英语词汇学重点名词解释

英语词汇学重点名词解释（3）英语词汇学重点名词解释Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formationof new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds.Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversionAcronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的.发音)e.g. CORE, TEFLBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau.Clipping is a way of ma-ki-ng new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word.Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇2017-04-09 08:55 | #2楼1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added tonouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternativemorphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters ofwords and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.*Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.*Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different inmeaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』 only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）英语词汇学重点名词解释Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Boundmorphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme《英语词汇学重点名词解释》。

第一章wordl.Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章formation 11.Morpheme ——A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the position of words.2.Allomorph —Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3.Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4.Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5.Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to bine with other morphemes to make words.6.Affixes ——Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7.Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8.Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9.Prefixes ——Prefixes are affixes that e before the word.10.Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that e after the word.11.Roo t ——A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12.Stem ——a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章formation 21, Affixation -affixation is generally defined as theformation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2.Prefixation ——is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3.pounding (positon) -- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4.Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5.Blending-- is the formation of new words by bined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6.Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.7.Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8.Back-formation -- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit. 第五章meaning1.Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.2.Concept ——which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting theobjective world in the human mind.3.Sense- denotes the relationship inside the language.4. Motivation - -accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5. Onomatopoeic Motivation - -These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation--pounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes bined.7. Semantic Motivation - -refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 8. Etymological Motivation-- The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9.Grammatical meaning - refer to that part of the meaning of the word which i ndicates grammatical concept or relationships.10.Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context relat ed to the notion thatthe word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning) - the meaning given in the di ctionary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning - the secondary meaning supplemented to the concep tual meaning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the con ceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning - stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts.15. Affective meaning - the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in q uestion.第六章Sense Relations and semantic Field23.Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I. II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai emef/=International Monetary Fund. III.IV. Blends--are words that are bined by parts of other word24.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysedinto parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.25.Transparent Words --Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).26.Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.27.Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} hasa number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.28.Derivation or Affixation --Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.29.Polysemy —the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.30.Diachronic approach - Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language , it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.31.Synchronic approach - synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning).32.Radiation - a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center andeach of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.33.Concatenation - meaning “linking together”, which theis the semantic process in meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense bysuccessive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finallydeveloped and that which the tern had at the begining.34.Homonyms ----------- are generally defined as words different in meaning buteither identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.35.Perfect Homonyms ------------- are words identical both in sound and spelling, butdifferent in meaning.36.Homographs --------- are words identical only in spelling but different in soundand meaning.37.Homophones(most mon) ---------------- are words identical only in sound but differentin spelling and meaning.38.Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.39.Absolute Synonyms ------------ are words， which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects， i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning， including conceptual and associative meanings.40.Relative synonyms ------------- are similar or nearly the same in denotation butembrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.41.Antonyms --------- are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms(according to the semantic opposition )1) Contradictory terms - these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2)Contrary terms --------------- a scale running between two poles or extremes.3) Relative terms - consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a socialrelationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other, the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent..Hyponymy ----------- deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, themeaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms (下义词).For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term (上义词) and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms (下义词).第七章changes in word meaning1.Extension (generalization) -------------------- I t is a process by which a word with aspecialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2.Narrowing (specialization) -------------------- I t is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquiresa narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or amelioration -------------- r efers to the process by which words rise fromhumble beginnings to positions of importance.4.Degradation or pejoration of meaning ---------------------- I t is a process whereby words ofgood origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words e to be used in derogatory sense.5.Transfer ---------- I t is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes torefer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context Lexical Context - refers to the words occur together with the word inquestion.Grammatical context - The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms5.1diom-idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa.Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.b.Structural Stability - the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms - the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. Regular bination - the speaker of the regular collocations, the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms - the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1.Idioms nominal in nature （名词性）一have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.1.1dioms adjective in nature （形容词性）-function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.1.2dioms verbal in nature （动词性）- this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs - idioms which are posed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4.Idioms adverbial in nature （副词性）1.Sentence Idioms - are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.Figure of speech1.Simile2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」------ is a figure of speech containing an implied parison，in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.3.Metonymy「n.借代」----- is the device in which we name something by one ofits attributes， as in crown for king， the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. （kettle for water in the kettle）4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」 ---- means using a part for a whole, an individual fora class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.5.Personification （拟人）6.Euphemism （委婉）Variation of idioms1.Replacement - a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting insynonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion - some constituent can be added or deleted without any change of meaning3.Positionshifting - the position of certain constituent is some idioms can be shifted without any change of meaning4.Shorting - in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole5.Dismembering - breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of idioms particular in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。

