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。

2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。

在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。

3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。

它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。

在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。

4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。

例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、V ocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语言的词汇。

词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional.二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。

词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。

对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。

在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。

一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。

在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。

例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。

1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。

例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。

2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。

例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。

二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。

下面是一些常见的词汇分类。

1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。

名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。

2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。

例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。

3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。

例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。

实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。

三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。

不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。

英语词汇学重点名词解释Word a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a giving sound and meaning and syntactic function.Native w ords are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes. They are neutral in style and frequent in use.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into English language. In other words they have come to comfort to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Semantic-loans refers to words whose meanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed. Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing material, namely roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meetthe new need.Mopheme the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Free mophemes are independent of other mophemes and have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammarical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.Bound mophemes A mopheme that occurs with at least one other mopheme.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affix is an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.Derivational affix is an affix that forms new words with a stem or a root.Affixation It is also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affix to stems.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Conversion the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Blending the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Clipping to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Initialisms are words pronunced letter by letter.Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the lieral sense and figurative sense of the word..Morphological motivation accounts for the connection between the meaning of the word and the me aning of each morpheme in the word.Onomatopoeic motivation indicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word . I ts sound suggests its meaning.Grammarical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammarical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning the meaning giveb in the dictionary forms the core of word meaning.Connotation (Connotative meaning ) refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Collocative meaning the word meaning which is suggested by t he words before or after the word in discussion.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.Concept Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Radiation a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre secondary meaning proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.Polysemy words that have two or more than two sense.Homonymy words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or meaning.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and in spelling, but different in meaning.Synonym one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.Primary meaning is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created.Extension (Generalization) A process by which a word which originally had a specialized me aning has now become generalized.Narrowing (Specialication) It is also called specialication. It is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense..Amelioration ( Elevation ) is also called elevation, a term referring to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance..Transfer words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentenses in which a word appears.Extra-linguistic context is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, time, place, even the whole cultural background..Lexical context refers to the word occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Metonymy the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.Synecdoche is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.Idioms strictly speaking, idioms are expr essions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.Idioms nominal in nature idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.Specialized dictionary is a dictionary concentrationg on a particular area of language or knowledge. Unabridged dictionary As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use ( actually no dictionariy can contain all the words in the language ).Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, th ey are called desk dictionaries.。

第一单元英语词汇概说1.词是语音、形态和意义的统一体，音和形是词的物质外壳，意义是词的物质内容。

Word is the combination of pronunciation, morphology and meaning.2.词是在口语和书面语中能独立、自由使用的并具备完整意义的语言最小单位。

Word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own in oral and written language.3.词汇（vocabulary, lexicon）: collection of words4.词汇是语言（language）的基本要素（语音、语法、词汇）之一。

Pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary5.Active vocabulary（积极性词汇）: speaking/writing vocabularyPassive vocabulary（消极性词汇）: reading/guessing vocabulary6.词汇学（lexicology）: the science of wordsLexicology is the branch of linguistics that investigates, describes and theorizes about vocabulary. 作为语言学的一个分支，词汇学对词汇进行调查研究、描述并予以理论化。

第二、三单元英语基本构词法1.词素（morpheme）是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。

Morpheme is the minimum unit of meaning.2.构词法（1）词缀法（affixation/derivation派生法）Prefixation 前缀法；Suffixation 后缀法Prefix do not generally change the world-class(词性) of the stem but only modify its meaning.(except “en-”, ”be-”, ”a-”) 三个可以决定词性的前缀Suffix mainly change the word-class ( except “less”)（2）复合法（compounding或composition）→复合词compound（3）转化法（conversion）也叫功能转换法（functional shift）或转移法（transmutation）（4）缩略法（abbreviation或shortening）·截短词clipped wordsapocope截除词尾，aphaeresis 截除词首front and back clipping截除首尾，syncope截除词腰·首字母缩略词initialisms·首字母拼音词acronyms·拼缀词blending e.g. stagflation = stagnation + inflation注：Acronym differ from initialism in that they are pronouncedas words rather than as sequences of letter.（5）逆生法（back formation）e.g. laser为首字母拼音词，因词尾形似后缀-er，则逆生出动词lase。

