膜领域所面临的机遇和挑战——侧重于气体分离方面

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第26卷第4期 2006年8月 膜科学与技术 ^伍^,Ⅱ3RA r、II SCIENCE A fD TECl|玎、 0I.0GY Vo1.26 No.4 Aug.2006 

文章编号:1007—8924(2006)04—0001—05 

Some opportunities&challenges for our membrane community to consider —with an emphasis on gas separations 

William J.Koros (Georgia Institute of Technology。School of Chemical&Biomoleeular Engineering,Atlanta,Georgia,USA) 

Key words:membrane;membrane process;gas separation;opportunity;challenge CLC number:TQ028.8 Document code:A 

Our community commonly characterizes mem— brane processes in terms of the sizes of the compo— nents that are being permeated or rejected by a mem— brane in contact with a specific fed stream[1I.Com— ponents that are rejected by the membrane via simple hydrodynamic sieving are diverse in size relative to the suspending medium,but in such cases the dimen— sion of the rejected component is typically greater than 2 Din in size,while the suspending medium comprises a continuum fluid like water. Characteristic dimension of rejected component,nm 0 Control Fig.1 Membrane spectrum丑luStrating the boundary between sorption—diffusion control and hydrodynamic sievingcontrol separationfunctions ofiTlembr ̄n_es As the size difference between the permeating component VS.the rejected component decreases, separation becomes increasingly difficult.Indeed, neither ultrafitration membrane molecular weight cut— off values nor nominal pore sizes are sufficient to con— trol separation of similarly sized solutes.Adding knowledge of the types and amounts of charge on lutes as well as the morphology and charge on so— the membrane,however,is now helping to achieve ex— traordinarily selective hydrodynamic——based separa— tions[2I. Ultimately,hydrodynamic sieving of molecularly 

dispersed solutes out of a“solvent”becomes inade— quate to achieve the desired fractionation when both the solute and solvent become of comparable size.In this case.size and shape discrimination based on molecular jumping rates involving diffusion through the membrane become necessary, so intermolecular forces are the dominant determinants of the resistance acting on each penetrant.Incorporation of thermody— namic partitioning and molecular diffusion phenomena within the membrane requires additional sophistica— tion to describe micro——molecular scale separations such aS reverse osmosis,pervaporation and gas sepa— rations.The partition coefficients enable describing the process conveniently in terms Of external phase conditions and compositions. 

1 Gas&vapor separations—special challenges Fractionaing mixtures of the smallest penetrants in the size spectrum to enable gas separation processes requires exquisitely precise size and shape discrimina— tion—often in the range of 0.02--0.03 nln between permeated and rejected species.Such demands truly 

作者简介:威廉・卡洛斯,男,化学工程博士,美国国家工程院院士,国际性刊物Journal of Membrane Science主编,本刊的 国外高级顾问,美国佐治亚理工学院教授. 

维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com ・2・ 膜科学与技术 第26卷 push the state—of—the—art in materials science. Plate and frame,spirally wound and hollow fiber modules can be used depending upon the details of the application;however,in all cases,the ability to engi— neer and reliably control morphology at the nanometer scale is crucial【 .Combining the ability to repro— ducibly control morphology in high surface area mod— ules is a never——ending pursuit that becomes even more critical(and challenging)as the scale of mod— ules continue to grow to deal with gas feed streams containing hundreds of millions of standard cubic feet per day.Hollow fiber modules are extremely efficient for packaging large amounts of membrane area per u— nit volume,and typically modules may contain as much as 10,000 square meters of membrane area per cubic meter of module volume.For high pressure op— eration,the fiber can be fed on the shell side,but for low pressure cases,bore side feed is usually preferred to promote good feed flow distribution. Separation units with excellent reliability records have proven valuable for hydrogen recovery in petro— chemical applications,nitrogen enrichment units for creating inert gas blankets and carbon dioxide removal units for natural gas cleanup[ 一 .In the B3"ea of va— pors,membrane—based monomer recovery units have been installed recently for propylene polymerization vent gas streams[8。.While the above trends are desir— able,to significantly impact the global energy effi— ciency picture,our community must accelerate these trends by more aggressive actions to introduce mem— brane technologyL . Not only polymeric media but also ceramic,car— bon,zeolitic and metal membranes are very attractive from the standpoint of separation precision and ro— bustneSs[9一 21. These media are used in small scale application,but these exciting materials have not yet Plate&Frame Spiral Wound Hollow Fiber Fig.2 Membrane module types in use succeeded as economical large scale competitors to conventional approaches in micro——molecular organic separations(e.g.,for P—xylene vs.m—xylene or propylene vs.propane).As noted above,discoveries in materials processing can be as important as those of the intrinsic material in order to create economically viable membrane products.This observation definite— ly applies to the non——polymeric membrane media where high costs hinder their market penetration. Capacity expansions of existing thermally——driv— en separation units are ideal ways to introduce mem— branes more broadly into large scale use while mini— mizing risks and building familiarity with this rela— tively new technology.This approach leverages exist— ing investments without the need to build entirely new thermally—driven separation units.Within an existing integrated plant,valuable compounds com— prising part of a vapor feed stream currently sent to another thermally driven separation unit could be membrane——fractionated into higher value products with minimal expense and significant energy sav— ings[21. Ultimate displacement of an older technology