第1章计算机系统结构的基本概念1.1 解释下列术语层次机构:按照计算机语言从低级到高级的次序,把计算机系统按功能划分成多级层次结构,每一层以一种不同的语言为特征。
这些层次依次为:微程序机器级,传统机器语言机器级,汇编语言机器级,高级语言机器级,应用语言机器级等。
虚拟机:用软件实现的机器。
翻译:先用转换程序把高一级机器上的程序转换为低一级机器上等效的程序,然后再在这低一级机器上运行,实现程序的功能。
解释:对于高一级机器上的程序中的每一条语句或指令,都是转去执行低一级机器上的一段等效程序。
执行完后,再去高一级机器取下一条语句或指令,再进行解释执行,如此反复,直到解释执行完整个程序。
计算机系统结构:传统机器程序员所看到的计算机属性,即概念性结构与功能特性。
在计算机技术中,把这种本来存在的事物或属性,但从某种角度看又好像不存在的概念称为透明性。
计算机组成:计算机系统结构的逻辑实现,包含物理机器级中的数据流和控制流的组成以及逻辑设计等。
计算机实现:计算机组成的物理实现,包括处理机、主存等部件的物理结构,器件的集成度和速度,模块、插件、底板的划分与连接,信号传输,电源、冷却及整机装配技术等。
系统加速比:对系统中某部分进行改进时,改进后系统性能提高的倍数。
Amdahl定律:当对一个系统中的某个部件进行改进后,所能获得的整个系统性能的提高,受限于该部件的执行时间占总执行时间的百分比。
程序的局部性原理:程序执行时所访问的存储器地址不是随机分布的,而是相对地簇聚。
包括时间局部性和空间局部性。
CPI:每条指令执行的平均时钟周期数。
测试程序套件:由各种不同的真实应用程序构成的一组测试程序,用来测试计算机在各个方面的处理性能。
存储程序计算机:冯·诺依曼结构计算机。
其基本点是指令驱动。
程序预先存放在计算机存储器中,机器一旦启动,就能按照程序指定的逻辑顺序执行这些程序,自动完成由程序所描述的处理工作。
系列机:由同一厂家生产的具有相同系统结构、但具有不同组成和实现的一系列不同型号的计算机。
V2426A SeriesIntel®3rd Gen Core™CPU,EN50155railway computer with2mini PCIe expansion slotsFeatures and Benefits•Intel Celeron/Core i7processor•2peripheral expansion slots for various I/O,WLAN,mini-PCIe expansionmodule cards•Dual independent DVI-I displays•2Gigabit Ethernet ports with M12X-coded connectors•1SATA connector and1CFast socket for storage expansion•M12A-coded power connector•Compliant with EN50121-4•Complies with all EN50155mandatory test items1•Ready-to-run Debian7,Windows Embedded Standard7,and Windows10Embedded IoT Enterprise2016LTSB platforms•-40to70°C wide-temperature models available•Supports SNMP-based system configuration,control,and monitoring(Windows only)CertificationsIntroductionThe V2426A Series embedded computers are based on the Intel3rd Gen processor,and feature4RS-232/422/485serial ports,dual LAN ports,3 USB2.0hosts,and dual DVI-I outputs.In addition,the V2426A Series computers comply with the mandatory test items of the EN50155standard, making them suitable for a variety of industrial applications.The dual megabit/Gigabit Ethernet ports with M12X-coded connectors offer a reliable solution for network redundancy,promising continuous operation for data communication and management.As an added convenience,the V2426A computers have6DIs and2DOs for connecting digital input/output devices.In addition,the CFast socket,SATA connector,and USB sockets provide the V2426A computers with the reliability needed for industrial applications that require data buffering and storage expansion.Moreover,the V2426A computers come with2peripheral expansion slots for inserting different communication modules(2-port CAN module,or HSDPA,GPS,or WLAN module),an8+8-port digital input/output module,and a2-port serial module,giving greater flexibility for setting up different industrial applications at field sites.Preinstalled with Linux Debian7or Windows Embedded Standard7,the V2426A Series provides programmers with a friendly environment for developing sophisticated,bug-free application software at a low cost.Wide-temperature models of the V2426A Series that operate reliably in a-40 to70°C operating temperature range are also available,offering an optimal solution for applications subjected to harsh environments.1.This product is suitable for rolling stock railway applications,as defined by the EN50155standard.For a more detailed statement,click here:/doc/specs/EN_50155_Compliance.pdfAppearanceFront View Rear ViewSpecificationsComputerCPU V2426A-C2Series:Intel®Celeron®Processor1047UE(2M cache,1.40GHz)V2426A-C7Series:Intel®Core™i7-3517UE Processor(4M cache,up to2.80GHz) System Chipset Mobile Intel®HM65Express ChipsetGraphics Controller Intel®HD Graphics4000(integrated)System Memory Pre-installed4GB DDR3System Memory Slot SODIMM DDR3/DDR3L slot x1Supported OS Linux Debian7Windows Embedded Standard7(WS7E)32-bitWindows Embedded Standard7(WS7E)64-bitStorage Slot 2.5-inch HDD/SSD slots x1CFast slot x2Computer InterfaceEthernet Ports Auto-sensing10/100/1000Mbps ports(M12X-coded)x2Serial