The Power of Language
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The Power of Language [Abstract]Toni Morrison is the first African American woman writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. Her Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech is based on a legendary folktale. Painstakingly, she weaves a compelling narrative for the use of responsible language in our everyday lives. Through some theories of post structuralism, especially Foucault’s ‘discourse and power’ this thesis study the relationship between the power and language. On the basis of this study this paper earns to prove that in Morrison’s speech she stresses the power of language and the responsibility of using it.
[Keywords]Language; Power; Discourse; Foucault
I. Introduction Toni Morrison is the most prominent African American writer during the 20th century. In her novels, she mainly focuses on the experience of black Americans, particularly emphasizing black women’s experience in an unjust society and the search for cultural identity. In the center of her complex and multilayered narratives is the unique cultural inheritance of African-Americans. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993 .Her Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech is based on a legendary folktale. Painstakingly, she weaves a compelling narrative for the use of responsible language in our everyday lives. In her speech she stresses the power of language and the responsibility of using language. The problem of power in language, as a social phenomenon, has long been a hot issue in discussion. Postmodern Philosopher Michel Foucault, the French philosopher, was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th Century. Foucault’s work on power, and the relationships among power, knowledge, and discourse, has been widely discussed and applied. This thesis attempts to study the power of language in terms of discourse and power.
II. Discourse and power There is a strand in post-structuralist thought which believes that the world is more than a galaxy of texts, and that some theories of textuality ignore the fact that discourse is involved in power. In Foucault’s terms, the production of discourse, the (historical, material) way we know our world, is controlled, selected, organized and distributed by a certain number of procedures. Discourse is regulated by rules of exclusion, by internal systems of control and delineation, by conditions under which discourses can be employed, and by philosophical themes which elide the reality of discourse -- the themes of the founding subject, originating experience, and universal mediation. Discourses are multiple, discontinuous, originating and disappearing through chance; they do not hide the truth but constitute its temporary face. Foucault is post-structuralist in his insistence that there is no great causal flow or plan or evolution of history that what happens is mainly by chance. Like other post-structuralists Foucault regards discourse as a central human activity, but not as a universal, ‘general text’, a vast sea of signification. Simply speaking, discourse is conversation, is language.
III. Powers and their control in language
3.1 Political power Not until the theory of critical discourse analysis was proposed have external factors, such as status, inequalities, or preexisting relationships among the parties rarely been taken into account. There are few conversations in which status and power are not relevant. Nothing is less obvious than the concept of power in a critical discussion of the role of discourse in the reproduction of social inequality. As Toni Morrison said in her speech, ‘I choose to read the bird as language and the woman as a practiced writer. She is worried about how the language she dreams in, given to her at birth, is handled, put into service, even withheld from her for certain nefarious purposes. Being a writer she thinks of language partly as a system, partly as a living thing over which one has control, but mostly as agency--as an act with consequences…. For her a dead language is not only one no longer spoken or written, it is unyielding language content to admire its own paralysis. Like statistic language, censored and censoring. Ruthless in its policing duties, it has no desire or purpose other than maintaining the free range of its own narcotic narcissism, its own exclusivity and dominance.’
Morrison said “…Official language smitheryed to sanction ignorance and preserve privilege is a suit of armor polished to shocking glitter, a husk from which the knight departed long ago. Yet there it is: dumb, predatory, sentimental. Exciting reverence in schoolchildren, providing shelter for despots, summoning false memories of stability, harmony among the public.’She means that politic is embodied in power. Political power refers to government control or the control of the dominant groups over the dominated ones. People are manipulated to say what is supposedly right and what is not. There is only little freedom for people to talk. Sometimes discourse