《形式逻辑》课后习题参考答案第四章简单命题及其推理（下）一、指出下列三段论的格和式，并指出其中的大项、中项和小项，以及大前提、小前提和结论。
1.第一格AAA式。
大项：一定要胜利的；中项：正义的事业；小项：我们的事业。
大前提：一切正义的事业都是一定要胜利的；小前提：我们的事业是正义的事业；结论：我们的事业是一定要胜利的。
2.第三格AAI式。
大项：能导电；中项：石墨；小项：非金属。
大前提：石墨能导电；小前提：石墨是非金属；结论：有的非金属能导电。
3.第二格AEE式。
大项：文学作品；中项：需要创造艺术形象；小项：学术论文。
大前提：一切文学作品都需要创造艺术形象；小前提：学术论文不需要创造艺术形象；结论：学术论文不是文学作品。
4.第二格AEE式。
大项：鱼；中项：用鳃呼吸；小项：鲸。
大前提：鱼都是用鳃呼吸的；小前提：鲸不是用鳃呼吸的；结论：鲸不是鱼。
二、下列三段论是否正确？如果不正确，违反了什么规则？1.不正确。
大项扩张（大项“青年”在前提中不周延，但在结论中周延。
注：按照对当关系，并非所有的青年工人都是共青团员=有的青年不是共青团员）。
2.不正确。
中项两次不周延。
3.不正确。
四概念错误（大小前提中的两个“物质”不是一个概念）4.不正确。
两前提都是特称命题，或者中项两次不周延。
5.不正确。
中项两次不周延（不是快车是不带邮件的=带邮件的是快车）带邮件的是快车）6.不正确。
中项两次不周延。
不正确。
中项两次不周延。
三、在下列括号内填入适当的符号，构成一个正确的三段论，并写出解题过程。
1.它的限制条件少，很多三段论都满足要求，第一格的有AAA, AAI, AII，，第四格的有AAI, 第二格的有AEE, AEO, AOO，第三格的有AAI, AII，第四格的有AEE。
例如，对于第一格的AAA式，即MAP, SAM/SAP，假设结论为SAP，那么S在结论中是周延的。
根据三段论规则3，S在前提中也必须周延。
按照规则4，前提不能出现否定。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------17. 动词的过去式和过去分词不规则变化表动词的过去式和过去分词不规则变化表 1.AAA 式：动词原形过去式过去分词汉语 cost[kɔ:st] cost[kɔ:st] cost[kɔ:st] 花费 cut[kʌt] cut[kʌt] cut[kʌt] 割，切 hurt[h :t] hurt[h :t] hurt[h :t] 受伤 hit[hIt] hit[hIt] hit[hIt] 打，撞let[let] let[let] let[let] 让 put[p t] put[p t] put[p t] 放下read[ri:d] read[red] read[red] 读set[set] set[set] set[set] 安排，安置 spread[spred] spread[spred] spread[spred] 展开，传播，涂 spit[spIt] spit/spat[spIt] spit/spat[spIt] 吐痰 shut[ʃʌt] shut[ʃʌt] shut[ʃʌt] 关上,闭起,停止营业 2.AAB 式：动词原形过去式过去分词汉语 beat[bi:t] beat[bi:t] beaten[‘bi:tn] 打败 3.ABA 式：动词原形过去式过去分词汉语become[bI’kʌm] became[bI’keIm] become[bI’kʌm] 变come[kʌm] came[keIm] come[kʌm] 来 run[rʌn] ran[rn] run[rʌn] 跑 4.ABB 式：（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母 d,t 或 ed 构成过去式或过去分词。
不规则动词的过去式变化规律2、AAA型cost cost costcut cut cuthit hit hithurt hurt hurtlet let letput put putset set setshut shut shutread read read3、AAB型beat beat beaten4、ABA型become became become come came comerun ran run5、ABB型bring brought broughtbuy bought bought think thought thoughtcatch caughtcaughtteach taught taughtbuild built builtlend lent lentsend sent sentspend spent spentdig dug dug hang hung hung stand stood stood understand understood understood learn learnt learntmean meant meantspoil spoilt spoiltshine shone shonewin won wonhave had hadmake made madehear heard heardfind found foundhold held held6、ABC型begin b egan begun drink drank drunk ring rang rung sing sang sungsink sank sunkswim swam swum blow blew blownfly flew flowngrow grew grown know knew known throw t hrew thrown draw drew drawn show showed shown break broke broken choose chose chosen forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen speak spoke spoken wake woke woken drive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallengive gave givenhide hid hiddenride rode riddenrise rose risentake took taken mistake mistook mistakenwrite wrote writtenam,is was beenare were beendo did done go went gonelie lay lain see saw seen wear wore worn易错型show showed showndraw drew drawnfall fell fallen feel felt felthold held heldhelp helped helpedthink thought thoughtthank t hanked thankedtake took takentalk talked talkedget got gotforget forgot forgottenmeet met metmean meant meanthit hit hithide hid hiddenring rang rungbring brought broughteat ate eatenbeat beat beatenlie lay lainlay laid laidfind found foundfound founded foundedbuy bought bought brought brought learn learnt learnthear heard heard。