Ports RS-232/422/485ports x4,software selectable(DB9male)USB2.0USB2.0hosts x1,M12D-coded connectorUSB2.0hosts x2,type-A connectorsAudio Input/Output Line in x1,Line out x1,M12D-codedDigital Input DIs x6Digital Output DOs x2Video Output DVI-I x2,29-pin DVI-I connectors(female)Expansion Slots2peripheral expansion slotsDigital InputsIsolation3k VDCConnector Screw-fastened Euroblock terminalDry Contact On:short to GNDOff:openI/O Mode DISensor Type Dry contactWet Contact(NPN or PNP)Wet Contact(DI to COM)On:10to30VDCOff:0to3VDCDigital OutputsConnector Screw-fastened Euroblock terminalCurrent Rating200mA per channelI/O Type SinkVoltage24to30VDCLED IndicatorsSystem Power x1Storage x1LAN2per port(10/100/1000Mbps)Serial2per port(Tx,Rx)Serial InterfaceBaudrate50bps to921.6kbpsFlow Control RTS/CTS,XON/XOFF,ADDC®(automatic data direction control)for RS-485,RTSToggle(RS-232only)Isolation N/AParity None,Even,Odd,Space,MarkData Bits5,6,7,8Stop Bits1,1.5,2Serial SignalsRS-232TxD,RxD,RTS,CTS,DTR,DSR,DCD,GNDRS-422Tx+,Tx-,Rx+,Rx-,GNDRS-485-2w Data+,Data-,GNDRS-485-4w Tx+,Tx-,Rx+,Rx-,GNDPower ParametersInput Voltage12to48VDCPower Connector M12A-coded male connectorPower Consumption 3.78A@12VDC0.96A@48VDCPower Consumption(Max.)47W(max.)Physical CharacteristicsHousing AluminumIP Rating IP30Dimensions(with ears)275x92x154mm(10.83x3.62x6.06in)Dimensions(without ears)250x86x154mm(9.84x3.38x6.06in)Weight3,000g(6.67lb)Installation DIN-rail mounting(optional),Wall mounting(standard) Protection-CT models:PCB conformal coating Environmental LimitsOperating Temperature Standard Models:-25to55°C(-13to131°F)Wide Temp.Models:-40to70°C(-40to158°F) Storage Temperature(package included)-40to85°C(-40to185°F)Ambient Relative Humidity5to95%(non-condensing)Standards and CertificationsEMC EN55032/24EMI CISPR32,FCC Part15B Class AEMS IEC61000-4-2ESD:Contact:6kV;Air:8kVIEC61000-4-3RS:80MHz to1GHz:20V/mIEC61000-4-4EFT:Power:2kV;Signal:2kVIEC61000-4-5Surge:Power:2kVIEC61000-4-6CS:10VIEC61000-4-8PFMFRailway EN50121-4,IEC60571Railway Fire Protection EN45545-2Safety EN60950-1,UL60950-1Shock IEC60068-2-27,IEC61373,EN50155Vibration IEC60068-2-64,IEC61373,EN50155DeclarationGreen Product RoHS,CRoHS,WEEEMTBFTime304,998hrsStandards Telcordia(Bellcore),GBWarrantyWarranty Period3yearsDetails See /warrantyPackage ContentsDevice1x V2426A Series computerInstallation Kit1x wall-mounting kitDocumentation1x document and software CD1x quick installation guide1x warranty cardDimensionsOrdering InformationModel Name CPU Memory(Default)OS CFast(CTO)Backup CFast(CTO)SSD/HDD Tray(CTO)PeripheralExpansionSlotsOperatingTemp.ConformalCoatingV2426A-C2Celeron1047UE4GB1(Optional)1(Optional)1(Optional)2-25to55°C–V2426A-C2-T Celeron1047UE4GB1(Optional)1(Optional)1(Optional)2-40to70°C–V2426A-C2-CT-T Celeron1047UE4GB1(Optional)1(Optional)1(Optional)2-40to70°C✓V2426A-C7Core i7-3517UE4GB1(Optional)1(Optional)1(Optional)2-25to55°C–V2426A-C7-T Core i7-3517UE4GB1(Optional)1(Optional)1(Optional)2-40to70°C–V2426A-C7-CT-T i7-3517UE4GB1(Optional)1(Optional)1(Optional)2-40to70°C✓V2426A-C2-W7E Celeron1047UE4GB8GB1(Optional)1(Optional)2-25to55°C–V2426A-C2-T-W7E Celeron1047UE4GB8GB1(Optional)1(Optional)2-40to70°C–V2426A-C7-T-W7E i7-3517UE4GB8GB1(Optional)1(Optional)2-40to70°C–Accessories(sold separately)Battery KitsRTC Battery Kit Lithium battery with built-in connectorCablesCBL-M12XMM8PRJ45-BK-100-IP67M12-to-RJ45Cat-5E UTP gigabit Ethernet cable,8-pin X-coded male connector,IP67,1mCBL-M12(FF5P)/Open-100IP67A-coded M12-to-5-pin power cable,IP67-rated5-pin female M12connector,1mA-CRF-RFQMAM-R2-50Wi-Fi Extension Cable QMA(male)to SMA(male)adapter with50cm cable x1A-CRF-QMAMSF-R2-50Cellular Extension Cable QMA(male)to SMA(female)adapter with50cm cable x1A-CRF-CTPSF-R2-50GPS Extension Cable TNC to SMA(female)adapter with50cm cable x1ConnectorsM12A-5PMM-IP685-pin male circular threaded D-coded M12USB connector,IP68M12X-8PMM-IP678-pin