英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。

英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。

而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。

本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。

二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。

它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。

在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。

2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。

在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。

词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。

3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。

它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。

词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。

4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。

这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。

研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。

5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。

在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。

研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。

三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。

它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。

在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。

2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。

在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。

3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。

它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。

在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。

4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。

例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。

各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。

（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。

2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。

《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven:1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Eight:1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine:1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.Ten:1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。

英语词汇学重点名词解释Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the piling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given disciplineand the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions municate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general wordsincluding informal ones available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in mon use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.《英语词汇学重点名词解释》全文内容当前网页未完全显示，剩余内容下一页查看。

词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。

英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。

下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。

•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。

2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。

•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。

3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。

•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。

4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。

•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。

5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。

•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。

6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。

•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。

7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。

•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。

8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。

•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。

9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。

•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。

这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。

词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。

在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。

1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。

2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。

3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。

例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。

4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。

例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。

5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。

例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。

6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。

例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。

7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。

例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。

8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。

例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。

9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。

以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。

除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。

英语词汇学重点名词解释Word a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a giving sound and meaning and syntactic function.Native w ords are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes. They are neutral in style and frequent in use.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into English language. In other words they have come to comfort to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Semantic-loans refers to words whose meanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed. Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing material, namely roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meetthe new need.Mopheme the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Free mophemes are independent of other mophemes and have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammarical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.Bound mophemes A mopheme that occurs with at least one other mopheme.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affix is an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.Derivational affix is an affix that forms new words with a stem or a root.Affixation It is also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affix to stems.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Conversion the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Blending the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Clipping to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Initialisms are words pronunced letter by letter.Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the lieral sense and figurative sense of the word..Morphological motivation accounts for the connection between the meaning of the word and the me aning of each morpheme in the word.Onomatopoeic motivation indicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word . I ts sound suggests its meaning.Grammarical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammarical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning the meaning giveb in the dictionary forms the core of word meaning.Connotation (Connotative meaning ) refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Collocative meaning the word meaning which is suggested by t he words before or after the word in discussion.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.Concept Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Radiation a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre secondary meaning proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.Polysemy words that have two or more than two sense.Homonymy words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or meaning.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and in spelling, but different in meaning.Synonym one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.Primary meaning is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created.Extension (Generalization) A process by which a word which originally had a specialized me aning has now become generalized.Narrowing (Specialication) It is also called specialication. It is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense..Amelioration ( Elevation ) is also called elevation, a term referring to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance..Transfer words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentenses in which a word appears.Extra-linguistic context is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, time, place, even the whole cultural background..Lexical context refers to the word occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Metonymy the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.Synecdoche is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.Idioms strictly speaking, idioms are expr essions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.Idioms nominal in nature idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.Specialized dictionary is a dictionary concentrationg on a particular area of language or knowledge. Unabridged dictionary As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use ( actually no dictionariy can contain all the words in the language ).Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, th ey are called desk dictionaries.。

词汇学名词解释21、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。

（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专⽤词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。

（3）英语词汇的三⼤特点：数量⼤、来源⼴、变化多。

‘Indo-European’印欧语系With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2．Vocabulary词汇—— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important partof it. These words have obvious characteristics.（1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。