词汇：一种语言中所有的词和所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇。

基本词汇：语言中所有的基本词的总汇。

基本词汇特点：1.普遍性。

由于基本词汇和人们生活的关系非常密切，从事任何行业的人们都离不开它，所以它为全民普遍使用，使用范围最广，使用频率很高。

2.稳固性。

由于基本词汇为全民所使用，因此它就会为本民族的世世代代的人们不断地运用着，生命很长久，不易发生变化。

所以基本词绝大多数都是经过人们长期使用欧被固定和传承下来的词。

基本词在被社会上的人们共同认可的同时，本身也具有了记极大的稳固性。

3.是产生新词的基础。

一般词汇：词汇中基本词汇意外的词的总汇就是语言的一般词汇。

一般词汇的内容：1.历史上传承下来的固有词。

2.适应社会交际需要而产生的新词。

3.因特殊需要而加以运用古语词。

4.从方言中吸收来的方言词。

5.受外族语言影响而产生的外来词，主要包括音译词、形兼音译词、音加意译词、形加意译词、音译兼译词、意译词。

6.社会方言中的词相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇特点：1.结构定型。

2.意义完整。

3.充当语言的备用单位。

内容：1.成语。

2.惯用语。

3.谚语。

4.歇后语。

5.专门用语。

6.习用套语。

成语：一种具有固定的结构形式和完整意义的固定词组。

惯用语：一种具有固定的结构形式和完整意义的固定词组。

谚语：一种具有特定意义内容和固定结构形式的句子。

歇后语：一种具有特定意义和固定结构的特殊的语言形式。

专门用语：被固定化了的专门指称门某种事物和意义的词组。

习惯套语：社会上人们习惯使用的现成话。

词的特点：1.词必须具有语音形式。

2.词必须表示一定的意义。

3.词是一种定型的结构。

4.此时可以独立运用的。

5.此时一种最小的单位。

6.词是造句材料的单位。

词的辨识：1.单音节，有意义，能独立运用造句的成分是词2.两个或两个以上不表示意义的音节，组合在一起后能表示特定的意义，并可以独立用来造句的结构是词。

3.一个或一个以上不表示意义的音节，和一个表示意义的音节组合在一起，表示着特定的意义，并可以独立地用来造句的结构是词。

词汇学知识点词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的形态、构词法、含义、语法功能和使用规律等方面的知识。

词汇学知识点有助于我们更深入地了解语言的结构和规律，提高我们的语言运用能力和沟通能力。

下面将就词汇学的一些重要知识点进行详细介绍。

1. 词汇的分类根据词性的不同，词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同种类。

名词是表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词，如“学校”、“朋友”；动词是表示动作或状态的词，如“看”、“跑”；形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征的词，如“美丽”、“聪明”；副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，如“很”、“非常”。

2. 词汇的构词法构词法是指词汇的构成规律和方法。

词汇可以通过加前缀、后缀、派生、复合、缩略、转化等方式形成新词。

比如，“美”+“丽”=“美丽”；“快”+“速”=“快速”；“快速”+“度”=“快速度”。

3. 词汇的含义词汇的含义是指词汇所代表的概念或事物。

词汇的含义可以根据词义的延伸、转义、比喻、象征等方式进行词义推论。

比如，“明星”原指天空中的星星，后引申为受人尊敬或崇拜的人。

4. 词汇的语法功能词汇在句子中具有不同的语法功能，如名词可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语等；动词可以表示主谓关系、宾语关系、状语关系等；形容词和副词可以修饰名词或代词等。

5. 词汇的使用规律词汇在语言运用中有一定的使用规律，比如词的搭配、语法环境、语言风格等。

正确地运用词汇有助于提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。

通过以上对词汇学知识点的介绍，我们可以更系统地了解词汇在语言中的作用和重要性，进一步提高我们的语言水平和表达能力。

希望大家都能在学习词汇学知识点的过程中取得更好的成绩，展现自己在语言运用方面的能力。

【正文结束】。

第一讲绪论：词汇学和现代汉语词汇学（提纲）一．词汇学：一门古老又年轻的学科古印度、古汉语的词汇研究：前者巴尼尼的《八章书》，后者汉代《尔雅》。

西方古希腊起就重词法。

索绪尔开启了现代语言学，但重结构形式的研究：“语言是形式而非实体。

”20世纪50年代以前大行其道的美国描写语言学派等将“词汇”作为“实体”，加以排斥，“发现程序”中找不到“词汇”的影子。

50年代发轫的乔姆斯基转换生成语言学虽不排斥语义，但其语义分析是为语法分析服务的，而依然无意于对一种语言的词汇作全面系统的研究。

直至70年代初，欧美才开始真正关注词汇研究，80年代以来词汇学才始结果。

值得称道的是前苏联，自20世纪50年代开始，语言学界逐步加大词汇研究的力度，在普通词汇学和描写词汇学领域创获颇多，50年代以来出版了100多本词汇学、语义学著作。

二．词汇学的类别1．普通词汇学和个别词汇学普通词汇学是研究语言中的词汇的一般规律的词汇学子学科。

如张永言的《词汇学简论》：词的定义等，词的意义，词的词汇类别：语义类别、地域方言词语、社会方言词语、新词和旧词、基本词汇问题、外来词、口语词汇和书面语词汇、表情词汇（褒贬词语）、同义词、反义词、同音词、熟语。

个别词汇学是研究某种具体语言的词汇的独特规律的词汇学子学科。

如陆国强的《现代英语词汇学》。

2．词汇的历时研究和共时研究历时研究：历史比较词汇学和历史词汇学。

两者都是一种纵向的研究，研究词汇发展规律。

不同的是：前者研究亲属语言词汇间、不同方言词汇间的词语的同源关系及不同的发展轨迹。

后者研究具体语言词汇的发展演变规律，如汪维辉的《东汉—隋唐常用词演变研究》，吕传峰《常用词“嘴”的词义演变及其与“口”的历时竞争》（《语言研究》06年1期）、《近代汉语喝类语义场的演变及相关问题》（《语言学论丛》33辑）。

共时研究：也叫描写词汇学。

是一种横向研究，横断面式的研究。

如刘叔新等的著作。

有时两者有交叉。

如王卫峰的《上古汉语词义派生研究》，顾之川的《明代汉语词汇研究》：绪论、明代白话文献、古语词、方言词、口语词、外来语、社会习惯语、隐语、熟语、新词新义、同源词、同义词、反义词、明代汉语构词法。