male X-coded circular threaded gigabit Ethernet connector,IP67M12A-5P-IP68A-coded screw-in sensor connector,female,IP68,4.05cmM12A-8PMM-IP678-pin male circular threaded A-codes M12connector,IP67-rated(for field-installation)Power AdaptersPWR-24270-DT-S1Power adapter,input voltage90to264VAC,output voltage24V with2.5A DC loadPower CordsPWC-C7AU-2B-183Power cord with Australian(AU)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7CN-2B-183Power cord with two-prong China(CN)plug,1.83mPWC-C7EU-2B-183Power cord with Continental Europe(EU)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7UK-2B-183Power cord with United Kingdom(UK)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7US-2B-183Power cord with United States(US)plug,10A/125V,1.83mWall-Mounting KitsV2400Isolated Wall Mount Kit Wall-mounting kit with isolation protection,2wall-mounting brackets,4screwsStorage KitsFK-75125-02Storage bracket,4large silver screws,4soft washers,4small sliver bronze screws,1SATA powercable,4golden spacers(only for the V2406and V2426)Expansion ModulesEPM-DK022mini PCIe slots for wireless modules,-25to55°C operating temperatureEPM-DK03GPS receiver with2mini PCIe slots for wireless modules,-25to55°C operating temperatureEPM-30322isolated RS-232/422/485ports with DB9connectors,-40to70°C operating temperatureEPM-31122isolated CAN ports with DB9connectors,-25to55°C operating temperatureEPM-34388DIs and8DOs,with3kV digital isolation protection,2kHz counter,-40to70°C operating AntennasANT-GPS-OSM-05-3M BK Active GPS antenna,26dBi,1572MHz,L1band antenna for GPSANT-LTEUS-ASM-01GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSPA/LTE,omni-directional rubber duck antenna,1dBiANT-WDB-ARM-02 2.4/5GHz,omni-directional rubber duck antenna,2dBi,RP-SMA(male)ANT-LTE-ASM-02GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSPA/LTE,omni-directional rubber duck antenna,2dBiANT-WCDMA-AHSM-04-2.5m GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSPA,omni-directional magnetic base antenna,4dBiWireless Antenna CablesA-CRF-MHFQMAF-D1.13-14.2Digital Interface Mini card internal antenna with QMA connector x1,locking washer x1,O-ring x1,nutx1DIN-Rail Mounting KitsDK-DC50131DIN-rail mounting kit,6screwsWireless PackagesEPM-DK3G Package Gemalto PHS8-P3G mini card with digital interface,internal antenna,installation bracket,screws,locking washers,O-rings,nuts,and thermal padEPM-DK Wi-Fi Package SprakLAN WPEA-121N Wi-Fi mini card with digital interface,internal antenna,installation bracket,screws,locking washers,O-rings,nuts,and thermal padEPM-DK LTE-EU Package Gemalto PLS8-E LTE mini card with digital interface,internal antenna,installation bracket,screws,locking washers,O-rings,nuts,and thermal padEPM-DK LTE-US Package Gemalto PLS8-X LTE mini card with digital interface,internal antenna,installation bracket,screws,locking washers,O-rings,nuts,and thermal padWireless Antenna Packages3G Antenna Package3G external antenna with QMA(male)to SMA(female)adapter and50-cm cables x2,3G externalantenna with SMA connectors x2,cellular extension cableLTE-US Antenna Package LTE-US external antenna with QMA(male)to SMA(female)adapter and50-cm cables x2,LTE-USexternal antenna with SMA connector x2,cellular extension cableLTE-EU Antenna Package LTE-EU external antenna with QMA(male)to SMA(female)adapter with50-cm cables x2,LTE-EUexternal antenna with SMA connectors x2,cellular extension cableWi-Fi Antenna Package External antenna with QMA internal cable,Wi-Fi extension cableGPS Antenna Package External antenna with TNC to SMA(female)adapter and a50-cm cable,SMA antenna(26dBi,1572MHz,L1band),GPS extension cable©Moxa Inc.All rights reserved.Updated Jan22,2020.This document and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of Moxa Inc.Product specifications subject to change without notice.Visit our website for the most up-to-date product information.。
