nature上的一篇锂电文章—浓度梯度镍钴锰三元正极材料的制备与性能
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LETTERSPUBLISHEDONLINE:22MARCH2009|DOI:10.1038/NMAT2418
High-energycathodematerialforlong-lifeandsafelithiumbatteries
Yang-KookSun1*†,Seung-TaekMyung2*,Byung-ChunPark1,JaiPrakash3,IliasBelharouak4andKhalilAmine4†
Layeredlithiumnickel-richoxides,Li[Ni1−xMx]O2(M=metal),haveattractedsignificantinterestasthecathodematerialforrechargeablelithiumbatteriesowingtotheirhighcapacity,excellentratecapabilityandlowcost1–7.However,theirlowthermal-abusetoleranceandpoorcyclelife,especiallyatelevatedtemperature,prohibittheiruseinpracticalbatteries4–6.Here,wereportonaconcentration-gradientcathodematerialforrechargeablelithiumbatteriesbasedonalayeredlithiumnickelcobaltmanganeseoxide.Inthismaterial,eachparticlehasacentralbulkthatisrichinNiandaMn-richouterlayerwithdecreasingNiconcentrationandincreasingMnandCoconcentrationsasthesurfaceisapproached.Theformerprovideshighcapacity,whereasthelatterimprovesthethermalstability.Ahalfcellusingourconcentration-gradientcathodematerialachievedahighcapacityof209mAhg−1
andretained96%ofthiscapacityafter50charge–dischargecyclesunderanaggressivetestprofile(55◦Cbetween3.0and4.4V).Ourconcentration-gradientmaterialalsoshowedsuperiorperformanceinthermal-abusetestscomparedwiththebulkcompositionLi[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2usedasreference.Theseresultssuggestthatourcathodematerialcouldenableproductionofbatteriesthatmeetthedemandingperformanceandsafetyrequirementsofplug-inhybridelectricvehicles.Recentseverefluctuationsincrude-oilpricesandglobalenvironmentalconcernshaveacceleratedeffortstodeveloplithium-ionbatteriesforplug-inhybridelectricvehicles(P-HEVs).Oneoftheprincipalcathodematerialsforsuchlithiumbatteries,LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2,hasbeeninvestigatedintenselyinthepasttenyears1.However,Li[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2showspoorthermalcharacteristicsbecauseoftheoxygenreleasefromthehighlydelithiatedstate(forexample,Li0.35–0.55[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2),whichoxidizestheelectrolyteandleadstoaseverethermalrunawayofthecell2–4.Furthermore,thehighconcentrationofunstableNi4+,whenchargingthismaterial,isreducedtoadivalentandinsulatingNiOphaseatthecathodesurface,resultinginhighinterfacialcellimpedanceandpoorcellelectrochemicalperformance4–6.EventhoughtheNi-richmaterial,Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2,haspoorcyclelifeandsafetyissues,itshighcapacityofapproximately200mAh(g-oxide)−1remainsattractive7forhigh-energybatteriesinthe40mileelectricdriveP-HEVs.Forthisapplication,5,000charge-depletingcyclesand15yearsofcalendarlifeaswellasexcellentsafetyareofextremeimportance8.ThesechallengingrequirementsmakeitdifficultforconventionalcathodematerialstobeadoptedinP-HEVs.1CenterforInformationandCommunicationMaterial,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seoul133-791,SouthKorea,2DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IwateUniversity,4-3-5Ueda,Morioka,Iwate020-8551,Japan,3DepartmentofChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering,IllinoisInstituteofTechnology,10West33rdStreet,Chicago60616,USA,4ElectrochemicalTechnologyProgram,ChemicalSciencesandEngineeringDivision,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,9700SouthCassAvenue,Argonne,Illinois60439,USA.*Theseauthorscontributedequallytothiswork.†e-mail:yksun@hanyang.ac.kr;amine@anl.gov.InterfaceBulkLi(Ni0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1)O2(high capacity)Surface(high thermal stability)Concentration-gradientouter layerLi(Ni0.8¬x Co0.1+y Mn0.1+z)O20 ≤ x ≤ 0.340 ≤ y ≤ 0.130 ≤ z ≤ 0.21Li(Ni0.46 Co0.23 Mn0.31)O2Figure1|Schematicdiagramofpositive-electrodeparticlewithNi-richcoresurroundedbyconcentration-gradientouterlayer.AscanningelectronmicrographofatypicalparticleisshowninFig.2c.Recently,wereportedacore–shell-structuredLi[(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2]O2(ref.9)materialdesignedtoimprovethecyclelifeandsafetyoflithiumbatteries.ThecorematerialisLi[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2,whichshowshighcapacity,whereastheshellconsistsofLi[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2,whichprovidesstructuralandthermalstabilityinhighlydelithiatedstates10–12.Aftercarefullyreviewingouranalysisresults,however,wefoundastructuralmismatchbetweenthecoreandtheshell;voidsoftensofnanometresbetweenthecoreandtheshellwerefoundinthepreparedcore–shellpowdersaftercycling13,14.Forexample,aNi-richcompound(corematerial)wasbelievedtoundergoavolumechangeofapproximately9–10%(ref.15),whereastheshellvolumechangewasonly2–3%duringde-intercalationofLi+ions16.Thedifferentdegreesofshrinkagewithinthesameparticlemayleadtogradualseparationofthecoreandshell,preventingtherealizationofhighcapacity,becausethecorepartlosesthepathwayfortheLi+ionsandtheelectrontransferprovidedbytheshell.Thisdiscontinuityresultsinadrasticdeclineofbatteryperformance.Here,wereportonanovelhigh-capacityandsafecathodematerialwithanaveragecompositionofLi[Ni0.68Co0.18Mn0.18]O2,inwhicheachparticleconsistsofbulkmaterialsurroundedbyaconcentration-gradientouterlayer.AsillustratedinFig.1,thebulkisanickel-richlayeredoxide(Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2)tosatisfythehighenergyandpowerrequirementfortheP-HEVs.Intheouterlayer,thereactivenickelionsaregraduallyreplacedwith