good口腔癌细胞被血小板诱导的聚集的信号通路

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SignalingpathwaysforinductionofplateletaggregationbySAStonguecancercells–amechanismofhematogenousmetastasis

Mei-ChiChang1,*,Chiu-PoChan2,*,Yuan-SoonHo3,Jang-JaerLee4,Po-ShuenLin4,Bor-RuLin5,Ya-LingHuang1,Liang-JiunnHahn4,Hung-WeiYeh4,Ying-JanWang6,*,Jiiang-HueiJeng4,*

1BiomedicalScienceTeam,ChangGungInstituteofTechnology,Taoyuan;2DepartmentofDentistry,ChangGungMemorial

Hospital,Taipei;3InstituteofBiotechnology,TaipeiMedicalUniversity,Taipei;4LaboratoryofPharmacology&Toxicology,DepartmentofDentistry,NationalTaiwanUniversityHospitalandNationalTaiwanUniversityMedicalCollege,Taipei;5DepartmentofDiagnotherapeutics,NationalTaiwanUniversityHospital,Taipei;6DepartmentofEnvironmentalMedicine,National

ChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan

BACKGROUND:Tonguecancermetastasisismainlythroughbloodstreamandpossiblyassociatedwithtumorcell-inducedplateletaggregation(TCIPA).METHODS:Plateletaggregationwasinducedbydif-ferentamountsofSAStonguecancercellswith⁄withoutinhibitorsandthelatentperiodforinductionofplateletaggregationwasrecorded.Geneexpressionwasana-lyzedbyreversetranscriptase-polymerasechainreac-tion.RESULTS:SAScells(4·104to1·106cells⁄ml)

inducedplateletaggregationinacelldensity-dependentmanner.Thelatentperiodforinductionofplateletaggregationreducedfrom11.3min(2·105cells⁄ml)to

0.9min(5·105cells⁄ml).Theextentofplateletaggregationincreasedfrom39%to76%by2·105and5·105SAScells.Pre-treatmentofSAScellswithaspirinshowedlittleeffectonitsinductionofplateletaggregation.SAScellsexpressedtissuefactor(TF)mRNAandtheSAScells-inducedTCIPAwasinhibitedbyTFneutralizationantibody(5–20lg⁄ml),heparin(5–10U⁄ml),Hirudinfragment54–65(50lg⁄ml)andD-Phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-argininechloromethylketone.Butarecanut(AN,abetelquidcomponentknowntogeneratereactiveoxygenspecies(ROS))extractshowedlittleeffectonTFexpressioninSAScells.Pre-

treatmentwithU73122and2-aminoethoxydiphenyl-borateinhibitedSAS-inducedTCIPA.Interestingly,catalasesuppressedSAScells-inducedTCIPA,whereasANextractenhancedthisevent.CONCLUSIONS:TheseresultssuggestthattonguecancercellsmayinduceTCIPAandenhancetumormetastasis.SAS-inducedTCIPAisrelatedtoTFsecre-tion,thrombingenerationandassociatedwithPhospho-lipaseC-InositoltriphosphatesignalingandROSproduction.Betelquidchewingmaypotentiallypromotetonguecancermetastasis.JOralPatholMed(2009)38:434–440

Keywords:arecanut;reactiveoxygenspecies;tissuefactor;tumorcells-inducedplateletaggregation;tumormetastasis

IntroductionTonguecancerusuallyhaspoorprognosisduetothehighvascularity,whichpronetoearlymetastasisofcancercellstocervicallymphnodes(58%inT2N0stage),bloodstreamanddistantorgans,pendingsurgerymoredifficult(1,2).Anumberoffactorssuchastumorthickness,smokinghabit,resectionmargins,lymphnodemetastasisetc.arethecontrollingfactorsforsurvivalandlong-termprognosisoforalcancerpatients.However,littleisknownaboutthemechanismsresponsibleforearlymetastasisoftonguecancers.Hussainetal.(2005)foundanassociationofsmokinghabitinincreasingtheriskoftonguecancermetastasistolymphnode,buttheassociationisinsignificantinT1andT2stageofcancer(3).Leeetal.(2005)furtherfoundthatbetelquid(BQ)chewinghabitaffectstheprognosisoforalcancer(4).Thiscanbeduetoimpairmentofimmunesystemand⁄orpromotetumor

Correspondence:Prof.Jiiang-HueiJeng,DepartmentofDentistry,NationalTaiwanUniversityandNationalTaiwanUniversityMedicalCollege,No1,Chang-TeStreet,Taipei,Taiwan.Tel:886-2-23123456ext7755,Fax:886-2-23831346,E-mail:jhjeng@ntu.edu.tworbenson86778231@yahoo.com.twDrYing-JanWang,DepartmentofEnvironmentalMedicine,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan.Tel:886-6-20004202,Fax:886-6-2752484,E-mail:yjwang@mail.ncku.edu.tw*Theseauthorscontributedequallytothisstudy.AcceptedforpublicationMay12,2008

JOralPatholMed(2009)38:434–440ª2008TheAuthors.Journalcompilationª2008BlackwellMunksgaardÆAllrightsreserved

www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/jopmdoi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00701.xinvasionormetastasisbythesehabits(5).Recently,wefoundthatarecanut(AN)componentsstimulateplateletaggregationviainductionofTXB2prod-

uction(6).Arecanutcomponentscanalsomodulateendothelialfunctions(7).PriorstudieshavefoundthebloodhypercoagulationinBQchewerswithoralsub-mucousfibrosis(OSF)(8–10).RecentepidemiologicalstudyfurthershowsthatBQchewingelevatestheriskofcardiovasculardiseases.Anincreaseinthechewingtimeto30yearselevatestheriskofcardiovasculardiseasesby14.2-foldsthannon-chewinghealthypersons(11).Thisraisesthelinkageofchangesinplatelets⁄coagula-tionsysteminBQchewerswithoralcancer.Circulatingplateletsareimportantinvascularthrom-bosis,haemostasis,atherosclerosisandinflammation.However,theinteractionsbetweenplateletsandoralcancercellsarelessinvestigated.Thisishighlyunex-pectedbecausedisseminationfrombloodstreamisthemajormetastaticpathwayfortonguecancer.Clinicalandpathologicalobservationshavefoundtheincreasedriskofthromboembolisminpatientswithcancer.Thishighlightedtheinvolvementofactivatedcoagulationandfibrinolyticsystemsinthecausationandmetastasisofcancer(12,13).Theabilityofmalignantcancercellstoaggregateplatelets,tumourcell-inducedplateletaggregation(TCIPA),providesmanygrowthadvanta-gesfortumorcellsandfacilitatessuccessfuldistalmetastasis.Aggregationbyplateletsprotectscancercellsfromhighshearforcesseeninthebloodstreamandthekillingbyimmunecells.Theformationoflargetumor-plateletaggregatebyTCIPAcaninduceembo-lismandtrapcancercellsinthecapillariesofdistantorgan,facilitatetumorcelladhesiontovascularendo-thelium,andreleasegrowthfactorsfortumorcellgrowthandinvasion(14–17).WethereforestudiedtheinductionofplateletaggregationbySAStonguecancercellsanditsmechanismsaswellasinteractionwithANingredientinthisstudy.