词汇学名词解释词汇学1、Compounding（合成法）Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法）A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x,or both, to the base.e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war3、Conversion（词性转移法）Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x.e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.)4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people)5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词）Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO6、Clipping（剪裁法）The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available inits full form.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab7、Blending（混合法）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of whichare not in their full forms.e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)8、Back formation（逆构法）Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorterword is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language.e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or.9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法）The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands.e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine10、Reduplication（复制法）Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.11、Coinage（新造的字）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based onexisting morphemes.e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language12、Classification of English words according to di?erent criteriaA. By origin:1) native words2) loan wordsB. By level of usage :1)common words2)literary words3)colloquial words4)slang words5)technical wordsC. By notion:1)function words（虚词）2)content words （实词）13、inflectional morpheme (or inflectional a?xes) （曲折词缀）An inflectional aifix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is a?xed.e.g. “s” in chairs, pens ; “es” in boxes, tomatoes;“en” in oxen14、root（词根）(1) 书：A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.e.g. work, boy, moon, walk(2) ?网：A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. A rootis the basic part always present in a lexeme.15、stem（词?干）Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional a?xes have been removed.e.g. in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable;in the word desired, the stem is desire16、base（词基）Base is any form to which a?xes of any kind can be added.e.g. in the word desirable, desire is the base to which a su?x -able is added.17、echoic words or onomatopoeic words（拟声词或象声词）Words motivated phonetically are called echoi words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.e.g. the woof-woof of a dog, the miaow of a cat18、homonyms（异义词）In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though di?erent in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.e.g. lead (n. & v.), sow (n. & v.), tear (n. & v.)19、complementary antonyms（互补性反义词）Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute.e.g. alive and dead, single and married20、synchronic dictionary（共时词典）Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the from, meaning, usage, etc., of the words of the period.e.g. COD, WCD21、allomorph（同位异形体）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g. the allomorphs -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same su?x22、prefixation（前缀）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.e.g. de-, be-, en-23、semantic motivation（语义动机）Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.e.g.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone; when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being.24、a?ective meaning（情感意义）A?ective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.e.g. Aha! Alas! and Hurrah!25、hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the la tter.e.g. a cat is a hyponym of animal, flute of instrument, chair of furniture26、semantic field（语义场）（1）书：Semantic field theory "took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways."（2）?网：Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.e.g.The words red, green, white etc. make up the semantic field of colors;the words father, mother, son etc. make up the semantic field of kinship27、componential analysis（成分分析法）The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.e.g. cow : [+ Bovine + Adult - Male]man : [+Human + Adult + Male]。

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。

2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化
时不会改变。

词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。

词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。

3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改
变单词的意义或词类。

后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。

4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相
互替换。

反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。

5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。

6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引
申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念）。

7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。

8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。

9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。

10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。

英语词汇学的英语总结引言英语词汇学是研究英语中单词和词汇的学科。

掌握英语词汇学的基本知识对于学习和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将总结英语词汇学的核心概念和常见术语。

一、词汇和单词1. 词汇 (Vocabulary)词汇指的是某一语言中的所有单词的集合。

英语词汇是指英语语言中的全部词汇。

2. 单词 (Word)单词是构成语言的基本单位，它可以独立地表达一个完整的意思。

英语语言中包含了大量的单词。

3. 词根 (Root)词根是构成词汇的基本组成部分，它是一个单词的核心部分，具有某种基本的意思。

4. 词缀 (Affix)词缀是用来改变或加强单词意思的字母或字母组合，可以加在词根前面或后面。

5. 同义词 (Synonym)同义词是指在意义上或用法上与另一个单词相同或相近的单词。

二、单词的构成1. 基本词 (Base Word)基本词是不含有词缀的词，即单词的最基本形式。

2. 派生词 (Derived Word)派生词是通过在基本词上加上前缀或后缀而产生的新单词。

3. 复合词 (Compound Word)复合词是由两个或多个单词组合而成的新单词。

4. 缩略词 (Abbreviation)缩略词是将一个长的词或短语简化的方式，通常是取其首字母或字母组合作为缩写形式。

三、词义和词类1. 词义 (Meaning)词义指的是单词所表达的具体意义或概念。

2. 词类 (Word Class/Part of Speech)词类是指单词在语法上的分类，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和代词等。

3. 同源词 (Cognate Word)同源词是指来自于同一个词根的单词，它们在不同语言中可能有相似或相同的形式和意义。

4. 多义词 (Polysemous Word)多义词是指具有两个或以上不同的意思的单词。

四、词汇的学习与记忆1. 词汇量 (Vocabulary Size)词汇量是指一个人掌握的单词数量，是评估一个人语言水平的重要指标。

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。

它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。

首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。

词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。

词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。

在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。

例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。

其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。

词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。

词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。

例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。

词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。

例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。

此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。

词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。

发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。

例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。

拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。

例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。

形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。

例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。

总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。

通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。

词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。

以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。

词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。

2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。

根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。

3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。

词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。

4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。

通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。

5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。

同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。

6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。

通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。

7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。

这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。

8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。

词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。

9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。

这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。

10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。

通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。

总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。

英语词汇学各章节重点、词汇解释、阅读及试卷大学英语词汇学复习要点1.外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.2.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.3.Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word ina certain historical period of time.4.Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.5.Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.6.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonymsare those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.8.同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English,figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.9.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions10.如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application11.What are the characteristics of antonyms?12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.4) Contrary termsare gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.13.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomesa subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes14.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).15.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less16.definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.17.语境的种类:非语言语境。

《词汇学》名词解释总汇1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.3. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequencesof letters.6.Hyponymy (上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as.10.Antonymy (反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem)12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part.13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem)14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。