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《公共管理导论》
第一章变革的时代
An era of change
一、传统公共行政的基本原理Fundamental Principle of Traditional Public Administration （1）官僚制，政府本身应按照等级制、官僚制的原则进行组织
（2）存在一个最佳的工作方式，并且在综合性工作手册中规定工作程序以供行政人员遵循
（3）通过官僚制组织提供服务
（4）行政人员普遍信奉“政治与行政二分法”
（5）认为激励个体公务员的力量是公共利益，因为服务于公众是大公无私的
（6）需要一支中立的、无个性的、终身任职的，且能够为任何政治领导人提供同样服务的“职业官僚队伍”（7）公共服务领域的任务确实是“行政性”的
1)The first of these was that of bureaucracy.
2)Secondly, there was one-best-way of working and procedures were set out in comprehensive
manuals for administrators to follow.
3)The third principle was bureaucratic delivery.
4)Fourthly, there was general belief among administrators in the politics/administration
dichotomy.
5)Fifthly, the motivation of the individual public servant was assumed to be that of the public
interest.
6)Sixthly, public administration requires a professional bureaucracy, neutral, anonymous,
employed for life, with the ability to serve any political master equally.
7)Seventhly, the tasks involved in public service were indeed administrative.
新公共管理（new public management）
= 管理主义（managerialism）
= 以市场为基础的公共行政（market-based public administration）
= 后官僚制典范（post-bureaucratic paradigm）
=企业化政府（entrepreneurial government）
二、行政与管理的区别Differences between administration and management
行政从本质上是指执行指令和服务；而管理则指：（1）实现结果；（2）管理者实现结果的个人责任。
Administration essentially involves following instructions and service, while management involves: first, the achievement of results, and secondly, personal responsibility by the manager for results being achieved.
三、变革的紧迫问题Imperatives of change
①对公共部门的抨击
The attack on the public sector.
②经济理论的变革：公共选择理论；委托—代理理论；交易成本理论
Changes in economic theory: Public choice theory, Principal/agent theory, Transaction cost theory ③私营部门的变革
The impact of changes in the private sector.
④技术变革
Changes in technology.
第二章传统的公共行政模式
The traditional model of public administration
1．《诺思科特—特里维廉报告》标志着公共部门以功绩制为基础的任命制度的开始和恩赐制的逐步衰落。该报告强调人事问题，虽然它的建议推行的较慢，但是它确实代表了传统的公共行政模式的产生。通过考试择优录用、行政中立、不受任何党派控制等原则都来源于《诺思科特—特里维廉报告》。
Northcote-Trevelyan signals the start of merit-based appointments to the public service and the gradual decline of patronage. The Report emphasizes personnel matters and its recommendations were implemented slowly, but it does represent a beginning to the traditional model of public administration. From Northcote-Trevelyan derive appointment by merit through examinations, and non-partisan, neutral administration.
2. 文官法案(the Civil Service Act)的名词解释
（1）根据职位分类，为所有申请公职者举行竞争性考试；
（2）根据职位分类，任命考试成绩最高者担任公职；
（3）在正式任命前，插入一个有效的试用期；
（4）在华盛顿的任命按照某些州和其他重要地区的人口比例进行分配。
The holding of competitive examinations for all applicants to the classified service.
The making of appointments to the classified service from those graded highest in the examinations.
The interposition of an effective probationary period before absolute appointment.
The apportionment of appointments at Washington according to the population of the several states and other major areas.
3．政治与行政二分法的名词解释
官员应当负责制定政策，行政部门则应负责执行政策。
Wilson put forth the view that politicians should be responsible for making policy, while the administration would be responsible for carrying it out.
4. 韦伯的官僚制理论
1）固定和法定的管辖范围的原则，一般是通过各种规则——法律或行政规章——来加以规定。
2）公职等级制和权力等级化原则，这意味着一种稳定而有序的上下级制度，在这种制度中，较低职位受到较高职位的监督。
3）现代公职管理是建立在保留书面文件（“档案”）的基础之上。
4）公职管理，至少是所有专门化的公职管理——而这种管理显然是现代的——通常以全面而熟练的训练为先决条件。
5）当公职得到充分发展的时候，官方活动要求官员完全发挥其工作能力
6）公职管理应遵循一般性规定，这些规定或多或少是稳定的、全面的，并且是可学习的。
The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is by laws or administrative regulations.
The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super-and sub-ordination in which there is a supervision of the lower
